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Gutiérrez López MÁ, Tan ML, Renno G, Jozeliūnaitė A, Nué-Martinez JJ, Lopez-Andarias J, Sakai N, Matile S. Anion-π catalysis on carbon allotropes. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:1881-1894. [PMID: 38116243 PMCID: PMC10729121 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Anion-π catalysis, introduced in 2013, stands for the stabilization of anionic transition states on π-acidic aromatic surfaces. Anion-π catalysis on carbon allotropes is particularly attractive because high polarizability promises access to really strong anion-π interactions. With these expectations, anion-π catalysis on fullerenes has been introduced in 2017, followed by carbon nanotubes in 2019. Consistent with expectations from theory, anion-π catalysis on carbon allotropes generally increases with polarizability. Realized examples reach from enolate addition chemistry to asymmetric Diels-Alder reactions and autocatalytic ether cyclizations. Currently, anion-π catalysis on carbon allotropes gains momentum because the combination with electric-field-assisted catalysis promises transformative impact on organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mei-Ling Tan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Giacomo Renno
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Naomi Sakai
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Jozeliūnaitė A, Rahmanudin A, Gražulis S, Baudat E, Sivula K, Fazzi D, Orentas E, Sforazzini G. Light-Responsive Oligothiophenes Incorporating Photochromic Torsional Switches. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202698. [PMID: 36136376 PMCID: PMC9828566 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We present a quaterthiophene and sexithiophene that can reversibly change their effective π-conjugation length through photoexcitation. The reported compounds make use of light-responsive molecular actuators consisting of an azobenzene attached to a bithiophene unit by both direct and linker-assisted bonding. Upon exposure to 350 nm light, the azobenzene undergoes trans-to-cis isomerization, thus mechanically inducing the oligothiophene to assume a planar conformation (extended π-conjugation). Exposure to 254 nm wavelength promotes azobenzene cis-to-trans isomerization, forcing the thiophenic backbones to twist out of planarity (confined π-conjugation). Twisted conformations are also reached by cis-to-trans thermal relaxation at a rate that increases proportionally with the conjugation length of the oligothiophene moiety. The molecular conformations of quaterthiophene and sexithiophene were characterized by using steady-state UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography and quantum-chemical modeling. Finally, we tested the proposed light-responsive oligothiophenes in field-effect transistors to probe the photo-induced tuning of their electronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustina Jozeliūnaitė
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Materials, Institute of Material Science and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-0325, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Aiman Rahmanudin
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Saulius Gražulis
- Vilnius University, Institute of Biotechnology, Saulėtekio al. 7, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Emilie Baudat
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Sivula
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniele Fazzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi, 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Edvinas Orentas
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-0325, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Giuseppe Sforazzini
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Materials, Institute of Material Science and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Present address: Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University degli Studi di Cagliari, SS 554, bivio per Sestu, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
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Jozeliūnaitė A, Rahmanudin A, Gražulis S, Baudat E, Sivula K, Fazzi D, Orentas E, Sforazzini G. Light‐Responsive Oligothiophenes Incorporating Photochromic Torsional Switches. Chemistry 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Augustina Jozeliūnaitė
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Materials Institute of Material Science and Engineering Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
- Department of Organic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences Vilnius University Naugarduko 24 LT-0325 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Aiman Rahmanudin
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Saulius Gražulis
- Vilnius University Institute of Biotechnology Saulėtekio al. 7 LT-10257 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Emilie Baudat
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Kevin Sivula
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Daniele Fazzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician” Università di Bologna Via F. Selmi, 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Edvinas Orentas
- Department of Organic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences Vilnius University Naugarduko 24 LT-0325 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Giuseppe Sforazzini
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Materials Institute of Material Science and Engineering Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
- Present address: Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences Università degli Studi di Cagliari SS 554, bivio per Sestu 09042 Cagliari Italy
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Jozeliūnaitė A, Valčeckas D, Orentas E. Fullerene soot and a fullerene nanodispersion as recyclable heterogeneous off-the-shelf photocatalysts. RSC Adv 2021; 11:4104-4111. [PMID: 35424373 PMCID: PMC8694487 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10147h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal-free heterogeneous photocatalysis, which requires no prior catalyst immobilization or chemical modification and can operate in green solvents, represents a highly-sought after, yet currently still underdeveloped, synthetic method. In this report we present a comparative study which aims to evaluate the use of unmodified fullerene soot and a fullerene nanodispersion as non-soluble and quasi-soluble carbon-based photocatalysts, respectively, for sulfide oxidation and other transformations using oxygen as an oxidant in ethanol. A wide range of sulfoxides were successfully prepared with good yields and chemoselectivity using a very low catalyst loading. The fullerene soot photocatalyst is easily recovered and shows excellent stability of the catalytic properties. The reaction was shown to proceed via a singlet oxygen pathway and has a high selectivity for aliphatic sulfides, whereas the oxidation of thioanisoles can be accomplished using an amine mediated electron transfer mechanism. The applicability of the fullerene nanodispersion as a general purpose photocatalyst was demonstrated in radical cyclization, boronic acid oxidation and imine formation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Domantas Valčeckas
- Department of Organic Chemistry Naugarduko 24 Vilnius LT-03225 Lithuania
| | - Edvinas Orentas
- Department of Organic Chemistry Naugarduko 24 Vilnius LT-03225 Lithuania
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology Saulėtekio Av. 3 LT-10257 Vilnius Lithuania
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Radiunas E, Dapkevičius M, Raišys S, Juršėnas S, Jozeliūnaitė A, Javorskis T, Šinkevičiūtė U, Orentas E, Kazlauskas K. Impact of t-butyl substitution in a rubrene emitter for solid state NIR-to-visible photon upconversion. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:7392-7403. [PMID: 32215384 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00144a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Solid state NIR-to-visible photon upconversion (UC) mediated by triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) is necessitated by numerous practical applications. Yet, efficient TTA-UC remains a highly challenging task. In this work palladium phthalocyanine-sensitized NIR-to-vis solid UC films based on a popular rubrene emitter are thoroughly studied with the primary focus on revealing the impact of t-butyl substitution in rubrene on the TTA-UC performance. The solution-processed UC films were additionally doped with a small amount of emissive singlet sink tetraphenyldibenzoperiflanthene (DBP) for collecting upconverted singlets from rubrene and in this way diminishing detrimental singlet fission. Irrespective of the excitation conditions used, t-butyl-substituted rubrene (TBR) was found to exhibit enhanced TTA-UC performance as compared to that of rubrene at an optimal emitter doping of 80 wt% in polystyrene films. Explicitly, in the TTA dominated regime attained at high excitation densities, 4-fold higher UC quantum yield (ΦUC) achieved in TBR-based films was caused by the reduced fluorescence concentration quenching mainly due to suppressed singlet fission. Under low light conditions, i.e. in the regime governed by spontaneous triplet decay, even though triplet exciton diffusion was obstructed in TBR films by t-butyl moieties, the subsequently reduced TTA rate was counterbalanced by both suppressed singlet fission and non-radiative triplet quenching, still ensuring higher ΦUC of these films as compared to those of unsubstituted rubrene films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edvinas Radiunas
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Manvydas Dapkevičius
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Steponas Raišys
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Saulius Juršėnas
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Augustina Jozeliūnaitė
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Tomas Javorskis
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ugnė Šinkevičiūtė
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Edvinas Orentas
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Karolis Kazlauskas
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
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Jozeliūnaitė A, Striela R, Labanauskas L, Orentas E. Practical Preparation of Octa- and Tetrabromoperylene Diimides and Derivatives Thereof. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2017. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1589088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A mild synthesis of fully brominated perylene dianhydride and diimides in one step from easily available unsubstituted precursors is presented. The partial reduction of ortho-bromo substituents with hydrazine hydrate allowed for a gram-scale synthesis of a valuable intermediate, 1,6,7,12-tetrabromoperylene diimide. Several new twisted fully core-substituted perylene diimide derivatives having sulfur, nitrogen, or oxygen substituents were synthesized using regioselective nucleophilic substitution reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustina Jozeliūnaitė
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University
| | | | | | - Edvinas Orentas
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University
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