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Shi R, Liu W, Li L, Li H, Zhang Z, Rao G, Zhao J. Luminescence properties of a green-emitting mechanoluminescent phosphor CaSrGa 4O 8: xTb 3+ without pre-excitation. RSC Adv 2024; 14:10726-10735. [PMID: 38567318 PMCID: PMC10986777 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01745e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, both mechanoluminescence (ML) and long persistent luminescence (LPL) characteristics were first observed in CaSrGa4O8 doped with Tb3+ ions, which confirmed that CaSrGa4O8 is a high-quality host for luminescent material research. Notably, the samples show stronger mechanoluminescent intensity with increasing Tb3+ doping. Additionally, the introduction of Tb3+ led to a shift of the thermoluminescence peak towards higher temperatures and a substantial increase in its intensity, suggesting that Tb3+ doping enhances the overall trap concentration and introduces deeper trap energy levels. Presumably, the free carriers in the system recombine upon mechanical stimulation, releasing energy that is transferred to Tb3+ ions. Investigations into the intrinsic structure, matrix effects, and trap evolution of the material confirmed that deep and shallow traps are responsible for the observed ML and LPL phenomena, respectively. The elucidation of the unique luminescent properties of the material provides us with some guidance for the development of new multi-functional luminescent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology Guilin 541004 China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Information Materials, Guilin University of Electronic Technology Guilin 541004 China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology Guilin 541004 China
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology Guilin 541004 China
| | - Lin Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology Guilin 541004 China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Information Materials, Guilin University of Electronic Technology Guilin 541004 China
| | - Huan Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology Guilin 541004 China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Information Materials, Guilin University of Electronic Technology Guilin 541004 China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology Guilin 541004 China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Information Materials, Guilin University of Electronic Technology Guilin 541004 China
| | - Guanghui Rao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology Guilin 541004 China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Information Materials, Guilin University of Electronic Technology Guilin 541004 China
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology Guilin 541004 China
| | - Jingtai Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology Guilin 541004 China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Information Materials, Guilin University of Electronic Technology Guilin 541004 China
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology Guilin 541004 China
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2
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Wu S, Xiao B, Jiang D, Xiao Y, Shao P, Zhou Z, Wang Y, Xiong P. Realizing Near Infrared Mechanoluminescence Switch in LAGO:Cr Based on Oxygen Vacancy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2309034. [PMID: 38453687 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Mechanoluminescence (ML) materials are featured with the characteristic of "force to light" in response to external stimuli, which have made great progress in artificial intelligence and optical sensing. However, how to effectively enable ML in the material is a daunting challenge. Here, a Lu3 Al2 Ga3 O12 :Cr3+ (LAGO: Cr3+ ) near infrared (NIR) ML material peaked at 706 nm is reported, which successfully realizes the key to unlock ML by the lattice-engineering strategy Ga3+ substitution for Al3+ to "grow" oxygen vacancy (Ov ) defects. Combined with thermoluminescence measurements, the observed ML is due to the formation of defect levels and the ML intensity is proportional to it. It is confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance that such a process is dominated by Ov , which plays a crucial role in turning on ML in this compound. In addition, potential ML emissions from 4 T2 and 2 E level transitions are discussed from both experimental and theoretical aspects. This study reveals the mechanism of the change in ML behavior after cation substitution, and it may have important implications for the practical application of Ov defect-regulated turn-on of ML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Atomic and Subatomic Structure and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Quantum Matter, Frontier Research Institute for Physics, School of Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Binli Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Atomic and Subatomic Structure and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Quantum Matter, Frontier Research Institute for Physics, School of Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Dongliang Jiang
- School of Applied Physics and Materials, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529000, China
| | - Yao Xiao
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fiber Laser Materials and Applied Techniques, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research and Development Center of Special Optical Fiber Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Peishan Shao
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fiber Laser Materials and Applied Techniques, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research and Development Center of Special Optical Fiber Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhiyao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Atomic and Subatomic Structure and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Quantum Matter, Frontier Research Institute for Physics, School of Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yinzhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Atomic and Subatomic Structure and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Quantum Matter, Frontier Research Institute for Physics, School of Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Puxian Xiong
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fiber Laser Materials and Applied Techniques, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research and Development Center of Special Optical Fiber Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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3
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Liu ZF, Ye XY, Chen L, Niu LY, Jin WJ, Zhang S, Yang QZ. Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking of Achiral Molecules Leading to the Formation of Homochiral Superstructures that Exhibit Mechanoluminescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318856. [PMID: 38169084 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Chirality, with its intrinsic symmetry-breaking feature, is frequently utilized in the creation of acentric crystalline functional materials that exhibit intriguing optoelectronic properties. On the other hand, the development of chiral crystals from achiral molecules offers a solution that bypasses the need for enantiopure motifs, presenting a promising alternative and thereby expanding the possibilities of the self-assembly toolkit. Nevertheless, the rational design of achiral molecules that prefer spontaneous symmetry breaking during crystallization has so far been obscure. In this study, we present a series of six achiral molecules, demonstrating that when these conformationally flexible molecules adopt a cis-conformation and engage in multiple non-covalent interactions along a helical path, they collectively self-assemble into chiral superstructures consisting of single-handed supramolecular columns. When these homochiral supramolecular columns align in parallel, they form polar crystals that exhibit intense luminescence upon grinding or scraping. We therefore demonstrate our molecular design strategy could significantly increase the likelihood of symmetry breaking in achiral molecular synthons during self-assembly, offering a facile access to novel chiral crystalline materials with unique optoelectronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Fei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Yi Ye
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Lihua Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Li-Ya Niu
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Wei Jun Jin
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Shaodong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Zheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
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4
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Luo J, Ren B, Zhang X, Zhu M, Liang T, Huang Z, Zheng Y, Li X, Li J, Zheng Z, Chen B, Fu Y, Tu D, Wang Y, Jia Y, Peng D. Modulating Smart Mechanoluminescent Phosphors for Multistimuli Responsive Optical Wood. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305066. [PMID: 37939290 PMCID: PMC10767394 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Mechanoluminescence is a smart light-emitting phenomenon in which applied mechanical energy is directly converted into photon emissions. In particular, mechanoluminescent materials have shown considerable potential for applications in the fields of energy and sensing. This study thoroughly investigates the mechanoluminescence and long afterglow properties of singly doped and codoped Sr2 MgSi2 O7 (SMSO) with varying concentrations of Eu2+ and Dy3+ ions. Subsequently, a comprehensive analysis of its multimode luminescence properties, including photoluminescence, mechanoluminescence, long afterglow, and X-ray-induced luminescence, is conducted. In addition, the density of states mapping is acquired through first-principles calculations, confirming that the enhanced mechanoluminescence properties of SMSO primarily stem from the deep trap introduced by Dy3+ . In contrast to traditional mixing with Polydimethylsiloxane, in this study, the powders are incorporated into optically transparent wood to produce a multiresponse with mechanoluminescence, long afterglow, and X-ray-excited luminescence. This structure is achieved by pretreating natural wood, eliminating lignin, and subsequently modifying the wood to overall modification using various smart phosphors and epoxy resin composites. After natural drying, a multifunctional composite wood structure with diverse luminescence properties is obtained. Owing to its environmental friendliness, sustainability, self-power, and cost-effectiveness, this smart mechanoluminescence wood is anticipated to find extensive applications in construction materials and energy-efficient displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangcheng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong ProvinceCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Biyun Ren
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong ProvinceCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Xianhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong ProvinceCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Mingju Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong ProvinceCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Tianlong Liang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong ProvinceCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Zefeng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong ProvinceCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Yuantian Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong ProvinceCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Xu Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong ProvinceCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Jianwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong ProvinceCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Zitong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong ProvinceCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Bing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong ProvinceCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Yu Fu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong ProvinceCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Dong Tu
- Faculty of Materials Science and ChemistryChina University of GeosciencesWuhan430074China
| | - Yu Wang
- SZU‐NUS Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Science & TechnologyInternational Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of EducationInstitute of Microscale OptoelectronicsShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
- School of Physics and Information TechnologyShaanxi Normal UniversityXi'an710062China
| | - Yanmin Jia
- School of Physics and Information TechnologyShaanxi Normal UniversityXi'an710062China
| | - Dengfeng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong ProvinceCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
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5
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Niu Q, Yu J, Wang X, Yan X. Flexible multicolor biaxial sensor for strain direction identification based on sandwich-structured mechanoluminescent materials. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:34589-34599. [PMID: 37859211 DOI: 10.1364/oe.501457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Strain sensors capable of recognizing the direction of strain are crucial in applications such as robot attitude adjustment and detection of strain states in complex structures. In this study, a sandwich-structured flexible biaxial strain sensor was developed using polydimethylsiloxane as the substrate, mechanoluminescent materials as the luminescent elements, and rubber-ink as the light-blocking layer. By correlating the emitted light color with the stretching state, precise identification of the applied strain direction is achieved. Additionally, the mechanoluminescence of the sensor is collected by a photodiode, generating photocurrent that can be analyzed. This provides a solution for practical applications of sensor.
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6
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Li T, Li L, Li P, Han Y, Cai C, Yang Y. Mechanical force induced luminescence ratiometric thermometry in CaZnOS:Dy 3. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:4181-4184. [PMID: 37581987 DOI: 10.1364/ol.492390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
The 4I15/2-6H15/2 and 4F9/2-6H15/2 transitions of Dy3+ are usually used for luminescent ratiometric thermometry in the form of photoluminescence. However, here we demonstrate the possibility of using this pair of lines for luminescent ratiometric thermometry in the model of mechanoluminescence (ML) in CaZnOS:Dy3+. Upon stimulation of an external mechanical force rather than light, CaZnOS:Dy3+ emits bright yellow luminescence. The intensity ratio of 4I15/2-6H15/2 to 4F9/2-6H15/2 transitions of Dy3+ is found to increase gradually with the rise of temperature, which makes Dy3+ a qualified temperature indicator. Our work enriches the family of optical thermometry.
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7
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Li P, Li L, Li T, Han Y, Cai C, Wang C, Peng D, Kang H, Yang Y. Mechanically induced photons from ultraviolet-C to near-infrared in Tm 3+-doped MgF 2. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:22396-22404. [PMID: 37475351 DOI: 10.1364/oe.494175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Mechanoluminescence (ML) plays a vital role in various fields, and has gained increasing popularity over the past two decades. The widely studied materials that are capable of generating ML can be classified into two groups, self-powered and trap-controlled. Here, we demonstrate that both self-powered ML and trap-controlled ML can be achieved simultaneously in MgF2:Tm3+. Upon stimulation of external force, the 1I6→3H6 and 3H4→3H6 transitions of Tm3+ are observed, ranging from the ultraviolet-C to near-infrared. After exposure to X-rays, MgF2:Tm3+ presents a stronger ML than the uncharged sample. After cleaning up at high temperatures, the ML returns to the initial level, which is a typical characteristic of trap-controlled ML. In the end, we demonstrate the potential applications of MgF2:Tm3+ in dynamic anti-counterfeiting, and structure inspection.
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8
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Peng S, Xia P, Wang T, Lu L, Zhang P, Zhou M, Zhao F, Hu S, Kim JT, Qiu J, Wang Q, Yu X, Xu X. Mechano-luminescence Behavior of Lanthanide-Doped Fluoride Nanocrystals for Three-Dimensional Stress Imaging. ACS NANO 2023; 17:9543-9551. [PMID: 37167417 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c02298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Pervasive mechanical force in nature and human activities is closely related to intriguing physics and widespread applications. However, describing stress distribution timely and precisely in three dimensions to avoid "groping in the dark" is still a formidable challenge, especially for nonplanar structures. Herein, we realize three-dimensional (3D) stress imaging for sharp arbitrary targets via advanced 3D printing, owing to the use of fluoride nanocrystal(NC)-based ink. Notably, a fascinating mechano-luminescence (ML) is observed for the homogeneously dispersed NaLuF4:Tb3+ NCs (∼25 nm) with rationally designed deep traps (at 0.88 and 1.02 eV) via incorporating Cs+ ions and using X-ray irradiation. Carriers captured in the corresponding traps are steadily released under mechanical stimulations, which enables a ratio metric luminescence intensity based on the applied force. As a result, a significant mechano-optical conversion and superior optical waveguide of the corresponding transparent printed targets demonstrate stress in 3D with a high spatial and temporal resolution based on stereovision. These results highlight the optical function of the 3D-printed fluoride NCs, which cast light into the black boxes of stress described in space, benefiting us in understanding the ubiquitous force relevant to most natural and engineering processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songcheng Peng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China
| | - Ping Xia
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Advanced Materials Deformation and Damage from Multi-Scale, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, Sichuan, China
| | - Ting Wang
- School of Materials and Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, Sichuan, China
| | - Lan Lu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China
| | - Min Zhou
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Institute of Optoelectronic Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Advanced Materials Deformation and Damage from Multi-Scale, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, Sichuan, China
| | - Shiqi Hu
- The University of Hong Kong, Dept Mech Engn, Pokfulam Rd, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ji Tae Kim
- The University of Hong Kong, Dept Mech Engn, Pokfulam Rd, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianbei Qiu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China
| | - Qingyuan Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Advanced Materials Deformation and Damage from Multi-Scale, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, Sichuan, China
| | - Xue Yu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Advanced Materials Deformation and Damage from Multi-Scale, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuhui Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China
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Zhang J, An S, Pei Y, Zhang Y, Chen J. Mechanoluminescence Affected by Trap Types and Excitation State Positions in Mg 3Ca 3(PO 4) 4:Eu 2+/Mn 2+/Ce 3+ for Multimode Anticounterfeiting. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:4147-4156. [PMID: 36848502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Mechanoluminescence (ML) materials with tunable emissions can serve in many practical applications; however, their underlying mechanism still needs further clarification. Herein, we developed Eu2+-/Mn2+-/Ce3+-activated Mg3Ca3(PO4)4 (MCP) phosphors and studied their luminescence properties by device fabrication. The intense blue ML is obtained by fabricating MCP:Eu2+ into the polydimethylsiloxane elastomer matrix. The red ML of relatively weak intensity is received in Mn2+ activator, but the ML for the Ce3+ dopant is nearly quenched in the same host. The possible reason is proposed from the analysis of the relative positions between the excitation state and conduction band, together with the trap types. The appropriate location of the excited energy levels in the band gap allows for a larger probability of efficient ML when shallow traps near the excitation states are created synchronously as an effective energy transfer (ET) channel. The concentration-dependent ML for the MCP:Eu2+,Mn2+-based devices indicates that the emitting light color can be tailored, where several ET processes among oxygen vacancies, Eu2+, Ce3+, and Mn2+, occur. The luminescence manipulation with dopants and excitation sources demonstrates the potential applications in visualized multimode anticounterfeiting. These findings open up many possibilities for constructing new ML materials by introducing appropriate traps into the band structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhang
- Physics Department and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Modern Measurement Technology and Intelligence, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, China
| | - Songsong An
- Physics Department and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Modern Measurement Technology and Intelligence, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, China
| | - Yuqing Pei
- Physics Department and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Modern Measurement Technology and Intelligence, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, China
| | - Yining Zhang
- Physics Department and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Modern Measurement Technology and Intelligence, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, China
| | - Jiajun Chen
- Physics Department and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Modern Measurement Technology and Intelligence, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, China
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10
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Zhou T, Chen H, Guo J, Zhao Y, Du X, Zhang Q, Chen W, Bian T, Zhang Z, Shen J, Liu W, Zhang Y, Wu Z, Hao J. Unrevealing Temporal Mechanoluminescence Behaviors at High Frequency via Piezoelectric Actuation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207089. [PMID: 36507549 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Mechanoluminescence (ML) materials present widespread applications. Empirically, modulation for a given ML material is achieved by application of programmed mechanical actuation with different amplitude, repetition velocity and frequency. However, to date modulation on the ML is very limited within several to a few hundred hertz low-frequency actuation range, due to the paucity of high-frequency mechanical excitation apparatus. The universality of temporal behavior and frequency response is an important aspect of ML phenomena, and serves as the impetus for much of its applications. Here, we push the study on ML into high-frequency range (∼250 kHz) by combining with piezoelectric actuators. Two representative ML ZnS:Mn and ZnS:Cu, Al phosphors were chosen as the research objects. Time-resolved ML of ZnS:Mn and ZnS:Cu, Al shows unrevealed frequency-dependent saturation and quenching, which is associated with the dynamic processes of traps. From the point of applications, this study sets the cut-off frequency for ML sensing. Moreover, by in-situ tuning the strain frequency, ZnS:Mn exhibits reversible frequency-induced broad red-shift into near-infrared range. These findings offer keen insight into the photophysics nature of ML and also broaden the physical modulation of ML by locally adjusting the excitation frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhong Zhou
- Institute of Modern Optics & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Haisheng Chen
- Institute of Modern Optics & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jiaxing Guo
- Institute of Modern Optics & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yanan Zhao
- Institute of Modern Optics & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiaona Du
- Institute of Photoelectric Thin Film Devices and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Qingyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications & School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China
| | - Wenwen Chen
- Institute of Modern Optics & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Taiyu Bian
- Institute of Modern Optics & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Institute of Modern Optics & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jiaying Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications & School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Institute of Modern Optics & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Institute of Modern Optics & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhenping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications & School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China
| | - Jianhua Hao
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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11
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Yang F, Cui H, Wu X, Kim SJ, Hong G. Ultrasound-activated luminescence with color tunability enabled by mechanoluminescent colloids and perovskite quantum dots. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:1629-1636. [PMID: 36625323 PMCID: PMC10505055 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr06129e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound represents a wireless and non-contact route for energy delivery and device control, owing to its ability to propagate and focus in various mediums including biological tissue. Specifically, ultrasound-activated mechanoluminescence from a colloidal suspension of mechanoluminescent (ML) nanocrystals offers a wireless means to remotely control a light source, such as wirelessly addressing a multicolor display. However, the limited color purity and tunability, as well as the large sizes of conventional ML materials prevent their use in an ultrasound-mediated flexible color display. Here, we apply a biomineral-inspired suppressed dissolution approach to synthesize ML colloids with bright blue emission under ultrasound and small sizes down to 20 nm. In addition, we leverage the bandgap engineering strategy of all-inorganic perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) to achieve wavelength tunability of the mechanoluminescence of ML colloid/PQD composites. Remarkably, the ultrasound-activated emission of the ML colloid/PQD composites exhibits a highly saturated color gamut covering the entire visible spectrum. Based on these advantages, we assembled a pixel array composed of different ML colloid/PQD composites in a silicone elastomer and demonstrated the proof-of-concept of a flexible and wireless multicolor display with each pixel individually addressed by scanning focused ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Han Cui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Xiang Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Seong-Jong Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Guosong Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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12
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Cai C, Li L, Li P, Li T, Peng D, Yang Y. Mechanoluminescence ratiometric thermometry via MgF 2:Tb 3. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:6293-6296. [PMID: 37219230 DOI: 10.1364/ol.476530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Mechanoluminescent materials have attracted considerable attention over the past two decades, owing to the ability to convert external mechanical stimuli into useful photons. Here we present a new, to the best of our knowledge, type of mechanoluminescent material, i.e., MgF2:Tb3+. In addition to the demonstration of traditional applications, such as stress sensing, we show the possibility of ratiometric thermometry using this mechanoluminescent material. Under stimulation of an external force, rather than the conventional photoexcitation, the luminescence ratio of 5D3→7F6 to 5D4→7F5 emission lines of Tb3+ is confirmed to be a good indicator of temperature. Our work not only expands the family of mechanoluminescent materials, but also provides a new and energy-saving route for temperature sensing.
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13
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Luo Y, Chen Z, Wen S, Han Q, Fu L, Yan L, Jin D, Bünzli JCG, Bao G. Magnetic regulation of the luminescence of hybrid lanthanide-doped nanoparticles. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Bai Y, Guo X, Tian B, Liang Y, Peng D, Wang Z. Self-Charging Persistent Mechanoluminescence with Mechanics Storage and Visualization Activities. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2203249. [PMID: 35975462 PMCID: PMC9534939 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Persistent mechanoluminescence (ML) with long lifetime is highly required to break the limits of the transient emitting behavior under mechanics stimuli. However, the existing materials with persistent ML are completely trap-controlled, and a pre-irradiation is required, which severely hinders the practical applications. In this work, a novel type of ML, self-charging persistent ML, is created by compositing the Sr3 Al2 O5 Cl2 :Dy3+ (SAOCD) powders into flexible polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix. With no need for any pre-irradiation, the as-fabricated SAOCD/PDMS elastomer could exhibit intense and persistent ML under mechanics stimuli directly, which greatly facilitates its applications in mechanics lighting, displaying, imaging, and visualization. By investigating the matrix effects as well as the thermoluminescence, cathodoluminescence, and triboelectricity properties, the interfacial triboelectrification-induced electron bombardment processes are demonstrated to be responsible for the self-charged energy in SAOCD under mechanics stimuli. Based on the unique self-charging processes, the SAOCD/PDMS further exhibits mechanics storage and visualized reading activities, which brings novel ideas and approaches to deal with the mechanics-related problems in the fields of mechanical engineering, bioengineering, and artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqing Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Solid LubricationLanzhou Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou730000China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringLanzhou UniversityLanzhouGansu730000China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics EngineeringUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Xiuping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Solid LubricationLanzhou Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou730000China
| | - Birong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Solid LubricationLanzhou Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou730000China
| | - Yongmin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringLanzhou UniversityLanzhouGansu730000China
| | - Dengfeng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of the Ministry of Education and Guangdong ProvinceCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Zhaofeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Solid LubricationLanzhou Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou730000China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics EngineeringUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
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15
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Zhuang Y, Li X, Lin F, Chen C, Wu Z, Luo H, Jin L, Xie RJ. Visualizing Dynamic Mechanical Actions with High Sensitivity and High Resolution by Near-Distance Mechanoluminescence Imaging. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2202864. [PMID: 35818110 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202202864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Proportionally converting the applied mechanical energy into photons by individual mechanoluminescent (ML) micrometer-sized particles opens a new way to develop intelligent electronic skins as it promises high-resolution stress distribution visualization and fast response. However, a big challenge for ML sensing technology is its low sensitivity in detecting stress. In this work, a novel stress distribution sensor with the detection sensitivity enhanced by two orders of magnitude is developed by combining a proposed near-distance ML imaging scheme with an improved mechano-to-photon convertor. The enhanced sensitivity is the main contributor to the realization of a maximum photon harvesting rate of ≈80% in the near-distance ML imaging scheme. The developed near-distance ML sensor shows a high sensitivity with a detection limit down to ≈kPa level, high spatial resolution of 254 dpi, and fast response with an interval of 3.3 ms, which allows for high-resolution and real-time visualization of complex mechanical actions such as irregular solid contacts or fluid impacts, and thus enables use in intelligent electronic skin, structural health monitoring, and human-computer interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixi Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Genome and College of Materials, Xiamen University, Simingnan-Road 422, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Baotou Research Institute of Rare Earths, Huanghe-Avenue 36, Baotou, 014060, China
| | - Xinya Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Genome and College of Materials, Xiamen University, Simingnan-Road 422, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Baotou Research Institute of Rare Earths, Huanghe-Avenue 36, Baotou, 014060, China
| | - Feiyan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Genome and College of Materials, Xiamen University, Simingnan-Road 422, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Changjian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Genome and College of Materials, Xiamen University, Simingnan-Road 422, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Baotou Research Institute of Rare Earths, Huanghe-Avenue 36, Baotou, 014060, China
| | - Zishuang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Genome and College of Materials, Xiamen University, Simingnan-Road 422, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Hongde Luo
- iRay Technology Company Limited, Jinhai-Road 1000, Shanghai, 201206, China
- iRay Technology (Taicang) Limited, Xinggang-Road 33, Taicang, 215434, China
| | - Libo Jin
- iRay Technology Company Limited, Jinhai-Road 1000, Shanghai, 201206, China
- iRay Technology (Taicang) Limited, Xinggang-Road 33, Taicang, 215434, China
| | - Rong-Jun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Genome and College of Materials, Xiamen University, Simingnan-Road 422, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Baotou Research Institute of Rare Earths, Huanghe-Avenue 36, Baotou, 014060, China
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16
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Ding Y, So B, Cao J, Wondraczek L. Ultrasound-Induced Mechanoluminescence and Optical Thermometry Toward Stimulus-Responsive Materials with Simultaneous Trigger Response and Read-Out Functions. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201631. [PMID: 35712779 PMCID: PMC9376836 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound-induced mechanoluminescence (USML) of Erbium-doped CaZnOS is reported. Using the fluorescence intensity ratio of the 2 H11/2 , 4 S3/2 → 4 I15/2 transitions of Er3+ allows for simultaneous temperature mapping at an absolute sensitivity of 0.003 K-1 in the physiological regime. The combination of USML, local heating, and remote read-out enables a feedback and response loop for highly controlled stimulation. It is found that ML is a result of direct energy transfer from the host material to Er3+ , giving room for adapted spectral characteristics through bandgap modulation. ML saturation at high acoustic power enables independent control of local light emission and ultrasonic heating. Such USML materials may have profound implications for optogenetics, photodynamic therapy and other areas requiring local illumination, heating, and thermometry simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicong Ding
- Otto Schott Institute of Materials ResearchFriedrich Schiller University JenaFraunhoferstrasse 6Jena07743Germany
| | - Byoungjin So
- Otto Schott Institute of Materials ResearchFriedrich Schiller University JenaFraunhoferstrasse 6Jena07743Germany
| | - Jiangkun Cao
- Otto Schott Institute of Materials ResearchFriedrich Schiller University JenaFraunhoferstrasse 6Jena07743Germany
| | - Lothar Wondraczek
- Otto Schott Institute of Materials ResearchFriedrich Schiller University JenaFraunhoferstrasse 6Jena07743Germany
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17
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Chen B, Cui M, Wang Y, Shi P, Wang H, Wang F. Recent advances in cellular optogenetics for photomedicine. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 188:114457. [PMID: 35843507 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Since the successful introduction of exogenous photosensitive proteins, channelrhodopsin, to neurons, optogenetics has enabled substantial understanding of profound brain function by selectively manipulating neural circuits. In an optogenetic system, optical stimulation can be precisely delivered to brain tissue to achieve regulation of cellular electrical activity with unprecedented spatio-temporal resolution in living organisms. In recent years, the development of various optical actuators and novel light-delivery techniques has greatly expanded the scope of optogenetics, enabling the control of other signal pathways in non-neuronal cells for different biomedical applications, such as phototherapy and immunotherapy. This review focuses on the recent advances in optogenetic regulation of cellular activities for photomedicine. We discuss emerging optogenetic tools and light-delivery platforms, along with a survey of optogenetic execution in mammalian and microbial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China; City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Meihui Cui
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Peng Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Hanjie Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China; City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China.
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18
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Ansari AA, Parchur AK, Chen G. Surface modified lanthanide upconversion nanoparticles for drug delivery, cellular uptake mechanism, and current challenges in NIR-driven therapies. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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19
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Zheng Y, Li X, Ma R, Huang Z, Wang C, Zhu M, Du Y, Chen X, Pan C, Wang B, Wang Y, Peng D. Molten Salt Shielded Synthesis of Monodisperse Layered CaZnOS-Based Semiconductors for Piezophotonic and X-Ray Detection Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2107437. [PMID: 35174965 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
CaZnOS-based semiconductors are the only series of material system discovered that can simultaneously realize a large number of dopant elements to directly fulfill the highly efficient full-spectrum functionality from ultraviolet to near-infrared under the same force/pressure. Nevertheless, owing to the high agglomeration of the high temperature solid phase manufacturing process, which is unable to control the crystal morphology, the application progress is limited. Here, the authors report first that CaZnOS-based fine monodisperse semiconductor crystals with various doping ions are successfully synthesized by a molten salt shielded method in an air environment. This method does not require inert gas ventilation, and therefore can greatly reduce the synthesis cost and more importantly improve the fine control of the crystal morphology, along with the crystals' dispersibility and stability. These doped semiconductors can not only realize different colors of mechanical-to-optical energy conversion, but also can achieve multicolor luminescence under low-dose X-ray irradiation, moreover their intensities are comparable to the commercial NaI:Tl. They can pave the way to the new fields of advanced optoelectronic applications, such as piezophotonic systems, mechanical energy conversion and harvesting devices, intelligent sensors, and artificial skin as well as X-ray applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuantian Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xu Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Ronghua Ma
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Zefeng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Chunfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Mingju Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Yangyang Du
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xian Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Caofeng Pan
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Bohan Wang
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Yu Wang
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Dengfeng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
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20
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Zheng B, Fan J, Chen B, Qin X, Wang J, Wang F, Deng R, Liu X. Rare-Earth Doping in Nanostructured Inorganic Materials. Chem Rev 2022; 122:5519-5603. [PMID: 34989556 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Impurity doping is a promising method to impart new properties to various materials. Due to their unique optical, magnetic, and electrical properties, rare-earth ions have been extensively explored as active dopants in inorganic crystal lattices since the 18th century. Rare-earth doping can alter the crystallographic phase, morphology, and size, leading to tunable optical responses of doped nanomaterials. Moreover, rare-earth doping can control the ultimate electronic and catalytic performance of doped nanomaterials in a tunable and scalable manner, enabling significant improvements in energy harvesting and conversion. A better understanding of the critical role of rare-earth doping is a prerequisite for the development of an extensive repertoire of functional nanomaterials for practical applications. In this review, we highlight recent advances in rare-earth doping in inorganic nanomaterials and the associated applications in many fields. This review covers the key criteria for rare-earth doping, including basic electronic structures, lattice environments, and doping strategies, as well as fundamental design principles that enhance the electrical, optical, catalytic, and magnetic properties of the material. We also discuss future research directions and challenges in controlling rare-earth doping for new applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingzhu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Institute for Composites Science Innovation, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jingyue Fan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Bing Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Xian Qin
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Juan Wang
- Institute of Environmental Health, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Renren Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Institute for Composites Science Innovation, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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21
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Zhuang Y, Xie RJ. Mechanoluminescence Rebrightening the Prospects of Stress Sensing: A Review. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005925. [PMID: 33786872 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of new applications, such as in artificial intelligence, the internet of things, and biotechnology, has driven the evolution of stress sensing technology. For these emerging applications, stretchability, remoteness, stress distribution, a multimodal nature, and biocompatibility are important performance characteristics of stress sensors. Mechanoluminescence (ML)-based stress sensing has attracted widespread attention because of its characteristics of remoteness and having a distributed response to mechanical stimuli as well as its great potential for stretchability, biocompatibility, and self-powering. In the past few decades, great progress has been made in the discovery of ML materials, analysis of mechanisms, design of devices, and exploration of applications. One can find that with this progress, the focus of ML research has shifted from the phenomenon in the earliest stage to materials and recently toward devices. At the present stage, while showing great prospects for advanced stress sensing applications, ML-based sensing still faces major challenges in material optimization, device design, and system integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixi Zhuang
- College of Materials and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Genome, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Rong-Jun Xie
- College of Materials and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Genome, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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22
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Xu W, Lei L, Wang Y, Liu E, Chen L, Xu S. Modulating electron population pathways for time-dependent dynamic multicolor displays. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:3443-3448. [PMID: 34723303 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh01405f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Multicolor luminescent nanoparticles (NPs) show several potential emerging applications. In this work, we provide a new route that integrates the afterglow and upconversion (UC) that originate in a single activator to achieve color variations without the modulation of any other parameters. The Er3+ ions in Na3HfF7:Yb/Er NPs exhibit bright green afterglow upon X-ray irradiation and single-band red UC under 980 nm laser excitation, which are attributed to the significantly different electron population pathways. The UC intensity is stable and the afterglow decreases gradually over time, thus the output color is clearly changed from green to red naturally via illuminating the pre-X-ray-irradiated NPs with a 980 nm laser. Furthermore, the fine emission profiles of Er3+, Ho3+ and Tm3+ are achieved upon X-ray irradiation. Our results develop a new approach for time-dependent dynamic color displays and a simple route to revealing the electronic fine structures of lanthanide activators at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixin Xu
- Institute of Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Optoelectronic Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China.
| | - Lei Lei
- Institute of Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Optoelectronic Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China.
| | - Yubin Wang
- Institute of Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Optoelectronic Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China.
| | - Enyang Liu
- Institute of Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Optoelectronic Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China.
| | - Liang Chen
- Institute of Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Optoelectronic Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China.
| | - Shiqing Xu
- Institute of Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Optoelectronic Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China.
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23
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Yang YL, Yuan JY, Fan YT, Wan DY, Li QL, Zhao JT, Zhang ZJ. Efficient energy transfer from Bi 3+ to Mn 2+ in CaZnOS for WLED application. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:11130-11136. [PMID: 34323902 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01623g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of Bi3+ and Mn2+ co-doped CaZnOS phosphors with a tunable emission color have been synthesized by a high temperature solid-state reaction method. Their crystal structure, spectroscopic properties, energy transfer and thermal quenching have been investigated systematically. An intense blue-green emission band at 485 nm and a red emission band at 616 nm were observed at an excitation wavelength of 375 nm, owing to the 3P1,0→1S0 transition of Bi3+ and the 4T1(4G) →6A1(6S) transition of Mn2+, respectively. The tunable color from blue-green, white light to red light can be obtained by varying the Mn2+ ion concentration from 0.005 to 0.015 in CaZnOS:Bi3+. The decay time decreased from 642 to 273 ns with the Mn2+ ion concentration x increasing from 0.005 to 0.015, and the energy transfer efficiency ηT can reach up to 65% in the CaZnOS:Bi3+,0.015Mn2+ phosphor. As the temperature increases from 300 to 420 K, the emission intensity is maintained at 67%, and the activation energy Ea is estimated to be 0.28 eV. An LED fabricated using CaZnOS:Bi3+,0.01Mn2+ exhibited the chromaticity coordinates and corrected color temperature (CCT) of (0.338, 0.364) and 4655 K, respectively. These results validate the promising applications of the CaZnOS:Bi3+,Mn2+ phosphor in UV white LEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ling Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200072, P.R. China.
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24
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Peng D, Wang C, Ma R, Mao S, Qu S, Ren Z, Golovynskyi S, Pan C. Mechanoluminescent materials for athletic analytics in sports science. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2021; 66:206-209. [PMID: 36654323 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dengfeng Peng
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Chunfeng Wang
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ronghua Ma
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Shaohui Mao
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Sicen Qu
- Department of Physical Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Zhanbing Ren
- Department of Physical Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Sergii Golovynskyi
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Caofeng Pan
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China; School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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25
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Abstract
Due to the in situ, real-time, and non-destructive properties, mechanoluminescence (ML) crystals have been considered as intelligent stress sensors, which demonstrate potential applications such as in inner crack visualization, light source, and ultrasonic powder recording. Thereinto, it is highly expected that near-infrared (NIR) MLs can realize the visualization of inner biological stress because mechanically induced signals from them can penetrate biological tissues. However, such an energy conversion technique fails to work in biomechanical monitoring due to the limited advances of NIR ML materials. Based on those, some research groups have begun to focus on this field and initially realized this idea in vitro while related advances are still at the early stage. To advance this field, it is highly desirable to review recent advances in NIR ML crystals. In this review, to our knowledge, all the NIR ML crystals have been included in two main groups: oxysulfides and oxides. Besides, the present and emerging trends in investigation of such crystals were discussed. In all, the aim is to advance NIR ML crystals to more practical applications, especially for that of biomechanical visualization in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puxian Xiong
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fiber Laser Materials and Applied Techniques, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Mingying Peng
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fiber Laser Materials and Applied Techniques, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- The China-Germany Research Center for Photonic Materials and Device, The State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fiber Laser Materials and Applied Techniques, The School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Zhongmin Yang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fiber Laser Materials and Applied Techniques, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- The China-Germany Research Center for Photonic Materials and Device, The State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fiber Laser Materials and Applied Techniques, The School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
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26
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Pan E, Bai G, Cai M, Hua Y, Chen L, Xu S. Reversible modification of ultra-broadband luminescence in transparent photonic materials through field-induced nanoscale structural transformation. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:22002-22008. [PMID: 33125014 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06220k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of integrated multifunctional materials with transparent characteristics meets the requirements of optoelectronics and communication. The coupling of stimuli-responsive materials has become a frequently considered strategy. Experimentalists not only search for photonic materials with excellent physical and chemical properties, but also pursue precise and reversible spectral modification. In this study, the luminescent center Ni2+ is artificially introduced into the transparent LiNbO3 nanoferroelectric photonic materials. The Ni2+ ion-based transparent photonic materials exhibit novel complete ultra-broadband emission in the whole near-infrared region. Until now, the ultra-broadband emission was realized by codoping of several active doping ions. In addition, the emission intensity and wavelength of the luminescent center are modified accurately and reversibly by field-induced nanoscale structural transformation. The Ni2+ ion-based transparent nanoferroelectric photonic materials provide an easy way to develop tunable lasers and ultra-broadband optical amplifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Er Pan
- Institute of Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China.
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27
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Zhuang Y, Tu D, Chen C, Wang L, Zhang H, Xue H, Yuan C, Chen G, Pan C, Dai L, Xie RJ. Force-induced charge carrier storage: a new route for stress recording. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2020; 9:182. [PMID: 33133522 PMCID: PMC7588465 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-00422-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Stress sensing is the basis of human-machine interface, biomedical engineering, and mechanical structure detection systems. Stress sensing based on mechanoluminescence (ML) shows significant advantages of distributed detection and remote response to mechanical stimuli and is thus expected to be a key technology of next-generation tactile sensors and stress recorders. However, the instantaneous photon emission in ML materials generally requires real-time recording with a photodetector, thus limiting their application fields to real-time stress sensing. In this paper, we report a force-induced charge carrier storage (FICS) effect in deep-trap ML materials, which enables storage of the applied mechanical energy in deep traps and then release of the stored energy as photon emission under thermal stimulation. The FICS effect was confirmed in five ML materials with piezoelectric structures, efficient emission centres and deep trap distributions, and its mechanism was investigated through detailed spectroscopic characterizations. Furthermore, we demonstrated three applications of the FICS effect in electronic signature recording, falling point monitoring and vehicle collision recording, which exhibited outstanding advantages of distributed recording, long-term storage, and no need for a continuous power supply. The FICS effect reported in this paper provides not only a breakthrough for ML materials in the field of stress recording but also a new idea for developing mechanical energy storage and conversion systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixi Zhuang
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Simingnan-Road 422, Xiamen, 361005 China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Genome, Xiamen University, Simingnan-Road 422, Xiamen, 361005 China
| | - Dong Tu
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Bayi-Road 299, Wuhan, 430072 China
| | - Changjian Chen
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Simingnan-Road 422, Xiamen, 361005 China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Genome, Xiamen University, Simingnan-Road 422, Xiamen, 361005 China
| | - Le Wang
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Xueyuan-Street 258, Hangzhou, 310018 China
| | - Hongwu Zhang
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jimei-Avenue 1799, Xiamen, 361021 China
| | - Hao Xue
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Simingnan-Road 422, Xiamen, 361005 China
| | - Conghui Yuan
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Simingnan-Road 422, Xiamen, 361005 China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, Xiamen University, Simingnan-Road 422, Xiamen, 361005 China
| | - Guorong Chen
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Simingnan-Road 422, Xiamen, 361005 China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, Xiamen University, Simingnan-Road 422, Xiamen, 361005 China
| | - Caofeng Pan
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xueyuan-Road 30, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Lizong Dai
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Simingnan-Road 422, Xiamen, 361005 China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, Xiamen University, Simingnan-Road 422, Xiamen, 361005 China
| | - Rong-Jun Xie
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Simingnan-Road 422, Xiamen, 361005 China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Genome, Xiamen University, Simingnan-Road 422, Xiamen, 361005 China
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28
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Ma R, Mao S, Wang C, Shao Y, Wang Z, Wang Y, Qu S, Peng D. Luminescence in Manganese (II)-Doped SrZn 2S 2O Crystals From Multiple Energy Conversion. Front Chem 2020; 8:752. [PMID: 33088799 PMCID: PMC7500203 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Under the excitation of ultraviolet, X-ray, and mechanical stress, intense orange luminescence (Mn2+, 4T1 → 6A1) can be generated in Mn2+-doped SrZn2S2O crystal in orthorhombic space group of Pmn21. Herein, the multiple energy conversion in SrZn2S2O:Mn2+, that is, photoluminescence (PL), X-ray-induced luminescence, and mechanoluminescence, is investigated. Insight in luminescence mechanisms is gained by evaluating the Mn2+ concentration effects. Under the excitation of metal-to-ligand charge-transfer transition, the most intense PL is obtained. X-ray-induced luminescence shows similar features with PL excited by band edge UV absorption due to the same valence band to conduction band transition nature. Benefiting much from trap levels introduced by Mn2+ impurities, the quenching behavior mechanoluminescence is more like the directly excited PL from Mn2+ d-d transitions. Interestingly, this concentration preference leads to varying degrees of spectral redshift in each mode luminescence. Further, SrZn2S2O:Mn2+ exhibits a good linear response to the excitation power, which makes it potential candidates for applications in X-ray radiation detection and mechanical stress sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghua Ma
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shaohui Mao
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chunfeng Wang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yonghong Shao
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhihao Wang
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, SZU-NUS Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu Wang
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, SZU-NUS Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sicen Qu
- Department of Physical Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dengfeng Peng
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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29
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Wang C, Peng D, Pan C. Mechanoluminescence materials for advanced artificial skin. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2020; 65:1147-1149. [PMID: 36659142 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunfeng Wang
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Dengfeng Peng
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Caofeng Pan
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China; School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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30
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Tu D, Xu CN, Kamimura S, Horibe Y, Oshiro H, Zhang L, Ishii Y, Hyodo K, Marriott G, Ueno N, Zheng XG. Ferroelectric Sr 3 Sn 2 O 7 :Nd 3+ : A New Multipiezo Material with Ultrasensitive and Sustainable Near-Infrared Piezoluminescence. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1908083. [PMID: 32430920 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201908083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasensitive and sustainable near-infrared (NIR)-emitting piezoluminescence is observed from noncentrosymmetric and ferroelectric-phase Sr3 Sn2 O7 doped with rare earth Nd3+ ions. Sr3 Sn2 O7 :Nd3+ (SSN) with polar A21 am structure is demonstrated to emit piezoluminescence of wavelength of 800-1500 nm at microstrain levels, which is enhanced by the ferroelectrically polarized charges in the multipiezo material. These discoveries provide new research opportunities to study luminescence properties of multipiezo and piezo-photonic materials, and to explore their potential as novel ultrasensitive probes for deep-imaging of stress distributions in diverse materials and structures including artificial bone and other implanted structures (in vivo, in situ, etc).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Tu
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Saga, 841-0052, Japan
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Chao-Nan Xu
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Saga, 841-0052, Japan
- Department of Molecular and Material Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 816-8580, Japan
| | - Sunao Kamimura
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi-shi, Saitama, 322-0012, Japan
| | - Yoichi Horibe
- Department of Materials Science, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Fukuoka, 804-8550, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Oshiro
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Saga, 841-0052, Japan
| | - Lu Zhang
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Saga, 841-0052, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Ishii
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Saga, 841-0052, Japan
| | - Koji Hyodo
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Saga, 841-0052, Japan
| | - Gerard Marriott
- Department of Bioengineering and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Naohiro Ueno
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Saga, 840-8502, Japan
| | - Xu-Guang Zheng
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Saga, 840-8502, Japan
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31
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Kalita P, Ahmed N, Bar AK, Dey S, Jana A, Rajaraman G, Sutter JP, Chandrasekhar V. Pentagonal Bipyramidal Ln(III) Complexes Containing an Axial Phosphine Oxide Ligand: Field-induced Single-ion Magnetism Behavior of the Dy(III) Analogues. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:6603-6612. [PMID: 32309926 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A series of neutral homologous complexes [(L)Ln(Cy3PO)Cl] {where Ln = Gd (1), Tb (2), Dy (3), and Er (5)} and [(L)Dy(Ph3PO)Cl] (4) [H2L = 2,6-diacetylpyridine bis-benzoylhydrazone] were isolated. In these complexes, the central lanthanide ion possesses a pentagonal bipyramidal geometry with an overall pseudo D5h symmetry. The coordination environment around the lanthanide ion comprises of three nitrogen and two oxygen donors in an equatorial plane. The axial positions are taken up by a phosphine oxide (O donor) and a chloride ion. Among these compounds, the Dy(III) (3 and 4) analogues were found to be field-induced single-ion magnets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kalita
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, Bhubaneswar 752050, India.,Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally 500107, Hyderabad, India
| | - Naushad Ahmed
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally 500107, Hyderabad, India
| | - Arun Kumar Bar
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, Bhubaneswar 752050, India
| | - Sourav Dey
- Departrment of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Anukul Jana
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally 500107, Hyderabad, India
| | - Gopalan Rajaraman
- Departrment of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Jean-Pascal Sutter
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Vadapalli Chandrasekhar
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally 500107, Hyderabad, India.,Department of Chemistry, IIT Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
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32
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Lin Q, Li Z, Ji C, Yuan Q. Electronic structure engineering and biomedical applications of low energy-excited persistent luminescence nanoparticles. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:1380-1394. [PMID: 36132298 PMCID: PMC9417836 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00817a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Persistent luminescence nanoparticles (PLNPs) are new luminescent materials that can store the excitation energy quickly and persistently emit it after ceasing excitation sources. Due to the advantages of long-lasting luminescence without constant excitation, PLNPs have been widely used in biomedical applications. Visible light excitable PLNPs (VPLNPs) and near-infrared excitable PLNPs (NPLNPs) are two kinds of novel and promising PLNPs. Compared to conventional PLNPs, VPLNPs and NPLNPs have the characteristics of low tissue damage, deep tissue penetration, and high signal-to-noise ratio. With these special features, they have great potential in applications such as long-term tracing, deep-tissue bioimaging, and precise treatment. In this review, we introduce the common strategy of constructing VPLNPs and NPLNPs based on electronic structure engineering and the applications of VPLNPs and NPLNPs in biomedicine. This review article aims to offer valuable information about the progress and development direction of VPLNPs and NPLNPs, promoting more applications in biomedicine, materials science, energy engineering, and environmental technologies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaosong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Zhihao Li
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Chenhui Ji
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha 410082 China
| | - Quan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha 410082 China
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33
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Peng D, Jiang Y, Huang B, Du Y, Zhao J, Zhang X, Ma R, Golovynskyi S, Chen B, Wang F. A ZnS/CaZnOS Heterojunction for Efficient Mechanical-to-Optical Energy Conversion by Conduction Band Offset. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1907747. [PMID: 32128925 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201907747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Actively collecting the mechanical energy by efficient conversion to other forms of energy such as light opens a new possibility of energy-saving, which is of pivotal significance for supplying potential solutions for the present energy crisis. Such energy conversion has shown promising applications in modern sensors, actuators, and energy harvesting. However, the implementation of such technologies is being hindered because most luminescent materials show weak and non-recoverable emissions under mechanical excitation. Herein, a new class of heterojunctioned ZnS/CaZnOS piezophotonic systems is presented, which displays highly reproducible mechanoluminescence (ML) with an unprecedented intensity of over two times higher than that of the widely used commercial ZnS (the state-of-the-art ML material). Density functional theory calculations reveal that the high-performance ML originates from efficient charge transfer and recombination through offset of the valence and conduction bands in the heterojunction interface region. By controlling the ZnS-to-CaZnOS ratio in conjunction with manganese (Mn2+ ) and lanthanide (Ln3+ ) doping, tunable ML across the full spectrum is activated by a small mechanical stimulus of 1 N (10 kPa). The findings demonstrate a novel strategy for constructing efficient ML materials by leveraging interface effects and ultimately promoting practical applications for ML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengfeng Peng
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Yue Jiang
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Bolong Huang
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Yangyang Du
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Jianxiong Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Ronghua Ma
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Sergii Golovynskyi
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
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34
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Zhu YF, Jiang T, Li L, Cheng LX, Zhang JC. Short-Term Non-Decaying Mechanoluminescence in Li 2MgGeO 4:Mn 2. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13061410. [PMID: 32244888 PMCID: PMC7143375 DOI: 10.3390/ma13061410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Trap-controlled mechanoluminescent (ML) materials characterized by reproducible mechanoluminescence (ML) after irradiation recharging have shown attractive prospects in applications including stress distribution visualization, stress-driven light sources, and anti-counterfeiting. However, these materials generally suffer from the difficulty of achieving non-decaying ML when subjected to continuous mechanical stimulation. Herein, we develop a trap-controlled reproducible ML material, Li2MgGeO4:Mn2+, and report its short-term non-decaying ML behavior. Investigation of trap properties suggests that the unique non-decaying ML behavior should arise from the deep traps existing in Li2MgGeO4:Mn2+, which provide electron replenishment for shallow traps that release small numbers of electrons during short-term cyclic friction. Our results are expected to provide a reference for the ultimate achievement of long-term non-decaying ML in such materials.
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35
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Zhan L, Chen Z, Gong S, Xiang Y, Ni F, Zeng X, Xie G, Yang C. A Simple Organic Molecule Realizing Simultaneous TADF, RTP, AIE, and Mechanoluminescence: Understanding the Mechanism Behind the Multifunctional Emitter. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:17651-17655. [PMID: 31588647 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Aggregation-induced emission (AIE), thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP), and mechanoluminescence (ML) have attracted widespread interest. However, a multifunctional organic emitter exhibiting simultaneous AIE, TADF, RTP, and ML has not been reported. Now, two multifunctional blue emitters with very simple structures, mono-DMACDPS and Me-DMACDPS, exhibit typical AIE, TADF, and RTP properties but different behavior in mechanoluminescence. Crystal structure analysis reveals that large dipole moment and multiple intermolecular interactions with tight packing mode endow mono-DMACDPS with strong ML. Combined with the data of crystal analysis and theoretical calculation, the separated monomer and dimer in the crystal lead to the typical TADF and RTP properties, respectively. Simple-structure mono-DMACDPS is the first example realizing TADF, RTP, AIE, and ML simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisi Zhan
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Zhanxiang Chen
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Shaolong Gong
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Yepeng Xiang
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Fan Ni
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Zeng
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Guohua Xie
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Chuluo Yang
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
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36
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Zhan L, Chen Z, Gong S, Xiang Y, Ni F, Zeng X, Xie G, Yang C. A Simple Organic Molecule Realizing Simultaneous TADF, RTP, AIE, and Mechanoluminescence: Understanding the Mechanism Behind the Multifunctional Emitter. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201910719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisi Zhan
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityHubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryWuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Zhanxiang Chen
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityHubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryWuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Shaolong Gong
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityHubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryWuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Yepeng Xiang
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityHubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryWuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Fan Ni
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and TechnologyCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 P. R. China
| | - Xuan Zeng
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityHubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryWuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Guohua Xie
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityHubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryWuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Chuluo Yang
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityHubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryWuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and TechnologyCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 P. R. China
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Lin Q, Li Z, Yuan Q. Recent advances in autofluorescence-free biosensing and bioimaging based on persistent luminescence nanoparticles. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Min KP, Kim J, Song KD, Kim GW. A G-Fresnel Optical Device and Image Processing Based Miniature Spectrometer for Mechanoluminescence Sensor Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E3528. [PMID: 31409054 PMCID: PMC6720346 DOI: 10.3390/s19163528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a miniature spectrometer fabricated based on a G-Fresnel optical device (i.e., diffraction grating and Fresnel lens) and operated by an image-processing algorithm, with an emphasis on the color space conversion in the range of visible light. The miniature spectrometer will be cost-effective and consists of a compact G-Fresnel optical device, which diffuses mixed visible light into the spectral image and a μ-processor platform embedded with an image-processing algorithm. The RGB color space commonly used in the image signal from a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-type image sensor is converted into the HSV color space, which is one of the most common methods to express color as a numeric value using hue (H), saturation (S), and value (V) via the color space conversion algorithm. Because the HSV color space has the advantages of expressing not only the three primary colors of light as the H but also its intensity as the V, it was possible to obtain both the wavelength and intensity information of the visible light from its spectral image. This miniature spectrometer yielded nonlinear sensitivity of hue in terms of wavelength. In this study, we introduce the potential of the G-Fresnel optical device, which is a miniature spectrometer, and demonstrated by measurement of the mechanoluminescence (ML) spectrum as a proof of concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Pyo Min
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Jaehwan Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Kyo D Song
- Department of Engineering, Norfolk State University, Norfolk, VA 23504, USA
| | - Gi-Woo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea.
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Petit RR, Michels SE, Feng A, Smet PF. Adding memory to pressure-sensitive phosphors. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2019; 8:124. [PMID: 31885866 PMCID: PMC6930285 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-019-0235-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Mechanoluminescence (ML) is the phenomenon describing the emission of light during mechanical action on a solid, leading to applications such as pressure sensing, damage detection and visualization of stress distributions. In most cases, this mechanical action releases energy that was previously stored in the crystal lattice of the phosphor by means of trapped charge carriers. A drawback is the need to record the ML emission during a pressure event. In this work, we provide a method for adding a memory function to these pressure-sensitive phosphors, allowing an optical readout of the location and intensity of a pressure event in excess of 72 h after the event. This is achieved in the BaSi2O2N2:Eu2+ phosphor, where a broad trap depth distribution essential for the process is present. By merging optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), thermoluminescence (TL) and ML measurements, the influence of light, heat and pressure on the trap depth distribution is carefully analysed. This analysis demonstrates that mechanical action can not only lead to direct light emission but also to a reshuffling of trap occupations. This memory effect not only is expected to lead to new pressure sensing applications but also offers an approach to study charge carrier transitions in energy storage phosphors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin R. Petit
- LumiLab, Department of Solid State Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S1, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Simon E. Michels
- LumiLab, Department of Solid State Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S1, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Ang Feng
- LumiLab, Department of Solid State Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S1, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Philippe F. Smet
- LumiLab, Department of Solid State Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S1, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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