1
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Wang M, Lin Y. Gallium-based liquid metals as reaction media for nanomaterials synthesis. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:6915-6933. [PMID: 38501969 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06566a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Gallium-based liquid metals (LMs) and their alloys have gained prominence in the realm of flexible and stretchable electronics. Recent advances have expanded the interest to explore the electron-rich core and interface of LMs to synthesize various nanomaterials, where Ga-based LMs serve as versatile reaction media. In this paper, we delve into the latest developments within this burgeoning field. Our discussion begins by elucidating the unique attributes of LMs that render them suitable as reaction media, including their high metal solubility, low standard reduction potential, self-limiting oxidation and ultra-smooth and "layer" surface. We then provide a comprehensive categorized summary of utilizing these features to fabricate a variety of nanomaterials, including pure metallic materials (metal alloys, metal crystals, porous metals, high-entropy alloys and metallic single atoms), metal-inorganic compounds (2D metal oxides, 2D metallic inorganic compounds and 2D graphitic materials), as well as metal-organic composites (metal-organic frameworks). This paper concludes by discussing the current challenges in this field and exploring potential future directions. The versatility and unique properties of Ga-based LMs are poised to play a pivotal role in the future of nanomaterial science, paving the way for more efficient, sustainable, and innovative technological solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore.
| | - Yiliang Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore.
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2
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Ruffman C, Steenbergen KG, Garden AL, Gaston N. Dynamic sampling of liquid metal structures for theoretical studies on catalysis. Chem Sci 2023; 15:185-194. [PMID: 38131068 PMCID: PMC10732005 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04416e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid metals have recently emerged as promising catalysts that can outcompete their solid counterparts for many reactions. Although theoretical modelling is extensively used to improve solid-state catalysts, there is currently no way to capture the interactions of adsorbates with a dynamic liquid metal. We propose a new approach based on ab initio molecular dynamics sampling of an adsorbate on a liquid catalyst. Using this approach, we describe time-resolved structures for formate adsorbed on liquid Ga-In, and for all intermediates in the methanol oxidation pathway on Ga-Pt. This yields a range of accessible adsorption energies that take into account the at-temperature motion of the liquid metal. We find that a previously proposed pathway for methanol oxidation on Ga-Pt results in unstable intermediates on a dynamic liquid surface, and propose that H desorption must occur during the path. The results showcase a more accurate way to treat liquid metal catalysts in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Ruffman
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, University of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland New Zealand
| | - Krista G Steenbergen
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington PO Box 600 Wellington 6140 New Zealand
| | - Anna L Garden
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago P.O. Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - Nicola Gaston
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, University of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland New Zealand
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3
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Lv H, Liu B. Two-dimensional mesoporous metals: a new era for designing functional electrocatalysts. Chem Sci 2023; 14:13313-13324. [PMID: 38033890 PMCID: PMC10685317 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04244h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) mesoporous metals contribute a unique class of electrocatalyst materials for electrochemical applications. The penetrated mesopores of 2D mesoporous metals expose abundant accessible undercoordinated metal sites, while their 2D nanostructures accelerate the transport of electrons and reactants. Therefore, 2D mesoporous metals have exhibited add-in structural functions with great potential in electrocatalysis that not only enhance electrocatalytic activity and stability but also optimize electrocatalytic selectivity. In this Perspective, we summarize recent progress in the design, synthesis, and electrocatalytic performance of 2D mesoporous metals. Four main strategies for synthesizing 2D mesoporous metals, named the CO (and CO container) induced route, halide ion-oriented route, interfacial growth route, and metal oxide atomic reconstruction route, are presented in detail. Moreover, electrocatalytic applications in several important reactions are summarized to highlight the add-in structural functions of 2D mesoporous metals in enhancing electrochemical activity, stability, and selectivity. Finally, current challenges and future directions are discussed in this area. This Perspective offers some important insights into both fundamental investigations and practical applications of novel high-performance functional electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lv
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Ben Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
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4
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Wang Y, Chang H, Rao W. Surface Oxidation and Wetting Synergistic Effect of Liquid Metals. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:24003-24012. [PMID: 37150931 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c04202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Various functions of liquid metals are closely related to their surface performances, among which oxidation and wetting are the two most important surface processes. The two processes of liquid metals are inseparable in most practical applications; however, the coupling of oxidation and wetting of liquid metals has received little attention. Here, we demonstrate the synergistic effect of oxidation and wetting of liquid metals through establishing a liquid system containing the copper ion acid solution. By modulating the concentrations of copper ions and hydrogen ions, three different modes of the liquid metal surface are presented, where the oxidation process and the wetting process are in a competitive relationship. Whichever of the two processes is dominant can determine the stability of copper particles produced on the surface of liquid metals, that is, affect whether the "phagocytosis" process can occur. It is revealed that the magnitude of current density on the surface of liquid metals, caused by galvanic corrosion behavior between liquid metals and copper particles, is the key factor influencing the dominance of different surface processes of liquid metals. Utilizing the synergistic effect, we prepare a liquid metal film with adjustable reflectivity, in which surface states can be changed repeatedly between the bright state and the darken state by simple solution immersion. The liquid metal film with different surface states can show obvious difference in optical performance, which has application potential in color camouflage. Understanding the surface synergistic effect will facilitate further exploration of the abundant exotic liquid metal interface phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushu Wang
- Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hao Chang
- Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wei Rao
- Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China
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5
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Allioux FM, Merhebi S, Liu L, Centurion F, Abbasi R, Zhang C, Ireland J, Biazik JM, Mayyas M, Yang J, Mousavi M, Ghasemian MB, Tang J, Xie W, Rahim MA, Kalantar-Zadeh K. A liquid metal-polydopamine composite for cell culture and electro-stimulation. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:3941-3950. [PMID: 37067358 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb02079c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Gallium (Ga) is a low melting point metal in the liquid state in the biological environment which presents a unique combination of fluidity, softness, and metallic electrical and thermal properties. In this work, liquid Ga is proposed as a biocompatible electrode material for cell culture by electro-stimulation since the cytotoxicity of Ga is generally considered low and some Ga compounds have been reported to exhibit anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. Complementarily, polydopamine (PDA) was coated on liquid Ga to increase the attachment capability of cells on the liquid Ga electrode and provide enhanced biocompatibility. The liquid Ga layer could be readily painted at room temperature on a solid inert substrate, followed by the formation of a nanoscale PDA coating layer resulting in a conformable and biocompatible composite electrode. The PDA layer was shown to coordinate with Ga3+, which is sourced from liquid Ga, providing electrical conductivity in the cell culture medium. The PDA-Ga3+ composite acted as a conductive substrate for advanced electro-stimulation for cell culture methods of representative animal fibroblasts. The cell proliferation was observed to increase by ∼143% as compared to a standard glass coverslip at a low potential of 0.1 V of direct coupling stimulation. This novel PDA-Ga3+ composite has potential applications in cell culture and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois-Marie Allioux
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Salma Merhebi
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Li Liu
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Franco Centurion
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Roozbeh Abbasi
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Chengchen Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jake Ireland
- Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Joanna M Biazik
- Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Mohannad Mayyas
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jiong Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Maedehsadat Mousavi
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Mohammad B Ghasemian
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jianbo Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Wanjie Xie
- Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group, Department of Biology, University of Ghent, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Md Arifur Rahim
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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6
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Zhao Z, Soni S, Lee T, Nijhuis CA, Xiang D. Smart Eutectic Gallium-Indium: From Properties to Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2203391. [PMID: 36036771 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202203391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn), a liquid metal with a melting point close to or below room temperature, has attracted extensive attention in recent years due to its excellent properties such as fluidity, high conductivity, thermal conductivity, stretchability, self-healing capability, biocompatibility, and recyclability. These features of EGaIn can be adjusted by changing the experimental condition, and various composite materials with extended properties can be further obtained by mixing EGaIn with other materials. In this review, not only the are unique properties of EGaIn introduced, but also the working principles for the EGaIn-based devices are illustrated and the developments of EGaIn-related techniques are summarized. The applications of EGaIn in various fields, such as flexible electronics (sensors, antennas, electronic circuits), molecular electronics (molecular memory, opto-electronic switches, or reconfigurable junctions), energy catalysis (heat management, motors, generators, batteries), biomedical science (drug delivery, tumor therapy, bioimaging and neural interfaces) are reviewed. Finally, a critical discussion of the main challenges for the development of EGaIn-based techniques are discussed, and the potential applications in new fields are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Zhao
- Institute of Modern Optics and Center of Single Molecule Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Nankai University, 300350, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Saurabh Soni
- Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Molecules Center and Center for Brain-Inspired Nano Systems, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Takhee Lee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Christian A Nijhuis
- Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Molecules Center and Center for Brain-Inspired Nano Systems, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Dong Xiang
- Institute of Modern Optics and Center of Single Molecule Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Nankai University, 300350, Tianjin, P. R. China
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7
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Mousavi M, Mittal U, Ghasemian MB, Baharfar M, Tang J, Yao Y, Merhebi S, Zhang C, Sharma N, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Mayyas M. Liquid Metal-Templated Tin-Doped Tellurium Films for Flexible Asymmetric Pseudocapacitors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:51519-51530. [PMID: 36322105 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c15131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Liquid metals can be surface activated to generate a controlled galvanic potential by immersing them in aqueous solutions. This creates energized liquid-liquid interfaces that can promote interfacial chemical reactions. Here we utilize this interfacial phenomenon of liquid metals to deposit thin films of tin-doped tellurium onto rigid and flexible substrates. This is accomplished by exposing liquid metals to a precursor solution of Sn2+ and HTeO2+ ions. The ability to paint liquid metals onto substrates enables us to fabricate supercapacitor electrodes of liquid metal films with an intimately connected surface layer of tin-doped tellurium. The tin-doped tellurium exhibits a pseudocapacitive behavior in 1.0 M Na2SO4 electrolyte and records a specific capacitance of 184.06 F·g-1 (5.74 mF·cm-2) at a scan rate of 10 mV·s-1. Flexible supercapacitor electrodes are also fabricated by painting liquid metals onto polypropylene sheets and subsequently depositing tin-doped tellurium thin films. These flexible electrodes show outstanding mechanical stability even when experiencing a complete 180° bend as well as exhibit high power and energy densities of 160 W·cm-3 and 31 mWh·cm-3, respectively. Overall, this study demonstrates the attractive features of liquid metals in creating energy storage devices and exemplifies their use as media for synthesizing electrochemically active materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maedehsadat Mousavi
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney2052, Australia
| | - Uttam Mittal
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales2052, Australia
| | - Mohammad B Ghasemian
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney2052, Australia
| | - Mahroo Baharfar
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney2052, Australia
| | - Jianbo Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney2052, Australia
| | - Yin Yao
- Electron Microscope Unit, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney Campus, Sydney, New South Wales2052, Australia
| | - Salma Merhebi
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney2052, Australia
| | - Chengchen Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney2052, Australia
| | - Neeraj Sharma
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales2052, Australia
| | - Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney2052, Australia
| | - Mohannad Mayyas
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney2052, Australia
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8
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Soh EJH, Astier HPAG, Daniel D, Isaiah Chua JQ, Miserez A, Jia Z, Li L, O'Shea SJ, Bhaskaran H, Tomczak N, Nijhuis CA. AFM Manipulation of EGaIn Microdroplets to Generate Controlled, On-Demand Contacts on Molecular Self-Assembled Monolayers. ACS NANO 2022; 16:14370-14378. [PMID: 36065994 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c04667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Liquid metal droplets, such as eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn), are important in many research areas, such as soft electronics, catalysis, and energy storage. Droplet contact on solid surfaces is typically achieved without control over the applied force and without optimizing the wetting properties in different environments (e.g., in air or liquid), resulting in poorly defined contact areas. In this work, we demonstrate the direct manipulation of EGaIn microdroplets using an atomic force microscope (AFM) to generate repeated, on-demand making and breaking of contact on self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkanethiols. The nanoscale positional control and feedback loop in an AFM allow us to control the contact force at the nanonewton level and, consequently, tune the droplet contact areas at the micrometer length scale in both air and ethanol. When submerged in ethanol, the droplets are highly nonwetting, resulting in hysteresis-free contact forces and minimal adhesion; as a result, we are able to create reproducible geometric contact areas of 0.8-4.5 μm2 with the alkanethiolate SAMs in ethanol. In contrast, there is a larger hysteresis in the contact forces and larger adhesion for the same EGaIn droplet in air, which reduced the control over the contact area (4-12 μm2). We demonstrate the usefulness of the technique and of the gained insights in EGaIn contact mechanics by making well-defined molecular tunneling junctions based on alkanethiolate SAMs with small geometric contact areas of between 4 and 12 μm2 in air, 1 to 2 orders of magnitude smaller than previously achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Jia Hao Soh
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138634
| | | | - Dan Daniel
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138634
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jia Qing Isaiah Chua
- Biological and Biomimetic Material Laboratory, Center for Biomimetic Sensor Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore 637553
| | - Ali Miserez
- Biological and Biomimetic Material Laboratory, Center for Biomimetic Sensor Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore 637553
| | - Zian Jia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Sean J O'Shea
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138634
| | - Harish Bhaskaran
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Nikodem Tomczak
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138634
| | - Christian A Nijhuis
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
- Hybrid Materials for Optoelectronics Group, Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and Center for Brain-Inspired Nano Systems, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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9
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Long L, Che X, Yao P, Zhang X, Wang J, Li M, Li C. Interfacial Electrochemical Polymerization for Spinning Liquid Metals into Core-Shell Wires. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:18690-18696. [PMID: 35420779 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c02247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Metal wires are of great significance in applications such as three-dimensional (3D) printing, soft electronics, optics, and metamaterials. Ga-based liquid metals (e.g., EGaIn), though uniquely combining metallic conductivity, fluidity, and biocompatibility, remain challenging to be spun due to their low viscosity, high surface tension, and Rayleigh-Plateau instability. In this work, we showed that EGaIn as a working electrode could induce the oxidization of EGaIn and interfacial electrochemical polymerization of electroactive monomers (e.g., acrylic acid, dopamine, and pyrrole), thus spinning itself from an opening of a blunt needle. During the spinning process, the high surface tension of EGaIn was reduced by electrowetting and electrocapillarity and stabilized by polymer shells (tunable thickness of ∼0.6-30 μm on wires with a diameter of 90-300 μm), which were chelated with metal ions. The polymeric shells offered EGaIn wires with an enhanced endurance to mechanical force and acidity. By further encapsulating into elastomers through a facile impregnation process, the resultant elastic EGaIn wires showed a combination of high stretchability (up to 800%) and metallic conductivity (1.5 × 106 S m-1). When serving as wearable sensors, they were capable of sensing facial expressions, body movements, voice recognition, and spatial pressure distributions with high sensitivity, good repeatability, and satisfactory durability. Machine-learning algorithms further assisted to detect gestures with high accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifen Long
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, P. R. China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for WEEE Recycling, Shanghai 201209, P. R. China
| | - Xinpeng Che
- Group of Biomimetic Smart Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shandong Energy Institute, Songling Road 189, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
- Center of Material and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Peifan Yao
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, P. R. China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for WEEE Recycling, Shanghai 201209, P. R. China
| | - Xihua Zhang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, P. R. China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for WEEE Recycling, Shanghai 201209, P. R. China
| | - Jingwei Wang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, P. R. China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for WEEE Recycling, Shanghai 201209, P. R. China
| | - Mingjie Li
- Group of Biomimetic Smart Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shandong Energy Institute, Songling Road 189, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
- Center of Material and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Chaoxu Li
- Group of Biomimetic Smart Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shandong Energy Institute, Songling Road 189, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
- Center of Material and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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10
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Wang S, Mao Q, Ren H, Wang W, Wang Z, Xu Y, Li X, Wang L, Wang H. Liquid Metal Interfacial Growth and Exfoliation to Form Mesoporous Metallic Nanosheets for Alkaline Methanol Electroreforming. ACS NANO 2022; 16:2978-2987. [PMID: 35061352 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c10262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials have spurred great interest in the field of catalysis due to their fascinating electronic and thermal transport properties. However, adding uniform mesopores to 2D metallic materials has remained a great challenge owing to the inherent high surface energy. Here, we introduce a generic liquid metal interfacial growth and exfoliation strategy to synthesize a library of penetrating mesoporous metallic nanosheets. The formation of liquid-metal/water interface promotes the adsorption of metal ion-encapsulated copolymer micelles, induces the self-limiting galvanic replacement reaction, and enables the exfoliation of products under mechanical agitation. These 2D mesoporous metallic nanosheets with large lateral size, narrow thickness distribution, and uniform perforated structure provide facilitated channels and abundant active sites for catalysis. Typically, the generated mesoporous PtRh nanosheets (mPtRh NSs) exhibit superior electroactivity and durability in hydrogen evolution reaction as well as methanol electrooxidation in alkaline media. Moreover, the constructed symmetric mPtRh NSs cell requires only a relative low electrolysis voltage to achieve methanol-assisted hydrogen production compared with traditional overall water electrolysis. The work reveals a specific growth pattern of noble metals at the liquid-metal/water interface and thus introduces a versatile strategy to form 2D penetrating mesoporous metallic nanomaterials with extensive high-performance applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Qiqi Mao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Hang Ren
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Wenxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Ziqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - You Xu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Xiaonian Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Hongjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
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11
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Noncontact rotation, levitation, and acceleration of flowing liquid metal wires. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2117535119. [PMID: 35105811 PMCID: PMC8833150 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2117535119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Streams of fluids, particulates, and other flowing media are difficult to control after they have left a nozzle. Here, we present the noncontact manipulation of a free-flowing stream of liquid metal. Such streams form by electrochemically lowering the interfacial tension. The electrochemical reactions make the streams into soft current–carrying conductors presenting minimal resistance to manipulation via the Lorentz force in the magnetic field. Meanwhile, the movement of the stream induces a secondary force arising from Lenz’s law that causes the manipulated streams to levitate in unique shapes. This work, which exploits these forces in a visually stunning manner, enables shaping of fluids in a noncontact manner. This paper reports the noncontact manipulation of free-falling cylindrical streams of liquid metals into unique shapes, such as levitated loops and squares. Such cylindrical streams form in aqueous media by electrochemically lowering the interfacial tension. The electrochemical reactions require an electrical current that flows through the streams, making them susceptible to the Lorentz force. Consequently, varying the position and shape of a magnetic field relative to the stream controls these forces. Moreover, the movement of the metal stream relative to the magnetic field induces significant forces arising from Lenz’s law that cause the manipulated streams to levitate in unique shapes. The ability to control streams of liquid metals in a noncontact manner will enable strategies for shaping electronically conductive fluids for advanced manufacturing and dynamic electronic structures.
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12
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Allioux FM, Ghasemian MB, Xie W, O'Mullane AP, Daeneke T, Dickey MD, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Applications of liquid metals in nanotechnology. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2022; 7:141-167. [PMID: 34982812 DOI: 10.1039/d1nh00594d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Post-transition liquid metals (LMs) offer new opportunities for accessing exciting dynamics for nanomaterials. As entities with free electrons and ions as well as fluidity, LM-based nanomaterials are fundamentally different from their solid counterparts. The low melting points of most post-transition metals (less than 330 °C) allow for the formation of nanodroplets from bulk metal melts under mild mechanical and chemical conditions. At the nanoscale, these liquid state nanodroplets simultaneously offer high electrical and thermal conductivities, tunable reactivities and useful physicochemical properties. They also offer specific alloying and dealloying conditions for the formation of multi-elemental liquid based nanoalloys or the synthesis of engineered solid nanomaterials. To date, while only a few nanosized LM materials have been investigated, extraordinary properties have been observed for such systems. Multi-elemental nanoalloys have shown controllable homogeneous or heterogeneous core and surface compositions with interfacial ordering at the nanoscale. The interactions and synergies of nanosized LMs with polymeric, inorganic and bio-materials have also resulted in new compounds. This review highlights recent progress and future directions for the synthesis and applications of post-transition LMs and their alloys. The review presents the unique properties of these LM nanodroplets for developing functional materials for electronics, sensors, catalysts, energy systems, and nanomedicine and biomedical applications, as well as other functional systems engineered at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois-Marie Allioux
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Mohammad B Ghasemian
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Wanjie Xie
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Anthony P O'Mullane
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Torben Daeneke
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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13
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Tang J, Tang J, Mayyas M, Ghasemian MB, Sun J, Rahim MA, Yang J, Han J, Lawes DJ, Jalili R, Daeneke T, Saborio MG, Cao Z, Echeverria CA, Allioux FM, Zavabeti A, Hamilton J, Mitchell V, O'Mullane AP, Kaner RB, Esrafilzadeh D, Dickey MD, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Liquid-Metal-Enabled Mechanical-Energy-Induced CO 2 Conversion. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2105789. [PMID: 34613649 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202105789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A green carbon capture and conversion technology offering scalability and economic viability for mitigating CO2 emissions is reported. The technology uses suspensions of gallium liquid metal to reduce CO2 into carbonaceous solid products and O2 at near room temperature. The nonpolar nature of the liquid gallium interface allows the solid products to instantaneously exfoliate, hence keeping active sites accessible. The solid co-contributor of silver-gallium rods ensures a cyclic sustainable process. The overall process relies on mechanical energy as the input, which drives nano-dimensional triboelectrochemical reactions. When a gallium/silver fluoride mix at 7:1 mass ratio is employed to create the reaction material, 92% efficiency is obtained at a remarkably low input energy of 230 kWh (excluding the energy used for dissolving CO2 ) for the capture and conversion of a tonne of CO2 . This green technology presents an economical solution for CO2 emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junma Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jianbo Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Mohannad Mayyas
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Mohammad B Ghasemian
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jing Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Md Arifur Rahim
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jiong Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jialuo Han
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Douglas J Lawes
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Rouhollah Jalili
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Torben Daeneke
- School of Engineering, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT), Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Maricruz G Saborio
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Zhenbang Cao
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Claudia A Echeverria
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Francois-Marie Allioux
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Ali Zavabeti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | | | | | - Anthony P O'Mullane
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - Richard B Kaner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Dorna Esrafilzadeh
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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14
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Baharfar M, Mayyas M, Rahbar M, Allioux FM, Tang J, Wang Y, Cao Z, Centurion F, Jalili R, Liu G, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Exploring Interfacial Graphene Oxide Reduction by Liquid Metals: Application in Selective Biosensing. ACS NANO 2021; 15:19661-19671. [PMID: 34783540 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c06973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Liquid metals (LMs) are electronic liquid with enigmatic interfacial chemistry and physics. These features make them promising materials for driving chemical reactions on their surfaces for designing nanoarchitectonic systems. Herein, we showed the interfacial interaction between eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn) liquid metal and graphene oxide (GO) for the reduction of both substrate-based and free-standing GO. NanoIR surface mapping indicated the successful removal of carbonyl groups. Based on the gained knowledge, a composite consisting of assembled reduced GO sheets on LM microdroplets (LM-rGO) was developed. The LM enforced Ga3+ coordination within the rGO assembly found to modify the electrochemical interface for selective dopamine sensing by separating the peaks of interfering biologicals. Subsequently, paper-based electrodes were developed and modified with the LM-rGO that presented the compatibility of the assembly with low-cost commercial technologies. The observed interfacial interaction, imparted by LM's interfaces, and electrochemical performance observed for LM-rGO will lead to effective functional materials and electrode modifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahroo Baharfar
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Mohannad Mayyas
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Mohammad Rahbar
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Francois-Marie Allioux
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Jianbo Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Yifang Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Zhenbang Cao
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Franco Centurion
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Rouhollah Jalili
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Guozhen Liu
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, P. R. China
| | - Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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15
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Yao Y, Chen S, Ye J, Cui Y, Deng Z. Self-Assembled Copper Film-Enabled Liquid Metal Core-Shell Composite. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:60660-60671. [PMID: 34898166 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c18824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Liquid metal (LM) droplets covered with functional materials, especially metallic, often make breakthroughs in performance and functionality. In this study, self-assembly was used to synthesize copper films on the surface of LM. Herein, using CuO nanoparticles as the monomers, driven by the electrostatic interaction between CuO and eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn) in the alkaline environment, EGaIn@Cu is realized by taking advantage of the reducing property of the EGaIn-alkaline interface. The copper film is smooth and dense, and under its protection, a layer of gallium oxide remains on the reaction interface between copper and LM, which enabled EGaIn@Cu to possess the volt-ampere curves similar to the Schottky mode, showing that the proposed mechanism has the potential to be used in the bottom-up synthesis of the semiconductor junction. Owing to the support of the copper film, the stiffness coefficient of the LM droplet can be increased by 56.9%. Coupled with the melting latent heat of 55.46 J/g and the natural high density of metal, EGaIn@Cu is also a potential phase change capsule. In addition, a method based on stream jetting and self-breaking up mechanisms of LM to batch-produce sub-millimeter capsules was also introduced. The above structural and functional characteristics demonstrate the value of this work in related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Yao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sen Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jiao Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuntao Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhongshan Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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16
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Cao C, Huang X, Lv D, Ai L, Chen W, Hou C, Yi B, Luo J, Yao X. Ultrastretchable conductive liquid metal composites enabled by adaptive interfacial polarization. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:3399-3408. [PMID: 34679157 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh00924a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Gallium-based liquid metals (LMs) are emerging candidates for the development of metal/polymer-based flexible circuits in wearable electronics. However, the high surface energies of LMs make them easily depleted from the polymer matrix and therefore substantially suppress the stretchability of the conductive composites. Here, we reveal that a dynamic interplay between the LM and the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) copolymer can help to address these issues. Weak and abundant interfacial polarization interactions between the PVDF copolymer and the oxide layer allow continuous and adaptive configuration of the compartmented LM channels, enabling ultra-stretchability of the composites. The conductive LM-polymer composites can maintain their structural integrity with a high surface conductivity and small resistance changes under large strains from 1000% to 10 000%. Taking advantage of their flexible processability under mild conditions and exceptional performance, our design strategy allows the scalable fabrication of conductive LM-polymer composites for a range of applications in wearable devices and sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China.
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China.
| | - Dong Lv
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China.
| | - Liqing Ai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China.
| | - Weilong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China.
| | - Changshun Hou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China.
| | - Bo Yi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China.
| | - Jingdong Luo
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China.
| | - Xi Yao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, P. R. China
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17
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Wang Y, Mayyas M, Yang J, Ghasemian MB, Tang J, Mousavi M, Han J, Ahmed M, Baharfar M, Mao G, Yao Y, Esrafilzadeh D, Cortie D, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Liquid-Metal-Assisted Deposition and Patterning of Molybdenum Dioxide at Low Temperature. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:53181-53193. [PMID: 34723471 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Molybdenum dioxide (MoO2), considering its near-metallic conductivity and surface plasmonic properties, is a great material for electronics, energy storage devices and biosensing. Yet to this day, room-temperature synthesis of large area MoO2, which allows deposition on arbitrary substrates, has remained a challenge. Due to their reactive interfaces and specific solubility conditions, gallium-based liquid metal alloys offer unique opportunities for synthesizing materials that can meet these challenges. Herein, a substrate-independent liquid metal-based method for the room temperature deposition and patterning of MoO2 is presented. By introducing a molybdate precursor to the surrounding of a eutectic gallium-indium alloy droplet, a uniform layer of hydrated molybdenum oxide (H2MoO3) is formed at the interface. This layer is then exfoliated and transferred onto a desired substrate. Utilizing the transferred H2MoO3 layer, a laser-writing technique is developed which selectively transforms this H2MoO3 into crystalline MoO2 and produces electrically conductive MoO2 patterns at room temperature. The electrical conductivity and plasmonic properties of the MoO2 are analyzed and demonstrated. The presented metal oxide room-temperature deposition and patterning method can find many applications in optoelectronics, sensing, and energy industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifang Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney Campus, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Mohannad Mayyas
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney Campus, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Jiong Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney Campus, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Mohammad B Ghasemian
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney Campus, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Jianbo Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney Campus, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Maedehsadat Mousavi
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney Campus, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Jialuo Han
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney Campus, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Mostak Ahmed
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney Campus, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Mahroo Baharfar
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney Campus, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Guangzhao Mao
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney Campus, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Yin Yao
- Electron Microscope Unit, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney Campus, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Dorna Esrafilzadeh
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney Campus, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - David Cortie
- Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus Squires Way, North Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney Campus, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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18
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Zhai W, Xiong T, He Z, Lu S, Lai Z, He Q, Tan C, Zhang H. Nanodots Derived from Layered Materials: Synthesis and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2006661. [PMID: 34212432 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202006661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Layered 2D materials, such as graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides, transition metal oxides, black phosphorus, graphitic carbon nitride, hexagonal boron nitride, and MXenes, have attracted intensive attention over the past decades owing to their unique properties and wide applications in electronics, catalysis, energy storage, biomedicine, etc. Further reducing the lateral size of layered 2D materials down to less than 10 nm allows for preparing a new class of nanostructures, namely, nanodots derived from layered materials. Nanodots derived from layered materials not only can exhibit the intriguing properties of nanodots due to the size confinement originating from the ultrasmall size, but also can inherit some unique properties of ultrathin layered 2D materials, making them promising candidates in a wide range of applications, especially in biomedicine and catalysis. Here, a comprehensive summary on the materials categories, advantages, synthesis methods, and potential applications of these nanodots derived from layered materials is provided. Finally, personal insights about the challenges and future directions in this promising research field are also given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhai
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tengfei Xiong
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhen He
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shiyao Lu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhuangchai Lai
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qiyuan He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chaoliang Tan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Branch of National Precious Metals Material Engineering Research Center (NPMM), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, China
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19
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Xie W, Allioux FM, Namivandi-Zangeneh R, Ghasemian MB, Han J, Rahim MA, Tang J, Yang J, Mousavi M, Mayyas M, Cao Z, Centurion F, Christoe MJ, Zhang C, Wang Y, Merhebi S, Baharfar M, Ng G, Esrafilzadeh D, Boyer C, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Polydopamine Shell as a Ga 3+ Reservoir for Triggering Gallium-Indium Phase Separation in Eutectic Gallium-Indium Nanoalloys. ACS NANO 2021; 15:16839-16850. [PMID: 34613693 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c07278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Low melting point eutectic systems, such as the eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn) alloy, offer great potential in the domain of nanometallurgy; however, many of their interfacial behaviors remain to be explored. Here, a compositional change of EGaIn nanoalloys triggered by polydopamine (PDA) coating is demonstrated. Incorporating PDA on the surface of EGaIn nanoalloys renders core-shell nanostructures that accompany Ga-In phase separation within the nanoalloys. The PDA shell keeps depleting the Ga3+ from the EGaIn nanoalloys when the synthesis proceeds, leading to a Ga3+-coordinated PDA coating and a smaller nanoalloy. During this process, the eutectic nanoalloys turn into non-eutectic systems that ultimately result in the solidification of In when Ga is fully depleted. The reaction of Ga3+-coordinated PDA-coated nanoalloys with nitrogen dioxide gas is presented as an example for demonstrating the functionality of such hybrid composites. The concept of phase-separating systems, with polymeric reservoirs, may lead to tailored materials and can be explored on a variety of post-transition metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjie Xie
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Francois-Marie Allioux
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | | | - Mohammad B Ghasemian
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jialuo Han
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Md Arifur Rahim
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jianbo Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jiong Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Maedehsadat Mousavi
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Mohannad Mayyas
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Zhenbang Cao
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Franco Centurion
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Michael J Christoe
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Chengchen Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Yifang Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Salma Merhebi
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Mahroo Baharfar
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Gervase Ng
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Dorna Esrafilzadeh
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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20
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Messalea KA, Syed N, Zavabeti A, Mohiuddin M, Jannat A, Aukarasereenont P, Nguyen CK, Low MX, Walia S, Haas B, Koch CT, Mahmood N, Khoshmanesh K, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Daeneke T. High- k 2D Sb 2O 3 Made Using a Substrate-Independent and Low-Temperature Liquid-Metal-Based Process. ACS NANO 2021; 15:16067-16075. [PMID: 34623147 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c04631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
High dielectric constant (high-k) ultrathin films are required as insulating gate materials. The well-known high-k dielectrics, including HfO2, ZrO2, and SrTiO3, feature three-dimensional lattice structures and are thus not easily obtained in the form of distinct ultrathin sheets. Therefore, their deposition as ultrathin layers still imposes challenges for electronic industries. Consequently, new high-k nanomaterials with k in the range of 40 to 100 and a band gap exceeding 4 eV are highly sought after. Antimony oxide nanosheets appear as a potential candidate that could fulfill these characteristics. Here, we report on the stoichiometric cubic polymorph of 2D antimony oxide (Sb2O3) as an ideal high-k dielectric sheet that can be synthesized via a low-temperature, substrate-independent, and silicon-industry-compatible liquid metal synthesis technique. A bismuth-antimony alloy was produced during the growth process. Preferential oxidation caused the surface of the melt to be dominated by α-Sb2O3. This ultrathin α-Sb2O3 was then deposited onto desired surfaces via a liquid metal print transfer. A tunable sheet thickness between ∼1.5 and ∼3 nm was achieved, while the lateral dimensions were within the millimeter range. The obtained α-Sb2O3 exhibited high crystallinity and a wide band gap of ∼4.4 eV. The relative permittivity assessment revealed a maximum k of 84, while a breakdown electric field of ∼10 MV/cm was observed. The isolated 2D α-Sb2O3 nanosheets were utilized in top-gated field-effect transistors that featured low leakage currents, highlighting that the obtained material is a promising gate oxide for conventional and van der Waals heterostructure-based electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kibret A Messalea
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Nitu Syed
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Ali Zavabeti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Md Mohiuddin
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Azmira Jannat
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | | | - Chung K Nguyen
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Mei Xian Low
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Sumeet Walia
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Benedikt Haas
- Department of Physics & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph T Koch
- Department of Physics & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nasir Mahmood
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | | | - Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Torben Daeneke
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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21
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Qin Y, Long Y, Zhou T, Luo R, Tong C, Xie Q, Wang W, Liu B. A rGO-DNAzyme assisted fluorescence method for sensitive RNase A activity assay and natural compound screening. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:4298-4306. [PMID: 34473139 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01053k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As a key regulator of human physiology and metabolic processes, ribonuclease (RNase) A can be used as an important biomarker for predicting human disease occurrence. Hence, establishing sensitive methods for tracking RNase A activity in vitro and in living cells is of great importance. Herein, we present a convenient fluorescence method assisted by reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and DNAzyme mediated fluorescence signal release for RNase A assay. The fluorescence change of the new method showed a positive linear relation with RNase A concentration in the range from 0.5 pg μL-1 to 1 ng μL-1 with a detection limit of 0.089 pg μL-1. By using this method to screen the effector of RNase A from natural compounds, the natural compound of B6 was found to stimulate RNase A activity in vitro and in vivo, the result of which was supported by the real-time imaging of RNase A in living cells. In summary, this fluorescence method with high sensitivity and specificity provides an alternative for RNase A activity assay and effector screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qin
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China.
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Material Medical Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, P. R. China.
| | - Ying Long
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China.
| | - Ting Zhou
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China.
| | - Ruxin Luo
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China.
| | - Chunyi Tong
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China.
| | - Qian Xie
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Material Medical Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Wang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Material Medical Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, P. R. China.
| | - Bin Liu
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China.
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22
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Wang DC, Yu HY, Qi D, Wu Y, Chen L, Li Z. Confined Chemical Transitions for Direct Extraction of Conductive Cellulose Nanofibers with Graphitized Carbon Shell at Low Temperature and Pressure. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:11620-11630. [PMID: 34286968 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose is the most abundant renewable natural polymer on earth, but it does not conduct electricity, which limits its application expansion. The existing methods of making cellulose conductive are combined with another conductive material or high-temperature/high-pressure carbonization of the cellulose itself, while in the traditional method of sulfuric acid hydrolysis to extract nanocellulose, it is usually believed that a too high temperature will destroy cellulose and lead to experimental failure. Now, based on a new research perspective, by controlling the continuous reaction process and isolating oxygen, we directly extracted intrinsically conductive cellulose nanofiber (CNF) from biomass, where the confined range molecular chains of CNF were converted to highly graphitized carbon at only 90 °C and atmospheric pressure, while large-scale twisted graphene films can be synthesized bottom-up from CNFene suspensions, called CNFene (cellulose nanofiber-graphene). The conductivity of the best CNFene can be as high as 1.099 S/cm, and the generality of this synthetic route has been verified from multiple biomass cellulose sources. By comparing the conventional high-pressure hydrothermal and high-temperature pyrolysis methods, this study avoided the dangerous high-pressure environment and saved 86.16% in energy. These findings break through the conventional notion that nanocellulose cannot conduct electricity by itself and are expected to extend the application potential of pure nanocellulose to energy storage, catalysis, and sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duan-Chao Wang
- National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology, College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Hou-Yong Yu
- National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology, College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Dongming Qi
- National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology, College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yuhang Wu
- National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology, College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Lumin Chen
- National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology, College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Ziheng Li
- National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology, College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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23
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Zhao S, Zhang J, Fu L. Liquid Metals: A Novel Possibility of Fabricating 2D Metal Oxides. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005544. [PMID: 33448060 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
2D metal oxides (2DMOs) have been widely applied in the fields of electronic, magnetic, optical, and catalytic materials, owing to their rich surface chemistry and unique electronic structures. However, their further development faces challenges such as the difficulty in fabricating 2DMOs with unstable surface induced by strong surface polarizability, or the high cost and limited yield of the fabrication process. Recently, liquid metals have shown great potential in the fabrication of 2DMOs. The native oxide skin formed on the surface of liquid metals can be considered as a perfect 2D planar material. Due to the solubility, fluidity, and reactivity of liquid metals, they can act as the solvent, reactant, and interface in the fabrication of 2DMOs. Moreover, liquid metals undergo a liquid-solid phase transition, enabling them to be a symmetric matched substrate for growing high-quality 2DMOs. An insightful survey of the recent progress in this research direction is presented. The features of liquid metals including good solubility, chemical reactivity, weak interface force, and liquid-solid phase transitions are introduced in detail. Furthermore, strategies for the fabrication of 2DMOs by virtue of these features are summarized comprehensively. Finally, current challenges and prospects regarding the future development in the fabrication of 2DMOs via liquid metals are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jiaqian Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Lei Fu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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24
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Creighton MA, Yuen MC, Morris NJ, Tabor CE. Graphene-based encapsulation of liquid metal particles. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:23995-24005. [PMID: 33104147 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05263a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Liquid metals are a promising functional material due to their unique combination of metallic properties and fluidity at room temperature. They are of interest in wide-ranging fields including stretchable and flexible electronics, reconfigurable devices, microfluidics, biomedicine, material synthesis, and catalysis. Transformation of bulk liquid metal into particles has enabled further advances by allowing access to a broader palette of fabrication techniques for device manufacture or by increasing area available for surface-based applications. For gallium-based liquid metal alloys, particle stabilization is typically achieved by the oxide that forms spontaneously on the surface, even when only trace amounts of oxygen are present. The utility of the particles formed is governed by the chemical, electrical, and mechanical properties of this oxide. To overcome some of the intrinsic limitations of the native oxide, it is demonstrated here for the first time that 2D graphene-based materials can encapsulate liquid metal particles during fabrication and imbue them with previously unattainable properties. This outer encapsulation layer is used to physically stabilize particles in a broad range of pH environments, modify the particles' mechanical behavior, and control the electrical behavior of resulting films. This demonstration of graphene-based encapsulation of liquid metal particles represents a first foray into the creation of a suite of hybridized 2D material coated liquid metal particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Creighton
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, USA.
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25
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Xie W, Allioux FM, Ou JZ, Miyako E, Tang SY, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Gallium-Based Liquid Metal Particles for Therapeutics. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 39:624-640. [PMID: 33199046 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gallium (Ga) and Ga-based liquid metal (LM) alloys offer low toxicity, excellent electrical and thermal conductivities, and fluidity at or near room temperature. Ga-based LM particles (LMPs) synthesized from these LMs exhibit both fluidic and metallic properties and are suitable for versatile functionalization in therapeutics. Functionalized Ga-based LMPs can be actuated using physical or chemical stimuli for drug delivery, cancer treatment, bioimaging, and biosensing. However, many of the fundamentals of their unique characteristics for therapeutics remain underexplored. We present the most recent advances in Ga-based LMPs in therapeutics based on the underlying mechanisms of their design and implementation. We also highlight some future biotechnological opportunities for Ga-based LMPs based on their extraordinary advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjie Xie
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Francois-Marie Allioux
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jian Zhen Ou
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Eijiro Miyako
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Shi-Yang Tang
- Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia.
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26
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Mayyas M, Mousavi M, Ghasemian MB, Abbasi R, Li H, Christoe MJ, Han J, Wang Y, Zhang C, Rahim MA, Tang J, Yang J, Esrafilzadeh D, Jalili R, Allioux FM, O'Mullane AP, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Pulsing Liquid Alloys for Nanomaterials Synthesis. ACS NANO 2020; 14:14070-14079. [PMID: 32916049 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c06724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although it remains unexplored, the direct synthesis and expulsion of metals from alloys can offer many opportunities. Here, such a phenomenon is realized electrochemically by applying a polarizing voltage signal to liquid alloys. The signal induces an abrupt interfacial perturbation at the Ga-based liquid alloy surface and results in an unrestrained discharge of minority elements, such as Sn, In, and Zn, from the liquid alloy. We show that this can occur by either changing the surface tension or inducing a reversible redox reaction at the alloys' interface. The expelled metals exhibit nanosized and porous morphologies, and depending on the cell electrochemistry, these metals can be passivated with oxide layers or fully oxidized into distinct nanostructures. The proposed concept of metal expulsion from liquid alloys can be extended to a wide variety of molten metals for producing metallic and metallic compound nanostructures for advanced applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohannad Mayyas
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Maedehsadat Mousavi
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Mohammad B Ghasemian
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Roozbeh Abbasi
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Hongzhe Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Michael J Christoe
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Jialuo Han
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Yifang Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Chengchen Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Md Arifur Rahim
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Jianbo Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Jiong Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Dorna Esrafilzadeh
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales Sydney (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2031, Australia
| | - Rouhollah Jalili
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Francois-Marie Allioux
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Anthony P O'Mullane
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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27
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Effect of residual electrolyte on dispersion stability of graphene in aqueous solution. J Solid State Electrochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-020-04835-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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28
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Xu L, Duan Z, Zhang P, Wang X, Zhang J, Shang L, Jiang K, Li Y, Zhu L, Gong Y, Hu Z, Chu J. Ferroelectric-Modulated MoS 2 Field-Effect Transistors as Multilevel Nonvolatile Memory. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:44902-44911. [PMID: 32931241 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c09951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ferroelectric field-effect transistors (FeFETs) with semiconductors as the channel material and ferroelectrics as the gate insulator are attractive and/or promising devices for application in nonvolatile memory. In FeFETs, the conductivity states of the semiconductor are utilized to explore the polarization directions of the ferroelectric material. Herein, we report FeFETs based on a few layers of MoS2 on a 0.7Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.3PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) single crystal with switchable multilevel states. It was found that the On-Off ratios can reach as high as 106. We prove that the interaction effect of ferroelectric polarization and interface charge traps has a great influence on the transport behaviors and nonvolatile memory characteristics of MoS2/PMN-PT FeFETs. In order to further study the underlying physical mechanism, we have researched the time-dependent electrical properties in the temperature range from 300 to 500 K. The separation of effects from ferroelectric polarization and interfacial traps on electrical behaviors of FeFETs provides us with an opportunity to better understand the operation mechanism, which suggests a fantastic way for multilevel, low-power consumption, and high-density nonvolatile memory devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Xu
- Technical Center for Multifunctional Magneto-Optical Spectroscopy (Shanghai), Engineering Research Center of Nanophotonics & Advanced Instrument (Ministry of Education), Department of Materials, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zhihua Duan
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Material and Device, Department of Physics, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Technical Center for Multifunctional Magneto-Optical Spectroscopy (Shanghai), Engineering Research Center of Nanophotonics & Advanced Instrument (Ministry of Education), Department of Materials, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jinzhong Zhang
- Technical Center for Multifunctional Magneto-Optical Spectroscopy (Shanghai), Engineering Research Center of Nanophotonics & Advanced Instrument (Ministry of Education), Department of Materials, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Liyan Shang
- Technical Center for Multifunctional Magneto-Optical Spectroscopy (Shanghai), Engineering Research Center of Nanophotonics & Advanced Instrument (Ministry of Education), Department of Materials, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Kai Jiang
- Technical Center for Multifunctional Magneto-Optical Spectroscopy (Shanghai), Engineering Research Center of Nanophotonics & Advanced Instrument (Ministry of Education), Department of Materials, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yawei Li
- Technical Center for Multifunctional Magneto-Optical Spectroscopy (Shanghai), Engineering Research Center of Nanophotonics & Advanced Instrument (Ministry of Education), Department of Materials, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Liangqing Zhu
- Technical Center for Multifunctional Magneto-Optical Spectroscopy (Shanghai), Engineering Research Center of Nanophotonics & Advanced Instrument (Ministry of Education), Department of Materials, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yongji Gong
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhigao Hu
- Technical Center for Multifunctional Magneto-Optical Spectroscopy (Shanghai), Engineering Research Center of Nanophotonics & Advanced Instrument (Ministry of Education), Department of Materials, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
- Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Electronics & Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Junhao Chu
- Technical Center for Multifunctional Magneto-Optical Spectroscopy (Shanghai), Engineering Research Center of Nanophotonics & Advanced Instrument (Ministry of Education), Department of Materials, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
- Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Electronics & Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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29
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Yuan Y, Wang T, Chen H, Mahurin SM, Luo H, Veith GM, Yang Z, Dai S. Ambient Temperature Graphitization Based on Mechanochemical Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202009180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yating Yuan
- Department of Chemistry University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996 USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Chemical Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996 USA
| | - Shannon M. Mahurin
- Chemical Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Huimin Luo
- Chemical Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Gabriel M. Veith
- Chemical Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Zhenzhen Yang
- Department of Chemistry University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996 USA
- Chemical Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Sheng Dai
- Department of Chemistry University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996 USA
- Chemical Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
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30
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Yuan Y, Wang T, Chen H, Mahurin SM, Luo H, Veith GM, Yang Z, Dai S. Ambient Temperature Graphitization Based on Mechanochemical Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:21935-21939. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yating Yuan
- Department of Chemistry University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996 USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Chemical Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996 USA
| | - Shannon M. Mahurin
- Chemical Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Huimin Luo
- Chemical Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Gabriel M. Veith
- Chemical Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Zhenzhen Yang
- Department of Chemistry University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996 USA
- Chemical Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Sheng Dai
- Department of Chemistry University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996 USA
- Chemical Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
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