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1
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Yuan L, Xue Q, Wang F, Li N, Waterhouse GIN, Brabec CJ, Gao F, Yan K. Perovskite Solar Cells and Light Emitting Diodes: Materials Chemistry, Device Physics and Relationship. Chem Rev 2025. [PMID: 40397873 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2025]
Abstract
Solution-processed perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and perovskite light emitting diodes (PeLEDs) represent promising next-generation optoelectronic technologies. This Review summarizes recent advancements in the application of metal halide perovskite materials for PSC and PeLED devices to address the efficiency, stability and scalability issues. Emphasis is placed on material chemistry strategies used to control and engineer the composition, deposition process, interface and micro-nanostructure in solution-processed perovskite films, leading to high-quality crystalline thin films for optimal device performance. Furthermore, we retrospectively compare the device physics of PSCs and PeLEDs, their working principles and their energy loss mechanisms, examining the similarities and differences between the two types of devices. The reciprocity relationship suggests that a great PSC should also be a great PeLED, motivating the search for interconverting photoelectric bifunctional devices with maximum radiative recombination and negligible non-radiative recombination. Specific requirements of PSCs and PeLEDs in terms of bandgap, thickness, band alignment and charge transport to achieve this target are discussed in detail. Further challenges and issues are also illustrated, together with prospects for future development. Understanding these fundamentals, embracing recent breakthroughs and exploring future prospects pave the way toward the rational design and development of high-performance PSC and PeLED devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligang Yuan
- School of Environment and Energy, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510000, China
- Key Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information Perception and Instrumentation of Jiangxi Province, Key Laboratory of Nondestructive Testing Ministry of Education, School of the Testing and Photoelectric Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Qifan Xue
- School of Environment and Energy, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ning Li
- School of Environment and Energy, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Geoffrey I N Waterhouse
- School of Environment and Energy, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510000, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Christoph J Brabec
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Martensstraße 7, Erlangen 91058, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (HI ERN), Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ), Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Keyou Yan
- School of Environment and Energy, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510000, China
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Wang Q, Li B, Yang H, Na Z, Wei Y, Liu X, Han M, Zhang X, Du W, Rahim G, Ding Y, Shao Z, Yang H, Dai S. A Novel Self-Assembled Hole-Transporting Monolayer with Extending Conjugation for Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2025; 21:e2500296. [PMID: 40119837 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202500296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2025] [Revised: 03/13/2025] [Indexed: 03/24/2025]
Abstract
The application of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) as hole-transporting materials has greatly improved the performance of inverted perovskite solar cells. Structure engineering of SAMs has proven to be an effective approach to enhance device performance. In this work, a novel SAM featuring extended conjugation is designed and synthesized, designated E-CbzBT. Compared with CbzBT, E-CbzBT exhibits enhanced asymmetric and noncoplanar screw-shaped configuration, leading to uniform and tight packing on ITO. The uniform packing of E-CbzBT increases the wettability of the perovskite precursor solution on the substrate, thereby facilitating perovskite crystallinity and suppressing interfacial trap density more effectively than CbzBT. Accordingly, inverted PSCs employing E-CbzBT reach a champion power conversion efficiency of 25.15%, surpassing 24.06% for CbzBT-based devices. Importantly, the E-CbzBT-based PSCs demonstrate superior ambient and thermal stability. The extending conjugation approach in SAMs represents a promising avenue for further advancements in perovskite solar cell technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Botong Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Novel Thin-Film Solar Cells, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
| | - Hanqin Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Novel Thin-Film Solar Cells, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
| | - Zongxu Na
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Yijin Wei
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, P. R. China
| | - Xuepeng Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Novel Thin-Film Solar Cells, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
| | - Mingyuan Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Novel Thin-Film Solar Cells, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
| | - Xianfu Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Novel Thin-Film Solar Cells, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
| | - Weilun Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Novel Thin-Film Solar Cells, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
| | - Ghadari Rahim
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, 5166616471, Iran
| | - Yong Ding
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Novel Thin-Film Solar Cells, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
| | - Zhipeng Shao
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, P. R. China
| | - Huai Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Songyuan Dai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Novel Thin-Film Solar Cells, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
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Zhou J, Luo Y, Li R, Tian L, Zhao K, Shen J, Jin D, Peng Z, Yao L, Zhang L, Liu Q, Zhang S, Jin L, Chu S, Wang S, Tian Y, Xu J, Zhang X, Shi P, Wang X, Fan W, Sun X, Sun J, Chen LZ, Wu G, Shi W, Wang HF, Deng T, Wang R, Yang D, Xue J. Molecular contacts with an orthogonal π-skeleton induce amorphization to enhance perovskite solar cell performance. Nat Chem 2025; 17:564-570. [PMID: 39915659 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-025-01732-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/02/2025] [Indexed: 04/04/2025]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells represent a promising class of photovoltaics that have achieved exceptional levels of performance within a short time. Such high efficiencies often depend on the use of molecule-based selective contacts that form highly ordered molecular assemblies. Although this high degree of ordering usually benefits charge-carrier transport, it is disrupted by structure deformation and phase transformation when subjected to external stresses, which limits the long-term operational stability of perovskite solar cells. Here we demonstrate a molecular contact with an orthogonal π-skeleton that shows better resilience to external stimuli than commonly used conjugated cores. This molecular design yields a disordered, amorphous structure that is not only highly stable but also demonstrates exceptional charge selectivity and transport capability. The perovskite solar cells fabricated with this orthogonal π-skeleton molecule exhibited enhanced long-term durability in accelerated-ageing tests. This orthogonal π-skeleton functionality opens new opportunities in molecular design for applications in organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yixin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Runda Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liuwen Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ke Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Donger Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zixuan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Libing Yao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingqing Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaochen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shenglong Chu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sisi Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiazhe Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pengju Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuechun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingyi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Luo-Zhou Chen
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wen Shi
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Fei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianqi Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Institute of Advanced Semiconductors and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Power Semiconductor Materials and Devices, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China.
- Division of Solar Energy Conversion and Catalysis at Westlake University, Zhejiang Baima Lake Laboratory Co. Ltd, Hangzhou, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Low-Carbon Biosynthesis, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Deren Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jingjing Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Shangyu Institute of Semiconductor Materials, Shaoxing, China.
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Li C, Chen Y, Li Y, Gong L, Yuan Z, Liang L, Chen J, Ganesan P, Zhang Y, Ma J, Gao P. Deciphering the Impact of Aromatic Linkers in Self-Assembled Monolayers on the Performance of Monolithic Perovskite/Si Tandem Photovoltaic. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2025; 64:e202420585. [PMID: 39660969 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202420585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2024] [Revised: 11/28/2024] [Accepted: 12/10/2024] [Indexed: 12/12/2024]
Abstract
Aromatic linker-constructed self-assembled monolayers (Ar-SAMs) with enlarged dipole moment can modulate the work function of indium tin oxide (ITO), thereby improving hole extraction/transport efficiency. However, the specific role of the aromatic linkers between the polycyclic head and the anchoring groups of SAMs in determining the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) remains unclear. In this study, we developed a series of phenothiazine-based Ar-SAMs to investigate how different aromatic linkers could affect molecular stacking, the regulation of substrate work function, and charge carrier dynamics. When served as hole-selective layers (HSLs) in PSCs and monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells (P/S-TSCs), we found that the Ar-SAM with naphthalene linker along the 2,6-position axis (β-Nap) could form dense and highly ordered HSLs, enhancing interfacial interactions and favoring optimal energy level alignment with the perovskite films. Using this strategy, the optimized wide-band gap PSCs achieved an impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 21.86 % with negligible hysteresis, utilizing a 1.68 eV perovskite. Additionally, the encapsulated devices demonstrated enhanced stability under damp-heat conditions (ISOS-D-2, 50 % RH, 65 °C) with a T91 of 1000 hours. Notably, the fabricated P/S-TSCs, based on solution-processed micron-scale textured silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells, achieved an efficiency of 28.89 % while maintaining outstanding reproducibility. This strategy holds significant promise for developing aromatic linking groups to enhance the hole selectivity of SAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
- Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Sciences and Technology, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Yuheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Lijie Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Zhen Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Lusheng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Jinglin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Sciences and Technology, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Paramaguru Ganesan
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Yixian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Jing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Peng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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5
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Marae IS, Tan J, Yoshioka R, Ziadi Z, Khaskin E, Vasylevskyi S, Kabe R, Xu X, Narita A. Synthesis and characterizations of highly luminescent 5-isopropoxybenzo[ rst]pentaphene. Beilstein J Org Chem 2025; 21:270-276. [PMID: 39931682 PMCID: PMC11809583 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.21.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2025] [Indexed: 02/13/2025] Open
Abstract
A benzo[rst]pentaphene (BPP) substituted by an isopropoxy group (BPP-OiPr) was synthesized in a facile manner. Its photophysical properties were investigated by UV-vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy in compassion to pristine BPP and its oxidation product, benzo[rst]pentaphene-5,8-dione (BPP-dione). BPP-OiPr exhibited a significantly enhanced photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY), reaching 73% in comparison to pristine BPP (13%). BPP-dione, when compared to the parent BPP, also displayed improved absorption and emission from the first excited singlet (S1) state with a PLQY of 62% and an intramolecular charge-transfer character. The rod-like nano- to microcrystals as well as longer wires of these BPPs were also revealed by scanning electron microscopy. The intriguing optical properties of BPP and its derivatives may lead to their application as fluorophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam S Marae
- Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Jingyun Tan
- Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Rengo Yoshioka
- Organic Optoelectronics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Zakaria Ziadi
- Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Eugene Khaskin
- Science and Technology Group, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Serhii Vasylevskyi
- X-ray diffraction facility, Department of Chemistry, 100 E. 24th Street, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Ryota Kabe
- Organic Optoelectronics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Xiushang Xu
- Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
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6
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Wu T, Raju TB, Shang J, Wu L, Song JT, Senevirathne CAM, Staykov A, Wang S, Ida S, Shibayama N, Miyasaka T, Matsushima T, Guo Z. Lattice Matching Anchoring of Hole-Selective Molecule on Halide Perovskite Surfaces for n-i-p Solar Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2025; 37:e2414576. [PMID: 39604293 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202414576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2024] [Revised: 11/22/2024] [Indexed: 11/29/2024]
Abstract
Exploiting the self-assembled molecules (SAMs) as hole-selective contacts has been an effective strategy to improve the efficiency and long-term stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Currently, research works are focusing on constructing SAMs on metal oxide surfaces in p-i-n PSCs, but realizing a stable and dense SAM contact on halide perovskite surfaces in n-i-p PSCs is still challenging. In this work, the hole-selective molecule for n-i-p device is developed featuring a terephthalic methylammonium core structure that possesses double-site anchoring ability and a matching diameter (6.36 Å) with the lattice constant of formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3) perovskite (6.33 Å), which facilitates an ordered and full-coverage SAM atop FAPbI3 perovskite. Moreover, theoretical calculations and experimental results indicate that compared to the frequently used acid or ester anchoring groups, this ionic anchoring group with a dipolar charge distribution has much larger adsorption energy on both organic halide terminated and lead halide terminated surfaces, resulting in synergistic improvement of carrier extraction and defect passivation ability. Benefiting from these merits, the efficiency of PSCs is increased from 21.68% to 24.22%. The long-term operational stability under white LED illumination (100 mW cm-2) and at a high temperature of 85 °C is also much improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Wu
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
- Center for Energy Systems Design (CESD), International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Telugu Bhim Raju
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Juan Shang
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Lifang Wu
- Materials Genome Institute (MGI), Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Jun Tae Song
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Chathuranganie A M Senevirathne
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Aleksandar Staykov
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shenghao Wang
- Materials Genome Institute (MGI), Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Shintaro Ida
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
- Institute of Industrial Nanomaterials (IINa), Kumamoto University, 2-39-1, Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Shibayama
- Toin University of Yokohama, 1614 Kurogane-cho, Aoba, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 225-8503, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Miyasaka
- Toin University of Yokohama, 1614 Kurogane-cho, Aoba, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 225-8503, Japan
| | - Toshinori Matsushima
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
- Center for Energy Systems Design (CESD), International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Zhanglin Guo
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
- Center for Energy Systems Design (CESD), International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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7
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Feng X, Gao Y, Huang X, Wang J, Dong C, Yue G, Tan F, De Wolf S. Molecular Orientation Regulation of Hole Transport Semicrystalline-Polymer Enables High-Performance Carbon-Electrode Perovskite Solar Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2403267. [PMID: 38982953 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202403267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Carbon-based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) coupled with solution-processed hole transport layers (HTLs) have shown potential owing to their combination of low cost and high performance. However, the commonly used poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) semicrystalline-polymer HTL dominantly shows edge-on molecular orientation, in which the alkyl side chains directly contact the perovskite layer, resulting in an electronically poor contact at the perovskite/P3HT interface. The study adopts a synergetic strategy comprising of additive and solvent engineering to transfer the edge-on molecular orientation of P3HT HTL into 3D molecular orientation. The target P3HT HTL possesses improved charge transport as well as enhanced moisture-repelling capability. Moreover, energy level alignment between target P3HT HTL and perovskite layer is realized. As a result, the champion devices with small (0.04 cm2) and larger areas (1 cm2) deliver notable efficiencies of 20.55% and 18.32%, respectively, which are among the highest efficiency of carbon-electrode PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, School of Future Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Yueyue Gao
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, School of Future Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Xiufang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, School of Future Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Jiantao Wang
- KAUST Solar Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Cheng Dong
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, School of Future Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Gentian Yue
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, School of Future Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Furui Tan
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, School of Future Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Stefaan De Wolf
- KAUST Solar Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
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Li T, Li B, Yang Y, Jin Z, Zhang Z, Wang P, Deng L, Zhan Y, Zhang Q, Liang J. Metal chalcogenide electron extraction layers for nip-type tin-based perovskite solar cells. Nat Commun 2024; 15:9435. [PMID: 39487132 PMCID: PMC11530694 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-53713-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 10/18/2024] [Indexed: 11/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Tin-based perovskite solar cells have garnered attention for their biocompatibility, narrow bandgap, and long thermal carrier lifetime. However, nip-type tin-based perovskite solar cells have underperformed largely due to the indiscriminate use of metal oxide electron transport layers originally designed for nip-type lead-based perovskite solar cells. Here, we reveal that this underperformance is caused by oxygen vacancies and deeper energy levels in metal oxide. To address these issues, we propose a metal chalcogenide electron transport layer, specifically Sn(S0.92Se0.08)2, which circumvents the oxygen molecules desorption and impedes the Sn2+ oxidation. As a result, tin-based perovskite solar cells with Sn(S0.92Se0.08)2 demonstrate a VOC increase from 0.48 - 0.73 V and a power conversion efficiency boost from 6.98 - 11.78%. Additionally, these cells exhibit improved stability, retaining over 95% of their initial efficiency after 1632 h. Our findings showcase metal chalcogenides as promising candidates for future nip-type tin-based perovskite solar cell applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianpeng Li
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Yingguo Yang
- School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF), Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Zuoming Jin
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Peilin Wang
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Liangliang Deng
- Center of Micro-Nano System, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yiqiang Zhan
- Center of Micro-Nano System, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Qinghong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Jia Liang
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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Li C, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Yan W, Li Y, Liang L, Yu W, Yu X, Wang Y, Yang Y, Nazeeruddin MK, Gao P. Fully Aromatic Self-Assembled Hole-Selective Layer toward Efficient Inverted Wide-Bandgap Perovskite Solar Cells with Ultraviolet Resistance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202315281. [PMID: 37987092 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet-induced degradation has emerged as a critical stability concern impeding the widespread adoption of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), particularly in the context of phase-unstable wide-band gap perovskite films. This study introduces a novel approach by employing a fully aromatic carbazole-based self-assembled monolayer, denoted as (4-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl)phosphonic acid (MeO-PhPACz), as a hole-selective layer (HSL) in inverted wide-band gap PSCs. Incorporating a conjugated linker plays a pivotal role in promoting the formation of a dense and highly ordered HSL on substrates, facilitating subsequent perovskite interfacial interactions, and fostering the growth of uniform perovskite films. The high-quality film could effectively suppress interfacial non-radiative recombination, improving hole extraction/transport efficiency. Through these advancements, the optimized wide-band gap PSCs, featuring a band gap of 1.68 eV, attain an impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 21.10 %. Remarkably, MeO-PhPACz demonstrates inherent UV resistance and heightened UV absorption capabilities, substantially improving UV resistance for the targeted PSCs. This characteristic holds significance for the feasibility of large-scale outdoor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
- Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zilong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
- Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Huifeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Wenlong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yuheng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
- Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Lusheng Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
- Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Wei Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
- Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Xuteng Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
- Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
- Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Ye Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne, Peshawar, 1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Peng Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
- Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Wang Y, Ye J, Song J, Chu L, Zang Y, Li G, Zhou Q, Yang G, Tu Y, Jin Y, Li Z, Yan W. Modulation of Buried Interface by 1-(3-aminopropyl)-Imidazole for Efficient Inverted Formamidinium-Cesium Perovskite Solar Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2304273. [PMID: 37705459 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Considering the direct influence of substrate surface nature on perovskite (PVK) film growth, buried interfacial engineering is crucial to obtain ideal perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, 1-(3-aminopropyl)-imidazole (API) is introduced at polytriarylamine (PTAA)/PVK interface to modulate the bottom property of PVK. First, the introduction of API improves the growth of PVK grains and reduces the Pb2+ defects and residual PbI2 present at the bottom of the film, contributing to the acquisition of high-quality PVK film. Besides, the presence of API can optimize the energy structure between PVK and PTAA, which facilitates the interfacial charge transfer. Density functional theory (DFT) reveals that the electron donor unit (R-C ═ N) of the API prefers to bind with Pb2+ traps at the PVK interface, while the formation of hydrogen bonds between the R-NH2 of API and I- strengthens the above binding ability. Consequently, the optimum API-treated inverted formamidinium-cesium (FA/Cs) PSCs yields a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 22.02% and exhibited favorable stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Institute of Carbon Neutrality and New Energy, School of Electronics and Information, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Jingchuan Ye
- Institute of Carbon Neutrality and New Energy, School of Electronics and Information, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Jiaxing Song
- China-Australia Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, 314001, China
- R&D Centre, JinkoSolar, Haining, Zhejiang, 314416, China
| | - Liang Chu
- Institute of Carbon Neutrality and New Energy, School of Electronics and Information, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Yue Zang
- Institute of Carbon Neutrality and New Energy, School of Electronics and Information, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Guodong Li
- Institute of Carbon Neutrality and New Energy, School of Electronics and Information, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Qin Zhou
- Institute of Carbon Neutrality and New Energy, School of Electronics and Information, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Gaoyuan Yang
- Institute of Carbon Neutrality and New Energy, School of Electronics and Information, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Yibo Tu
- Institute of Carbon Neutrality and New Energy, School of Electronics and Information, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Yingzhi Jin
- China-Australia Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, 314001, China
| | - Zaifang Li
- China-Australia Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, 314001, China
| | - Wensheng Yan
- Institute of Carbon Neutrality and New Energy, School of Electronics and Information, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
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Jiang LL, Chen MM, Tang XD, Tang Y, Li SJ, Li Y, Li HH, Liu HR. Reduced electron relaxation time of perovskite films via g-C 3N 4 quantum dot doping for high-performance perovskite solar cells. RSC Adv 2023; 13:16935-16942. [PMID: 37288376 PMCID: PMC10242296 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02391e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Perovskite film-quality is a crucial factor to improve the photovoltaic properties of perovskite solar cells, which is closely related to the morphology of crystallization grain size of the perovskite layer. However, defects and trap sites are inevitably generated on the surface and at the grain boundaries of the perovskite layer. Here, we report a convenient method for preparing dense and uniform perovskite films, employing g-C3N4 quantum dots doped into the perovskite layer by regulating proper proportions. This process produces perovskite films with dense microstructures and flat surfaces. As a result, the higher fill factor (0.78) and a power conversion efficiency of 20.02% are obtained by the defect passivation of g-C3N4QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Lu Jiang
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Henan Normal University Xinxiang 453000 China
| | - Meng-Meng Chen
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Henan Normal University Xinxiang 453000 China
| | - Xiao-Dan Tang
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Henan Normal University Xinxiang 453000 China
| | - Ying Tang
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Henan Normal University Xinxiang 453000 China
| | - Shao-Jie Li
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Henan Normal University Xinxiang 453000 China
| | - Ying Li
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Henan Normal University Xinxiang 453000 China
| | - Hang-Hui Li
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Henan Normal University Xinxiang 453000 China
| | - Hai-Rui Liu
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Henan Normal University Xinxiang 453000 China
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