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Yu D, Wang Z, Yang J, Wang Y, Li Y, Zhu Q, Tu X, Chen D, Liang J, Khalilov U, Wang H. Low-Temperature and Fast-Charge Sodium Metal Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2311810. [PMID: 38385819 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Low-temperature operation of sodium metal batteries (SMBs) at the high rate faces challenges of unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), Na dendrite growth, and sluggish Na+ transfer kinetics, causing a largely capacity curtailment. Herein, low-temperature and fast-charge SMBs are successfully constructed by synergetic design of the electrolyte and electrode. The optimized weak-solvation dual-salt electrolyte enables high Na plating/stripping reversibility and the formation of NaF-rich SEI layer to stabilize sodium metal. Moreover, an integrated copper sulfide electrode is in situ fabricated by directly chemical sulfuration of copper current collector with micro-sized sulfur particles, which significantly improves the electronic conductivity and Na+ diffusion, knocking down the kinetic barriers. Consequently, this SMB achieves the reversible capacity of 202.8 mAh g-1 at -20 °C and 1 C (1 C = 558 mA g-1 ). Even at -40 °C, a high capacity of 230.0 mAh g-1 can still be delivered at 0.2 C. This study is encouraging for further exploration of cryogenic alkali metal batteries, and enriches the electrode material for low-temperature energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, China
- College of Materials and Chemistry, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Zhenya Wang
- School of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jiacheng Yang
- School of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yingyu Wang
- School of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yuting Li
- School of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Qiaonan Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xinman Tu
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, China
| | - Dezhi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, China
| | - Junfei Liang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, China
| | - Umedjon Khalilov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium
| | - Hua Wang
- School of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
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Yu Q, Hu J, Nie X, Zeng Y, Li C. Liquid Metal Mediated Heterostructure Fluoride Solid Electrolytes of High Conductivity and Air Stability for Sustainable Na Metal Batteries. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 38319748 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Fluoride-based solid electrolytes (SEs) have emerged as a promising component for high-energy-density rechargeable solid-state batteries (SSBs) in view of their wide electrochemical window, high air stability, and interface compatibility, but they still face the challenge of low ion conductivity and the lack of a desired structure for sodium metal SSBs. Here, we report a sodium-rich heterostructure fluoride SE, Na3GaF6-Ga2O3-NaCl (NGFOC-G), synthesized via in situ oxidation of liquid metal gallium and in situ chlorination using low-melting GaCl3. The distinctive features of NGFOC-G include single-crystal Na3GaF6 domains within an open-framework structure, composite interface decoration of Ga2O3 and NaCl with a concentration gradient, exceptional air stability, and high electrochemical oxidation stability. By leveraging the penetration of gallium at NaF grain boundaries and the in situ self-oxidation to form Ga2O3 nanodomains, the solid-phase reaction kinetics of NaF and GaF3 is activated for facilitating the synthesis of main component Na3GaF6. The introduction of a small amount of a chlorine source during synthesis further softens and modifies the boundaries of Na3GaF6 along with Ga2O3. Benefiting from the enhanced interface ion transport, the optimized NGFOC-G exhibits an ionic conductivity up to 10-4 S/cm at 40 °C, which is the highest level reported among fluoride-based sodium-ion SEs. This SE demonstrates a "self-protection" mechanism, where the formation of a high Young's modulus transition layer rich in NaF and Na2O under electrochemical driving prevents the dendrite growth of sodium metal. The corresponding Na/Na symmetric cells show minimal voltage hysteresis and stable cycling performance for at least 1000 h. The Na/NGFOC-G/Na3V2(PO4)3 cell demonstrates stable capacity release around 100 mAh/g at room temperature. The Na/NGFOC-G/FeF3 cell delivers a high capacity of 461 mAh/g with an excellent stability of conversion reaction cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 585 He Shuo Road, Shanghai 201899, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201899, China
| | - Jiulin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 585 He Shuo Road, Shanghai 201899, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201899, China
| | - Xianhui Nie
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 585 He Shuo Road, Shanghai 201899, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201899, China
| | - Yuhan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 585 He Shuo Road, Shanghai 201899, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201899, China
| | - Chilin Li
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 585 He Shuo Road, Shanghai 201899, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201899, China
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Li Z, Han M, Yu P, Yu J. Spin-Polarized Surface Capacitance Effects Enable Fe 3 O 4 Anode Superior Wide Operation-Temperature Sodium Storage. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306992. [PMID: 38059835 PMCID: PMC10853739 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Fe3 O4 is widely investigated as an anode for ambient sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), but its electrochemical properties in the wide operation-temperature range have rarely been studied. Herein, the Fe3 O4 nanoparticles, which are well encapsulated by carbon nanolayers, are uniformly dispersed on the graphene basal plane (named Fe3 O4 /C@G) to be used as the anode for SIBs. The existence of graphene can reduce the size of Fe3 O4 /C nanoparticles from 150 to 80 nm and greatly boost charge transport capability of electrode, resulting in an obvious size decrease of superparamagnetic Fe nanoparticles generated from the conversion reaction from 5 to 2 nm. Importantly, the ultra-small superparamagnetic Fe nanoparticles (≈2 nm) can induce a strong spin-polarized surface capacitance effect at operating temperatures ranging from -40 to 60 °C, thus achieving highly efficient Na-ion transport and storage in a wide operation-temperature range. Consequently, the Fe3 O4 /C@G anode shows high capacity, excellent fast-charging capability, and cycling stability ranging from -40 to 60 °C in half/full cells. This work demonstrates the viability of Fe3 O4 as anode for wide operation-temperature SIBs and reveals that spin-polarized surface capacitance effects can promote Na-ion storage over a wide operation temperature range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic SystemsShenzhen Engineering Lab for Supercapacitor MaterialsSchool of Material Science and EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology, ShenzhenUniversity TownShenzhen518055China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory DongguanGuangdong523808China
| | - Meisheng Han
- Department of Mechanical and Energy EngineeringSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055China
| | - Peilun Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic SystemsShenzhen Engineering Lab for Supercapacitor MaterialsSchool of Material Science and EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology, ShenzhenUniversity TownShenzhen518055China
| | - Jie Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic SystemsShenzhen Engineering Lab for Supercapacitor MaterialsSchool of Material Science and EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology, ShenzhenUniversity TownShenzhen518055China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory DongguanGuangdong523808China
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Deng S, Meng W, Fan C, Zuo D, Han J, Li T, Li D, Jiang L. Enabling Further Organic Electrolyte Infiltration of Cellulose-Based Separators via Defect-Rich Polypyrrole Modification for High Sodium Ion Transport in Sodium Metal Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:4708-4718. [PMID: 38231566 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Sodium metal batteries (SMBs) have high-density and cost-effective characteristics as one of the energy storage systems, but uncontrollable dendrite growth and poor rate performance still hinder their practical applications. Herein, a nitrogen-rich modified cellulose separator with released abundant ion transport tunnels in organic electrolyte was synthesized by in situ polymerization of polypyrrole, which is based on the high permeability of cellulose in aqueous solution and the interfacial interaction between cellulose and polypyrrole. Meanwhile, the introduction of abundant structural defects such as branch chains, oxygen-containing functional groups, and imine-like structure to disrupt polypyrrole conjugation enables the utilization of conductive polymers in composite separator applications. With the electrolyte affinity surface on, the modified separator exhibits reinforced electrolyte uptake (254%) and extended electrolyte wettability, thereby leading to accelerated ionic conductivity (2.77 mS cm-1) and homogeneous sodium deposition by facilitating the establishment of additional pathways for ion transport. Benefiting from nitrogen-rich groups, the polypyrrole-modified separator demonstrates selective Na+ transport by the data of improved Na+ transference number (0.62). Owing to the above advantages, the battery assembled with the modified separators exhibits outstanding rate performance and prominent capacity retention two times that of the pristine cellulose separator at a high current density under the condition of fluorine-free electrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengxiang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Weijia Meng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Changchun Fan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Dapeng Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jun Han
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Tongheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Diansen Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
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Wang Y, Li H, Zhai B, Li X, Niu P, Odent J, Wang S, Li L. Highly Crystalline Poly(heptazine imide)-Based Carbonaceous Anodes for Ultralong Lifespan and Low-Temperature Sodium-Ion Batteries. ACS NANO 2024; 18:3456-3467. [PMID: 38227835 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Carbon nitrides with layered structures and scalable syntheses have emerged as potential anode choices for the commercialization of sodium-ion batteries. However, the low crystallinity of materials synthesized through traditional thermal condensation leads to insufficient conductivity and poor cycling stability, which significantly hamper their practical applications. Herein, a facile salt-covering method was proposed for the synthesis of highly ordered crystalline C3N4-based all-carbon nanocomposites. The sealing environment created by this strategy leads to the formation of poly(heptazine imide) (PHI), the crystalline phase of C3N4, with extended π-conjugation and a fully condensed nanosheet structure. Meanwhile, theoretical calculations reveal the high crystallinity of C3N4 significantly reduces the energy barrier for electron transition and enables the generation of efficient charge transfer channels at the heterogeneous interface between carbon and C3N4. Accordingly, such nanocomposites present ultrastable cycling performances over 5000 cycles, with a high reversible capacity of 245.1 mAh g-1 at 2 A g-1 delivered. More importantly, they also exhibit an outstanding low-temperature capacity of 196.6 mAh g-1 at -20 °C. This work offers opportunities for the energy storage use of C3N4 and provides some clues for developing long-life and high-capacity anodes operated under extreme conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, P. R. China
- Foshan Graduate School of Innovation, Northeastern University, Foshan 528311, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Hongguan Li
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, P. R. China
- Foshan Graduate School of Innovation, Northeastern University, Foshan 528311, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Boyin Zhai
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Xinglong Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Ping Niu
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, P. R. China
- Foshan Graduate School of Innovation, Northeastern University, Foshan 528311, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jérémy Odent
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM), Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Shulan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Li Li
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, P. R. China
- Foshan Graduate School of Innovation, Northeastern University, Foshan 528311, Guangdong, P. R. China
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Zhang Y, Li L, Wang F, Wang H, Jiang Z, Lin Z, Bai Z, Jiang Y, Zhang Y, Chen B, Tang Y. Achieving High Initial Coulombic Efficiency and Capacity in a Surface Chemical Grafting Layer of Plateau-type Sodium Titanate. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202301598. [PMID: 38264796 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
The plateau-type sodium titanate with suitable sodiation potential is a promising anode candidate for high safe and high energy density of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). However, the poor initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) and cyclic instability of sodium titanate are attributed to the unstable interfacial structure along with the decomposition of electrolytes, resulting in the continuous formation of solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film. To address this issue, a chemical grafting method is developed to fabricate a highly stable interface layer of inert Al2 O3 on the sodium titanate anode, rendering the high ICE and excellent cycling stability. Based on theoretical calculations, NaPF6 are more likely adsorption on the Al2 O3 surface and produce sodium fluoride. The formation of a thin and dense SEI film with rich sodium fluoride achieves the low interfacial resistances and charge-transfer resistances. Benefitting from our design, the obtained sodium titanate exhibits a high ICE from 67.7 % to 79.4 % and an enhanced reversible capacity from 151 mAh g-1 to 181 mAh g-1 at 20 mA g-1 , along with an increase in capacity retention from 56.5 % to 80.6 % after 500 cycles. This work heralds a promising paradigm for rational regulation of interfacial stability to achieve high-performance anodes for SIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlei Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Linwei Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Feng Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
- Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Huicai Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Zhenming Jiang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Zhimin Lin
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Zhengshuai Bai
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Yinzhu Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Binmeng Chen
- Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Yuxin Tang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou, 362801, China
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7
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Ma D, Zhao Z, Wang Y, Yang X, Yang M, Chen Y, Zhu J, Mi H, Zhang P. Unlocking the Design Paradigm of In-Plane Heterojunction with Built-in Bifunctional Anion Vacancy for Unexpectedly Fast Sodium Storage. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2310336. [PMID: 38009638 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal chalcogenide (TMD) electrodes in sodium-ion batteries exhibit intrinsic shortcomings such as sluggish reaction kinetics, unstable conversion thermodynamics, and substantial volumetric strain effects, which lead to electrochemical failure. This report unlocks a design paradigm of VSe2- x /C in-plane heterojunction with built-in anion vacancy, achieved through an in situ functionalization and self-limited growth approach. Theoretical and experimental investigations reveal the bifunctional role of the Se vacancy in enhancing the ion diffusion kinetics and the structural thermodynamics of Nax VSe2 active phases. Moreover, this in-plane heterostructure facilitates complete face contact between the two components and tight interfacial conductive contact between the conversion phases, resulting in enhanced reaction reversibility. The VSe2- x /C heterojunction electrode exhibits remarkable sodium-ion storage performance, retaining specific capacities of 448.7 and 424.9 mAh g-1 after 1000 cycles at current densities of 5 and 10 A g-1 , respectively. Moreover, it exhibits a high specific capacity of 353.1 mAh g-1 even under the demanding condition of 100 A g-1 , surpassing most previous achievements. The proposed strategy can be extended to other V5 S8- x and V2 O5- x -based heterojunctions, marking a conceptual breakthrough in advanced electrode design for constructing high-performance sodium-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingtao Ma
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Zhehao Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Yanyi Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodan Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Ming Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Yangwu Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Jianhui Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Mi
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
- Guangdong Flexible Wearable Energy and Tools Engineering Technology Research Center, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Peixin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
- Guangdong Flexible Wearable Energy and Tools Engineering Technology Research Center, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
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