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Zhao Y, Yi L, Li Y, Zeng Z, Liu Z, Ren TL, Ruan Y, Liu F. A Laser Thermal-Curing Printing: Integrating Fabrication, Reparability, Reconfigurability, and Reprogrammability for Magnetic Soft Robots. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2025; 17:24390-24401. [PMID: 40209277 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c22950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2025]
Abstract
Untethered magnetic soft robots can broaden the working scenarios of robots and have numerous potential applications in space exploration, industry, and medicine. However, existing magnetic soft robots face challenges such as limited reparability, difficulty expanding functions, and difficulty adjusting motion mode. Herein, an efficient and comprehensive laser thermal-curing printing method is proposed for magnetic soft robots. In this method, the directionality and photothermal effect of the infrared laser and thermal-curing property of thermosetting resin are utilized to achieve efficient fabrication, precise repair, and seamless reconstruction of thermosetting resin-based magnetic soft robots. Besides, the method enables reprogrammability of magnetic soft robots by exploiting photothermal-induced demagnetization. Further, the laser thermal-curing printing method is applied to repair a gyro robot for controlled movement; to reconstruct an underwater robot for salvaging cargo, a robot for repairing electrical circuit, and a wheel robot with three-dimensional structure; and to reprogram the motion of a six-leaf magnetic soft robot. These applications demonstrate that the laser thermal-curing printing method achieves the integration of fabrication, reparability, reconfigurability, and reprogrammability for soft robot, which is expected to drive a paradigm shift in soft robotics manufacturing and provide a groundbreaking strategy for fabricating magnetic soft robots with complex structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Zhao
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Longju Yi
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Yunfan Li
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Ziran Zeng
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yong Ruan
- Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Feng Liu
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
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2
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Zhang Z, He R, Han B, Ren S, Fan J, Wang H, Zhang YL, Ma ZC. Magnetically Switchable Adhesive Millirobots for Universal Manipulation in both Air and Water. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2025:e2420045. [PMID: 40200637 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202420045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2025] [Indexed: 04/10/2025]
Abstract
Magnetic soft robots with multimodal locomotion have demonstrated significant potential for target manipulation tasks in hard-to-reach spaces in recent years. Achieving universal manipulation between robots and their targets requires a nondestructive and easily switchable interaction with broad applicability across diverse targets. However, establishing versatile and dynamic interactions between diverse targets and robotic systems remains a significant challenge. Herein, a series of magnetic millirobots capable of universal target manipulation with magnetically switchable adhesion is reported. Through two-photon lithography-assisted molding, magnetic soft double-reentrant micropillar arrays with liquid repellency are fabricated on the robots. These micropillar arrays can serve as switchable adhesion units for the millirobots to effectively manipulate targets of various geometries (0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D) in both air and water. As proof-of-concept demonstrations, these adhesive robots can perform various complex tasks, including circuit repair, mini-turbine assembly, and high-speed underwater rotation of the turbine machine. This work may offer a versatile approach to magnetic manipulation of non-magnetic objects through amphibious adhesion, emerging as a new paradigm in robotic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiang Zhang
- Department of Automation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ruokun He
- Department of Automation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Bing Han
- Institute of Medical Robotics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Shuaiqi Ren
- Department of Automation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jiahao Fan
- Department of Automation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hesheng Wang
- Department of Automation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Key Laboratory of System Control and Information Processing Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Control and Management, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yong-Lai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Zhuo-Chen Ma
- Department of Automation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Institute of Medical Robotics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Key Laboratory of System Control and Information Processing Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Control and Management, Shanghai, 200240, China
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3
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Su J, He K, Li Y, Tu J, Chen X. Soft Materials and Devices Enabling Sensorimotor Functions in Soft Robots. Chem Rev 2025. [PMID: 40163535 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2025]
Abstract
Sensorimotor functions, the seamless integration of sensing, decision-making, and actuation, are fundamental for robots to interact with their environments. Inspired by biological systems, the incorporation of soft materials and devices into robotics holds significant promise for enhancing these functions. However, current robotics systems often lack the autonomy and intelligence observed in nature due to limited sensorimotor integration, particularly in flexible sensing and actuation. As the field progresses toward soft, flexible, and stretchable materials, developing such materials and devices becomes increasingly critical for advanced robotics. Despite rapid advancements individually in soft materials and flexible devices, their combined applications to enable sensorimotor capabilities in robots are emerging. This review addresses this emerging field by providing a comprehensive overview of soft materials and devices that enable sensorimotor functions in robots. We delve into the latest development in soft sensing technologies, actuation mechanism, structural designs, and fabrication techniques. Additionally, we explore strategies for sensorimotor control, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI), and practical application across various domains such as healthcare, augmented and virtual reality, and exploration. By drawing parallels with biological systems, this review aims to guide future research and development in soft robots, ultimately enhancing the autonomy and adaptability of robots in unstructured environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Su
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Ke He
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yanzhen Li
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Jiaqi Tu
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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4
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Zhang Z, Guo Y, Bu F, Wei S, Cheng E. Wireless Flexible Actuator Photoelectric Synergistically Driven for Environment Adaptability Crawling Robots. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2025; 17:8036-8046. [PMID: 39865597 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c21369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2025]
Abstract
Wirelessly driven flexible actuators are crucial to the development of flexible robotic crawling. However, great challenges still remain for the crawling of flexible actuators in complex environments. Herein, we reported a wireless flexible actuator synergistically driven by wireless power transmission (WPT) technology and near-infrared (NIR) light, which consists of a poly(dimethylsiloxane)-graphene oxide (PDMS-GO) composite layer, eutectic gallium-indium alloy (EGaIn), a PDMS layer, and a polyimide (PI) layer. By optimizing the parameters of EGaIn and the concentration of the PDMS-GO composite film, the actuator has excellent bending ability and blocking force under different conditions driven by photoelectronic synergy. In addition, we fabricated a flexible crawling robot with high environmental adaptability by adding crawling structures at both ends of the actuator, which causes a discrepancy in friction between the front and rear feet. The flexible crawling robot has high stability, large deformation, and excellent crawling ability for wirelessly crawling on a plane, slope, and plane with different roughnesses. This work provides an idea for the application of wireless robots in complex environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyan Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, P. R. China
| | - Yicong Guo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, P. R. China
| | - Fan Bu
- School of Transportation and Logistics Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, P. R. China
| | - Shijie Wei
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, P. R. China
| | - E Cheng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, P. R. China
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Wang Z, Hu H, Chai Z, Hu Y, Wang S, Zhang C, Yan C, Wang J, Coll W, Huang TJ, Xu X, Deng H. Bioinspired hydrophobic pseudo-hydrogel for programmable shape-morphing. Nat Commun 2025; 16:875. [PMID: 39833266 PMCID: PMC11746949 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-56291-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2025] [Indexed: 01/22/2025] Open
Abstract
Inspired by counterintuitive water "swelling" ability of the hydrophobic moss of the genus Sphagnum (Peat moss), we prepared a hydrophobic pseudo-hydrogel (HPH), composed of a pure hydrophobic silicone elastomer with a tailored porous structure. In contrast to conventional hydrogels, HPH achieves absorption-induced volume expansion through surface tension induced elastocapillarity, presenting an unexpected absorption-induced volume expansion capability in hydrophobic matrices. We adopt a theoretical framework elucidating the interplay of surface tension induced elastocapillarity, providing insights into the absorption-induced volume expansion behavior. By systematically programming the pore structure, we demonstrate tunable, anisotropic, and programmable absorption-induced expansion. This leads to dedicated self-shaping transformations. Incorporating magnetic particles, we engineer HPH-based soft robots capable of swimming, rolling, and walking. This study demonstrates a unusual approach to achieve water-responsive behavior in hydrophobic materials, expanding the possibilities for programmable shape-morphing in soft materials and soft robotic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Wang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Haotian Hu
- Unmanned System Research Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zefan Chai
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuhang Hu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Siyuan Wang
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunjie Yan
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Unmanned System Research Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wesley Coll
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Duke University, Durham, USA
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Duke University, Durham, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, USA
| | - Xianchen Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, USA.
| | - Heng Deng
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute, China University of Geosciences, Shenzhen, China.
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6
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Huang W, Zhou J, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Yang D, Tang J, Artemyev M, Li J. Programmable Wrinkled MXene-Based Soft Actuators with Moisture- and Light-Responsive Deformation and Water-Surface Locomotion Capabilities. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2025; 17:2624-2634. [PMID: 39721048 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c18410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2024]
Abstract
Soft actuators are limited by single-mode driving technology, which poses challenges in dealing with complex and multidimensional movements. In this study, a multiresponsive soft actuator was fabricated by integrating a microwrinkling structure into an MXene-based film, enabling programmable motions. To achieve this, we introduced n-hexane into the film preparation process and utilized its rapid volatilization to accelerate the shrinkage difference between the film and the substrate. This resulted in anisotropic folding and excellent mechanical properties. Due to the remarkable moisture absorption and excellent toughness of MXene-based films, it exhibits rapid actuation in response to moisture gradients and light stimuli with large bending deformation, fast actuation speed, as well as excellent stability and durability. The anisotropic expansion and mechanical properties of the film enable it to have capability of three-dimensional shape-programmable configuration control. Furthermore, taking advantage of the exceptional photothermal properties of MXene-based films, we developed light-driven actuators that utilize the Marangoni effect for propulsion on the water surface, enabling programmable navigational control. Such a soft actuator has a broad applications prospect in the fields of biomimetic botanical models, terrestrial crawlers, and aquatic surface transport devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwei Huang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Jiayi Zhou
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Yining Sun
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Dongye Yang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Jianguo Tang
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Centre of International Joint Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation on Hybrid Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Mikhail Artemyev
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University, Leningradskaya str., 14, Minsk 220006, Belarus
| | - Jun Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
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7
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Chen X, Feng Y, Zhang P, Ni Z, Xue Y, Liu J. Hydrogel Fibers-Based Biointerfacing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2025; 37:e2413476. [PMID: 39578344 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202413476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2024] [Revised: 11/12/2024] [Indexed: 11/24/2024]
Abstract
The unique 1D structure of fibers offers intriguing attributes, including a high length-to-diameter ratio, miniatured size, light-weight, and flexibility, making them suitable for various biomedical applications, such as health monitoring, disease treatment, and minimally invasive surgeries. However, traditional fiber devices, typically composed of rigid, dry, and non-living materials, are intrinsically different from the soft, wet, and living essence of biological tissues, thereby posing grand challenges for long-term, reliable, and seamless interfacing with biological systems. Hydrogel fibers have recently emerged as a promising candidate, in light of their similarity to biological tissues in mechanical, chemical and biological aspects, as well as distinct fiber geometry. In this review, a comprehensive overview of recent progress in hydrogel fibers-based biointerfacing technology is provided. It thoroughly summarizes the manufacturing strategy and functional design, especially for hydrogel fibers with distinct optical and electron conductive performance, as well as responsiveness to triggers including thermal, magnetic field and ultrasonic wave, etc. Such unique attributes enable various biomedical applications, which are also examined in detail. Future challenges and potential directions, including biosafety, long-term reliability, sterilization, multi-modalities integration and intelligent therapeutic systems, are raised. This review will serve as a valuable resource for further advancement and implementation as next-generation biointerfacing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingmei Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yinghui Feng
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhipeng Ni
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yu Xue
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ji Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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8
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Peng X, Tang H, Zhao Z, Zheng Y, Gui X, Jiang A, He P, Wen X, Zhang Q, Mei Z, Shi Y, Chu C, Zhang Y, Liu G. Intelligent Generic High-Throughput Oscillatory Shear Technology Fabricates Programmable Microrobots for Real-Time Visual Guidance During Embolization. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2408613. [PMID: 39676403 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202408613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2024] [Revised: 11/07/2024] [Indexed: 12/17/2024]
Abstract
Microrobots for endovascular embolization face challenges in precise delivery within dynamic blood vessels. Here, an intelligent generic high-throughput oscillatory shear technology (iGHOST) is proposed to fabricate diversely programmable, multifunctional microrobots capable of real-time visual guidance for in vivo endovascular embolization. Leveraging machine learning (ML), key synthesis parameters affecting the success and sphericity of the microrobots are identified. Therefore, the ML-optimized iGHOST enables continuous production of uniform microrobots with programmable sizes (400-1000 µm) at an ultrahigh rate exceeding 240 mL h-1 by oscillatory segmenting fluid into droplets before ionic cross-linking, and without requiring purification. Particularly, the iGHOST-fabricated magnetically responsive lipiodol-calcium alginate (MagLiCA) microrobots are highly distinguishable under X-ray imaging, which allows for precise navigation in fluid flows of up to 4 mL min-1 and accurate embolization in liver and kidney blood vessels, thus addressing the current issues. Crucially, MagLiCA microrobots possess drug-loading capabilities, enabling simultaneous embolization and site-specific treatment. The iGHOST process is an intelligent, rapid, and green manufacturing method, which can produce size-controllable, multifunctional microrobots with the potential for precise drug delivery and treatment under real-time imaging across various medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuqi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Haitian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Zhenwen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yating Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Xiran Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Aijun Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200052, China
| | - Pan He
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic-Intestinal Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, China
| | - Xiaofei Wen
- Department of Vascular & Tumor Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Ziyang Mei
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yesi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Chengchao Chu
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- Shen Zhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
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Sarma H, Mandal S, Kumar S, Manna U. Underwater superoleophobic and magnetic hydrogel for cascade chemical reactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:13871-13874. [PMID: 39480456 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc04432k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2024]
Abstract
Magnetic hydrogels often suffer from low saturation magnetization and poor chemical and mechanical tolerance. Herein, we report magnetic nanoparticles (i.e. Fe3O4) grown in situ in an interpenetrating network containing both physical and covalent crosslinkages, which allowed the development of a high-water-content (∼95 wt%) and chemically (e.g. stable at extreme pH values of 1 and 12) and mechanically (Young's modulus of 550 kPa) stable magnetic hydrogel with high saturation magnetization (85 emu g-1). Moreover, the inherent high water content endowed the magnetic hydrogel with underwater superoleophobicity (OCA 160°), which enabled no-loss transport and mixing of liquid droplets as well as a cascade droplet (microliters) chemical reaction underwater through on-demand application of external magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hrisikesh Sarma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Kamrup, Assam 781039, India.
| | - Subhankar Mandal
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Kamrup, Assam 781039, India
| | - Saurav Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Kamrup, Assam 781039, India.
| | - Uttam Manna
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Kamrup, Assam 781039, India.
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Kamrup, Assam 781039, India
- School of Health science & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Kamrup, Assam 781039, India
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10
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Jia R, Tan K, Deng Q. Shape memory and recovery mechanism in hard magnetic soft materials. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:9095-9103. [PMID: 39530394 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm01165a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
Hard-magnetic soft materials (HMSMs), which combine soft polymer matrices with hard-magnetic particles, have emerged as versatile materials capable of achieving complex deformations under magnetic fields. This work aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the non-thermal shape memory and recovery mechanisms in HMSMs. By developing a theoretical model, we interpret the transfer of shape information between different field quantities, such as the remanent magnetization vectors and the magnetic forces. The two-dimensional thin beam model developed here implies that the two-way interaction between magnetization patterns and mechanical deformations is the key for the shape memory effect in HMSMs. Experiments also validate the theoretical model and the proposed mechanism for shape memory. Furthermore, the idea is extended to an example of information encryption and retrieval using HMSM thin films. This study offers valuable insights into the control of shape memory effects in HMSMs and presents opportunities for advancements in soft robotics, secure data storage, and responsive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Jia
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Engineering Structural Analysis and Safety Assessment, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Kai Tan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Engineering Structural Analysis and Safety Assessment, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Qian Deng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Engineering Structural Analysis and Safety Assessment, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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11
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Greco G, Schmuck B, Del Bianco L, Spizzo F, Fambri L, Pugno NM, Veintemillas-Verdaguer S, Morales MP, Rising A. High-performance magnetic artificial silk fibers produced by a scalable and eco-friendly production method. ADVANCED COMPOSITES AND HYBRID MATERIALS 2024; 7:163. [PMID: 39371407 PMCID: PMC11447077 DOI: 10.1007/s42114-024-00962-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/14/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
Flexible magnetic materials have great potential for biomedical and soft robotics applications, but they need to be mechanically robust. An extraordinary material from a mechanical point of view is spider silk. Recently, methods for producing artificial spider silk fibers in a scalable and all-aqueous-based process have been developed. If endowed with magnetic properties, such biomimetic artificial spider silk fibers would be excellent candidates for making magnetic actuators. In this study, we introduce magnetic artificial spider silk fibers, comprising magnetite nanoparticles coated with meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid. The composite fibers can be produced in large quantities, employing an environmentally friendly wet-spinning process. The nanoparticles were found to be uniformly dispersed in the protein matrix even at high concentrations (up to 20% w/w magnetite), and the fibers were superparamagnetic at room temperature. This enabled external magnetic field control of fiber movement, rendering the material suitable for actuation applications. Notably, the fibers exhibited superior mechanical properties and actuation stresses compared to conventional fiber-based magnetic actuators. Moreover, the fibers developed herein could be used to create macroscopic systems with self-recovery shapes, underscoring their potential in soft robotics applications. Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42114-024-00962-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Greco
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7011, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Benjamin Schmuck
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7011, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Neo, 14183 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Lucia Del Bianco
- Department of Physics and Earth Science, University of Ferrara, Via G. Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Federico Spizzo
- Department of Physics and Earth Science, University of Ferrara, Via G. Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luca Fambri
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM Research Unit, University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Nicola Maria Pugno
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, Laboratory for Bioinspired, Bionic, Nano, Meta Materials & Mechanics, University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, 38123 Trento, Italy
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS UK
| | | | - Maria Puerto Morales
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, ICMM/CSIC, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Rising
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7011, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Neo, 14183 Huddinge, Sweden
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12
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Kim J, Jia X. Flexible multimaterial fibers in modern biomedical applications. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwae333. [PMID: 39411353 PMCID: PMC11476783 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwae333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Biomedical devices are indispensable in modern healthcare, significantly enhancing patients' quality of life. Recently, there has been a drastic increase in innovations for the fabrication of biomedical devices. Amongst these fabrication methods, the thermal drawing process has emerged as a versatile and scalable process for the development of advanced biomedical devices. By thermally drawing a macroscopic preform, which is meticulously designed and integrated with functional materials, hundreds of meters of multifunctional fibers are produced. These scalable flexible multifunctional fibers are embedded with functionalities such as electrochemical sensing, drug delivery, light delivery, temperature sensing, chemical sensing, pressure sensing, etc. In this review, we summarize the fabrication method of thermally drawn multifunctional fibers and highlight recent developments in thermally drawn fibers for modern biomedical application, including neural interfacing, chemical sensing, tissue engineering, cancer treatment, soft robotics and smart wearables. Finally, we discuss the existing challenges and future directions of this rapidly growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongwoon Kim
- The Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Xiaoting Jia
- The Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
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13
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Del Bianco L, Spizzo F, Lanaro F, Coïsson M, Agostinacchio F, Greco G, Pugno NM, Motta A. Silk Fibroin Film Decorated with Ultralow FeCo Content by Sputtering Deposition Results in a Flexible and Robust Biomaterial for Magnetic Actuation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:51364-51375. [PMID: 39259945 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c12853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Magnetically responsive soft biomaterials are at the forefront of bioengineering and biorobotics. We have created a magnetic hybrid material by coupling silk fibroin─i.e., a natural biopolymer with an optimal combination of biocompatibility and mechanical robustness─with the FeCo alloy, the ferromagnetic material with the highest saturation magnetization. The material is in the form of a 6 μm-thick silk fibroin film, coated with a FeCo layer (nominal thickness: 10 nm) grown by magnetron sputtering deposition. The sputtering deposition technique is versatile and eco-friendly and proves effective for growing the magnetic layer on the biopolymer substrate, also allowing one to select the area to be decorated. The hybrid material is biocompatible, lightweight, flexible, robust, and water-resistant. Electrical, structural, mechanical, and magnetic characterization of the material, both as-prepared and after being soaked in water, have provided information on the adhesion between the silk fibroin substrate and the FeCo layer and on the state of internal mechanical stresses. The hybrid film exhibits a high magnetic bending response under a magnetic field gradient, thanks to an ultralow fraction of the FeCo component (less than 0.1 vol %, i.e., well below 1 wt %). This reduces the risk of adverse health effects and makes the material suitable for bioactuation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Del Bianco
- Department of Physics and Earth Science, University of Ferrara, I-44122 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Federico Spizzo
- Department of Physics and Earth Science, University of Ferrara, I-44122 Ferrara, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Ferrara Division, I-44122 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Filippo Lanaro
- Department of Physics and Earth Science, University of Ferrara, I-44122 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marco Coïsson
- INRIM, Advanced Materials and Life Sciences Division, Str. delle Cacce, 91, I-10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Francesca Agostinacchio
- BIOtech Research Center, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, I-38123, Trento, Italy
| | - Gabriele Greco
- Laboratory for Bioinspired, Bionic, Nano, Meta, Materials & Mechanics, Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, I-38123 Trento, Italy
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nicola M Pugno
- Laboratory for Bioinspired, Bionic, Nano, Meta, Materials & Mechanics, Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, I-38123 Trento, Italy
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K
| | - Antonella Motta
- BIOtech Research Center, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, I-38123, Trento, Italy
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14
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Gao F, Jiang H, Wang D, Wang S, Song W. Bio‐Inspired Magnetic‐Responsive Supramolecular‐Covalent Semi‐Convertible Hydrogel. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2401645. [PMID: 38754860 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202401645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Bio-inspired magnetic-responsive hydrogel is confined in exceedingly narrow spaces for soft robots and biomedicine in either gel state or magnetofluidic sol state. However, the motion of the gel state magnetic hydrogel will be inhibited in various irregular spaces due to the fixed shape and size and the sol-state magnetofluid gel may bring unpredictable residues in the confined narrow space. Inspired by the dynamic liquid lubricating mechanism of biological systems, novel magnetic-responsive semi-convertible hydrogel (MSCH) is developed through imbedding magnetic-responsive gelatin and amino-modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles network into the covalent network of polyvinyl alcohol, which can be switched between gel state and gel-sol state in response to magnetic stimuli. It can be attributed the disassembly of triple-helix structures of the gelatin under the action of the magnetic field, driven by force from the magnetic particles conjugated on the gelatin chain through electrostatic interactions, while the covalent network retains the hydrogel structural integrity. This leads to a sol layer on the MSCH surface enabling the MSCH to pass effectively through the confined channel or obstacle under magnetic field. The present MSCH will provide an alternative mode for magnetic field-related soft robots or actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Hongyue Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Dayang Wang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Shutao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wenlong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
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15
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Wei L, Hu J, Wang J, Wu H, Li K. Theoretical Analysis of Light-Actuated Self-Sliding Mass on a Circular Track Facilitated by a Liquid Crystal Elastomer Fiber. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1696. [PMID: 38932046 PMCID: PMC11207362 DOI: 10.3390/polym16121696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Self-vibrating systems obtaining energy from their surroundings to sustain motion can offer great potential in micro-robots, biomedicine, radar systems, and amusement equipment owing to their adaptability, efficiency, and sustainability. However, there is a growing need for simpler, faster-responding, and easier-to-control systems. In the study, we theoretically present an advanced light-actuated liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) fiber-mass system which can initiate self-sliding motion along a rigid circular track under constant light exposure. Based on an LCE dynamic model and the theorem of angular momentum, the equations for dynamic control of the system are deduced to investigate the dynamic behavior of self-sliding. Numerical analyses show that the theoretical LCE fiber-mass system operates in two distinct states: a static state and a self-sliding state. The impact of various dimensionless variables on the self-sliding amplitude and frequency is further investigated, specifically considering variables like light intensity, initial tangential velocity, the angle of the non-illuminated zone, and the inherent properties of the LCE material. For every increment of π/180 in the amplitude, the elastic coefficient increases by 0.25% and the angle of the non-illuminated zone by 1.63%, while the light intensity contributes to a 20.88% increase. Our findings reveal that, under constant light exposure, the mass element exhibits a robust self-sliding response, indicating its potential for use in energy harvesting and other applications that require sustained periodic motion. Additionally, this system can be extended to other non-circular curved tracks, highlighting its adaptability and versatility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kai Li
- School of Civil Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China; (L.W.); (J.H.); (J.W.); (H.W.)
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16
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Xian W, Zhan YS, Maiti A, Saab AP, Li Y. Filled Elastomers: Mechanistic and Physics-Driven Modeling and Applications as Smart Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1387. [PMID: 38794580 PMCID: PMC11125212 DOI: 10.3390/polym16101387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Elastomers are made of chain-like molecules to form networks that can sustain large deformation. Rubbers are thermosetting elastomers that are obtained from irreversible curing reactions. Curing reactions create permanent bonds between the molecular chains. On the other hand, thermoplastic elastomers do not need curing reactions. Incorporation of appropriated filler particles, as has been practiced for decades, can significantly enhance mechanical properties of elastomers. However, there are fundamental questions about polymer matrix composites (PMCs) that still elude complete understanding. This is because the macroscopic properties of PMCs depend not only on the overall volume fraction (ϕ) of the filler particles, but also on their spatial distribution (i.e., primary, secondary, and tertiary structure). This work aims at reviewing how the mechanical properties of PMCs are related to the microstructure of filler particles and to the interaction between filler particles and polymer matrices. Overall, soft rubbery matrices dictate the elasticity/hyperelasticity of the PMCs while the reinforcement involves polymer-particle interactions that can significantly influence the mechanical properties of the polymer matrix interface. For ϕ values higher than a threshold, percolation of the filler particles can lead to significant reinforcement. While viscoelastic behavior may be attributed to the soft rubbery component, inelastic behaviors like the Mullins and Payne effects are highly correlated to the microstructures of the polymer matrix and the filler particles, as well as that of the polymer-particle interface. Additionally, the incorporation of specific filler particles within intelligently designed polymer systems has been shown to yield a variety of functional and responsive materials, commonly termed smart materials. We review three types of smart PMCs, i.e., magnetoelastic (M-), shape-memory (SM-), and self-healing (SH-) PMCs, and discuss the constitutive models for these smart materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weikang Xian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (W.X.); (Y.-S.Z.)
| | - You-Shu Zhan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (W.X.); (Y.-S.Z.)
| | - Amitesh Maiti
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA; (A.M.); (A.P.S.)
| | - Andrew P. Saab
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA; (A.M.); (A.P.S.)
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (W.X.); (Y.-S.Z.)
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17
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Xue E, Liu L, Wu W, Wang B. Soft Fiber/Textile Actuators: From Design Strategies to Diverse Applications. ACS NANO 2024; 18:89-118. [PMID: 38146868 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Fiber/textile-based actuators have garnered considerable attention due to their distinctive attributes, encompassing higher degrees of freedom, intriguing deformations, and enhanced adaptability to complex structures. Recent studies highlight the development of advanced fibers and textiles, expanding the application scope of fiber/textile-based actuators across diverse emerging fields. Unlike sheet-like soft actuators, fibers/textiles with intricate structures exhibit versatile movements, such as contraction, coiling, bending, and folding, achieved through adjustable strain and stroke. In this review article, we provide a timely and comprehensive overview of fiber/textile actuators, including structures, fabrication methods, actuation principles, and applications. After discussing the hierarchical structure and deformation of the fiber/textile actuator, we discuss various spinning strategies, detailing the merits and drawbacks of each. Next, we present the actuation principles of fiber/fabric actuators, along with common external stimuli. In addition, we provide a summary of the emerging applications of fiber/textile actuators. Concluding with an assessment of existing challenges and future opportunities, this review aims to provide a valuable perspective on the enticing realm of fiber/textile-based actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enbo Xue
- School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, P. R. China
| | - Limei Liu
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wu
- Laboratory of Printable Functional Materials and Printed Electronics, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Binghao Wang
- School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, P. R. China
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