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Nakayama K, Okada Y. Arene C-H Amination with N-Heteroarenes by Catalytic DDQ Photocatalysis. J Org Chem 2023; 88:5913-5922. [PMID: 37097131 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Arene C-H aminations using catalytic amounts of a 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone (DDQ) photocatalyst are described. Benzene, which has an oxidation potential of 2.48 V (vs SCE), was functionalized by pyrazoles, triazoles, tetrazoles, purines, and tert-butoxycarbonyl amine. Arenes underwent amination via a combination of ultraviolet (UV) light and a DDQ photocatalyst without a typical co-oxidant. Although the mechanism remains an open question, DDQH2, which is generated from DDQ after oxidation, is reactivated to DDQ under UV light irradiation conditions, possibly with the assistance of adventitious O2 and/or a solvent as the terminal oxidant(s) in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaii Nakayama
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Yohei Okada
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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2
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Lakshman MK. Base Modifications of Nucleosides via the Use of Peptide-Coupling Agents, and Beyond. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202200182. [PMID: 36166699 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Several naturally occurring purine and pyrimidine nucleosides contain an amide linkage as part of the heterocyclic aglycone. Enolization of the amide and conversion to leaving groups at the amide carbon atom permits base modification by addition-elimination types of processes. Although a number of methods have been developed over the years for accomplishing such conversions, the present Personal Account describes efforts from the Lakshman laboratories. Facile activation of the amido groups in nucleobases can be achieved with peptide-coupling agents. Subsequent reaction with nucleophiles then accomplishes the base modifications. In many cases, the activation and displacement steps can be done as two-step, one-pot processes, whereas in other cases, discrete storable activated nucleosides can be isolated for subsequent displacement reactions. Using such an approach a wide range of nucleoside base modifications is readily achievable. In many instances, mechanistic investigations have been conducted so as to understand the activation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh K Lakshman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031, USA.,The Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
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3
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Cui M, Wang R, Yang Q, Kuang C. Copper-Promoted One-Pot Sandmeyer-Type Reaction for the Synthesis of N-Aryltriazoles. J Org Chem 2022; 87:9654-9662. [PMID: 35880792 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the copper-catalyzed one-pot Sandmeyer-type reaction of aromatic amines with triazoles to afford N-aryl-1,2,3-triazoles. Diazonium salts, formed from aromatic amines and tert-butyl nitrite in the presence of fluoroboric acid, reacted with triazoles in a copper-catalyzed Sandmeyer-type reaction. The reaction proceeded under mild conditions to afford N-aryltriazoles in moderate to good yields. This method is amenable to a wide range of aromatic amines and triazoles and shows diverse functional group tolerance. Inhibition of the reaction upon the addition of free radical scavengers suggested a radical pathway, in which the aryl radical, copper, and triazole formed a complex that underwent reductive elimination to give aryltriazole compounds; this is consistent with the mechanism underlying the Sandmeyer reaction. Thus, we demonstrate a new effective strategy for the construction of C-N bonds via Sandmeyer-type reactions and a valuable alternative approach for the synthesis of aryltriazole derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghan Cui
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Chunxiang Kuang
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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4
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Synthesis of functionized N-arylbenzotriazoles via palladium catalyzed intramolecular amination. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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5
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Malekahmadi M, Firouzi S, Rezayi M, Ghazizadeh H, Ranjbar G, Ferns GA, Mobarhan MG. Association of Zinc and Copper Status with Cardiovascular Diseases and their Assessment Methods: A Review Study. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 20:2067-2078. [PMID: 32727323 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520666200729160416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality, morbidity, and financial losses and has a high prevalence across the world. Several studies have investigated the association between various CVD types with zinc and copper status as the essential minerals for the human body, proposing contradictory and similar results. This narrative review aimed to survey the correlations between zinc and copper status in the human body and some risk factors of CVD, as well as the assessment methods of zinc and copper status in the human body. According to the reviewed articles, zinc and copper deficiency may increase the risk of coronary heart disease, valvular regurgitation, and myocardial lesions, cardiac hypertrophy. Furthermore, it could lead to the expanded mitochondrial compartments of the heart, acute and chronic heart failure, and elevation of inflammation markers, such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) and IL-6. Two methods are primarily used for the assessment of zinc and copper in the human body, including the direct method (measurement of their concentrations) and indirect method (determining the activity of zinc- and copper-containing enzymes). Both these methods are considered reliable for the assessment of the zinc and copper levels in healthy individuals. Serum or plasma levels of these elements are also commonly used for the assessment of the correlation between zinc and copper status and CVD. But, which one is a more accurate indicator in relation to CVD is not yet clear; therefore, further studies are required in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Malekahmadi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Safieh Firouzi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Rezayi
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamideh Ghazizadeh
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Golnaz Ranjbar
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Division of Medical Education, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9PH, United Kingdom
| | - Majid Ghayour Mobarhan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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6
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Kim SH, An JH, Lee JH. Highly chemoselective deoxygenation of N-heterocyclic N-oxides under transition metal-free conditions. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:3735-3742. [PMID: 33908554 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00260k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Because their site-selective C-H functionalizations are now considered one of the most useful tools for synthesizing various N-heterocyclic compounds, the highly chemoselective deoxygenation of densely functionalized N-heterocyclic N-oxides has received much attention from the synthetic chemistry community. Here, we provide a protocol for the highly chemoselective deoxygenation of various functionalized N-oxides under visible light-mediated photoredox conditions with Na2-eosin Y as an organophotocatalyst. Mechanistic studies imply that the excited state of the organophotocatalyst is reductively quenched by Hantzsch esters. This operationally simple technique tolerates a wide range of functional groups and allows high-yield, multigram-scale deoxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Hyun Kim
- Department of Advanced Materials Chemistry, Dongguk University Gyeongju Campus, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ju Hyeon An
- Department of Advanced Materials Chemistry, Dongguk University Gyeongju Campus, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jun Hee Lee
- Department of Advanced Materials Chemistry, Dongguk University Gyeongju Campus, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea.
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Korvinson KA, Akula HK, Malinchak CT, Sebastian D, Wei W, Khandaker TA, Andrzejewska MR, Zajc B, Lakshman MK. Catalytic Reductions Without External Hydrogen Gas: Broad Scope Hydrogenations with Tetrahydroxydiboron and a Tertiary Amine. Adv Synth Catal 2019; 362:166-176. [PMID: 33071705 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201901099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Facile reduction of aryl halides with a combination of 5% Pd/C, B2(OH)4, and 4-methylmorpholine is reported. Aryl bromides, iodides, and chlorides were efficiently reduced. Aryl dihalides containing two different halogen atoms underwent selective reduction: I over Br and Cl, and Br over Cl. Beyond these, aryl triflates were efficiently reduced. This combination was broadly general, effectuating reductions of benzylic halides and ethers, alkenes, alkynes, aldehydes, and azides, as well as for N-Cbz deprotection. A cyano group was unaffected, but a nitro group and a ketone underwent reduction to a low extent. When B2(OD)4 was used for aryl halide reduction, a significant amount of deuteriation occurred. However, H atom incorporation competed and increased in slower reactions. 4-Methylmorpholine was identified as a possible source of H atoms in this, but a combination of only 4-methylmorpholine and Pd/C did not result in reduction. Hydrogen gas has been observed to form with this reagent combination. Experiments aimed at understanding the chemistry led to the proposal of a plausible mechanism and to the identification of N,N-bis(methyl-d 3)pyridine-4-amine (DMAP-d 6) and B2(OD)4 as an effective combination for full aromatic deuteriation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill A Korvinson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031 (USA).,The Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of The City University of New York, New York, NY 10016 (USA)
| | - Hari K Akula
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031 (USA)
| | - Casina T Malinchak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031 (USA).,The Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of The City University of New York, New York, NY 10016 (USA)
| | - Dellamol Sebastian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031 (USA).,The Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of The City University of New York, New York, NY 10016 (USA)
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031 (USA).,The Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of The City University of New York, New York, NY 10016 (USA)
| | - Tashrique A Khandaker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031 (USA)
| | - Magdalena R Andrzejewska
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031 (USA)
| | - Barbara Zajc
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031 (USA).,The Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of The City University of New York, New York, NY 10016 (USA)
| | - Mahesh K Lakshman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031 (USA).,The Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of The City University of New York, New York, NY 10016 (USA)
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Singh M, Singh AS, Mishra N, Agrahari AK, Tiwari VK. Benzotriazole as an Efficient Ligand in Cu-Catalyzed Glaser Reaction. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:2418-2424. [PMID: 31459480 PMCID: PMC6648008 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b03410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Benzotriazole has been established as an efficient ligand in Cu-catalyzed cross-coupling of terminal alkynes to form 1,3-dialkynes using CuI as the catalyst and K2CO3 as the base at room temperature in an open round-bottom flask. The established protocol has the following notable advantages: simple to handle, easy work-up, mild reaction condition, high substrate scope, requirement of less quantity of ligand and also Cu-catalyst, less expensive, and high reaction yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mala Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute
of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Anoop S. Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute
of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Nidhi Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Institute
of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Anand K. Agrahari
- Department of Chemistry, Institute
of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Vinod K. Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Institute
of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
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Surendra Reddy G, Ramachary DB. Reaction engineering and photophysical studies of fully enriched C-vinyl-1,2,3-triazoles. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00864k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A library of fluorogenic C-vinyl-1,2,3-triazoles were synthesized in very good yields with excellent selectivity by using an organocatalytic formal [3 + 2]-cycloaddition. One of the coumarin-triazoles 4ba has shown excellent fluorescence properties (λem = 533 nm).
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Surendra Reddy
- Catalysis Laboratory
- School of Chemistry
- University of Hyderabad
- Hyderabad-500 046
- India
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