Smad3 Promotes Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Generation via Macrophage-Myofibroblast Transition

Dual-targeted microbubbles for atherosclerosis therapy: Inducing M1 macrophage apoptosis by inhibiting telomerase activity

The progression of atherosclerosis (AS) is closely associated with M1 macrophages. Although the activation of macrophage telomerase during plaque formation has been documented, targeted modulation strategies remain challenging. In this study, we developed a dual-target microbubble-delivery system (Ab-MMB1532) encapsulating BIBR1532, a telomerase inhibitor, for the targeted therapy of AS. This system exhibited remarkable targeting capabilities towards M1 macrophages, with its targeting advantage notably accentuated under high shear forces. Mechanistically, Ab-MMB1532 inhibited telomerase activity by downregulating telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) expression, subsequently inducing caspase-3-mediated apoptosis. Integrated multi-omics profiling revealed that the inhibition of the NF-κB pathway served as the central regulatory hub. In vivo studies further confirmed that Ab-MMB1532 effectively targets and accumulates within AS lesions, promoting M1 macrophage apoptosis through the inhibition of the TERT/NF-κB signaling axis, and significantly reducing plaque burden (25.4 % reduction vs. controls, p < 0.001). In summary, our findings suggest a novel approach for telomerase-targeted therapy in AS.

FMO2+ cancer-associated fibroblasts sensitize anti-PD-1 therapy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND

The efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is limited by heterogeneity in individual responses to therapy. The heterogeneous phenotypes and crucial roles of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in immunotherapy resistance remain largely unclear.

METHODS

A specific CAF subset was identified by integrating comprehensive single-cell RNA sequencing, spatial transcriptomics and transcriptome profiling of patients with HCC with different responses to antiprogrammed cell death protein 1 (anti-PD-1) therapy. Mouse orthotopic HCC models and a coculture system were constructed, and cytometry by time-of-flight analysis was performed to investigate the functions and mechanisms of specific CAFs in the immune context of HCC.

RESULTS

We identified a distinct flavin-containing monooxygenase 2 (FMO2)+ CAF subset associated with a favorable response to anti-PD-1 therapy and better clinical outcomes. FMO2+ CAFs increase anti-PD-1 treatment efficacy by promoting tertiary lymphoid structure formation and increasing the infiltration of CD8+ T cells and M1-like macrophages through the C-C motif chemokine ligand 19 (CCL19)-C-C motif chemokine receptor 7 axis. Mechanistically, FMO2 promotes nuclear factor kappa B/p65-mediated CCL19 expression by competitively binding to glycogen synthase 1 (GYS1) with praja ring finger ubiquitin ligase 1 (PJA1), thereby suppressing the PJA1-mediated proteasomal degradation of GYS1. CCL19 treatment potentiated the therapeutic efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy in mouse orthotopic HCC models. A favorable immunotherapy response was observed in patients with HCC with high serum levels of CCL19.

CONCLUSIONS

We identified a novel FMO2+ CAF subset that serves as a critical regulator of microenvironmental immune properties and a predictive biomarker of the immunotherapy response in patients with HCC. CCL19 in combination with anti-PD-1 therapy may constitute a novel therapeutic strategy for HCC.

Understanding the Dual Role of Macrophages in Tumor Growth and Therapy: A Mechanistic Review

Macrophages are heterogeneous cells that are the mediators of tissue homeostasis. These immune cells originated from monocytes and are classified into two basic categories, M1 and M2 macrophages. M1 macrophages exhibit anti-tumorous inflammatory reactions due to the behavior of phagocytosis. M2 macrophages or tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most abundant immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and have a basic role in tumor progression by interacting with other immune cells in TME. By the expression of various cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, TAMs lead to strengthening tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and suppression of the immune system which further support invasion and metastasis. This review discusses recent and updated mechanisms regarding tumor progression by M2 macrophages. Moreover, the current therapeutic approaches targeting TAMs, their advantages, and limitations are also summarized, and further treatment approaches are outlined along with an elaboration of the tumor regression role of macrophages. This comprehensive review article possibly helps to understand the mechanisms underlying the tumor progression and regression role of macrophages in a comparative way from a basic level to the advanced one.

Unlocking the crucial role of cancer-associated fibroblasts in tumor metastasis: Mechanisms and therapeutic prospects

BACKGROUND

Tumor metastasis represents a stepwise progression and stands as a principal determinant of unfavorable prognoses among cancer patients. Consequently, an in-depth exploration of its mechanisms holds paramount clinical significance. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), constituting the most abundant stromal cell population within the tumor microenvironment (TME), have garnered robust evidence support for their pivotal regulatory roles in tumor metastasis.

AIM OF REVIEW

This review systematically explores the roles of CAFs at eight critical stages of tumorigenic dissemination: 1) extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, 2) epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), 3) angiogenesis, 4) tumor metabolism, 5) perivascular migration, 6) immune escape, 7) dormancy, and 8) premetastatic niche (PMN) formation. Additionally, we provide a compendium of extant strategies aimed at targeting CAFs in cancer therapy.

KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW

This review delineates a structured framework for the interplay between CAFs and tumor metastasis while furnishing insights for the potential therapeutic developments. It contributes to a deeper understanding of cancer metastasis within the TME, facilitating the utilization of CAF-targeting therapies in anti-metastatic approaches.

Macrophage-to-Myofibroblast Transition Contributes to Cutaneous Scarring Formation Through the TGF-β/Smad3 Signaling Pathways

Cutaneous scarring typically arises after surgery, trauma, and infection, occurring when normal skin tissue is replaced by fibrous tissue during the healing process. Myofibroblasts have been identified as a significant contributor to this scarring. While the differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts is well-recognized as essential for wound healing and tissue repair, the mechanisms underlying the macrophage-myofibroblast transition (MMT) remain largely unexplored. This study aimed to investigate the role and potential mechanisms of MMT in cutaneous scarring. In specimens of hypertrophic scars, keloid and scleroderma, we confirmed the coexistence of MMT markers CD68 and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in areas of skin fibrosis. Additionally, most MMT cells in human cutaneous scar co-expressed the M2-type macrophage marker CD206. Fate-mapping in Lyz2-Cre/Rosa26-tdTomato mice further demonstrated that the majority of myofibroblasts in cutaneous scars were derived from bone marrow macrophages. Furthermore, higher levels of TGF-β were released from scar fibroblasts, which contributed to MMT through the Smad3 pathways. In vivo studies inhibiting Smad3 reduced MMT and scarring. Macrophage depletion with clodronate liposomes also reduced cutaneous scar formation. Our findings indicate that MMT plays a pivotal role in cutaneous scarring through the TGF-β/Smad3 pathways. Consequently, inhibiting MMT may be a novel strategy for the treatment of cutaneous scarring.

Mechanisms of breast cancer metastasis: the role of extracellular matrix

The components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) are dynamic, and they mediate mechanical signals that modulate cellular behaviors. Disruption of the ECM can induce the migration and invasion of cancer cells via specific signaling pathways and cytokines. Metastasis is a leading cause of high mortality in malignancies, and early intervention can improve survival rates. However, breast cancer is frequently diagnosed subsequent to metastasis, resulting in poor prognosis and distant metastasis poses substantial hurdles in therapy. In breast cancer, there is notable tissue remodeling of ECM proteins, with several identified as essential components for metastasis. Moreover, specific ECM molecules, receptors, enzymes, and various signaling pathways play crucial roles in breast cancer metastasis, drug treatment, and resistance. The in-depth consideration of these elements could provide potential therapeutic targets to enhance the survival rates and quality of life for breast cancer patients. This review explores the mechanisms by which alterations in the ECM contribute to breast cancer metastasis and discusses current clinical applications targeting ECM in breast cancer treatment, offering valuable perspectives for future ECM-based therapies.

The clinical significance and potential therapeutic target of tumor-associated macrophage in non-small cell lung cancer

One of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality globally is non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). It has become a significant public health concern due to its rising incidence rate and fatality. Tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) is important in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of NSCLC because they have an impact on the development, metastasis, and incidence of tumors. As a crucial element of the TME, TAM contributes to tumor immune evasion, facilitates tumor proliferation and metastasis, and modulates tumor angiogenesis, immunosuppression, and treatment resistance through the secretion of diverse cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. Consequently, TAM assumes a multifaceted and intricate function in the onset, progression, and therapeutic response of NSCLC, serving as a crucial focal point for comprehending the tumor microenvironment and formulating novel therapeutic methods. The study aims to review the biological properties and potential processes of TAM in NSCLC, investigate its involvement in the clinical of NSCLC patients, and discuss its potential as a therapeutic target.

Deciphering Anticancer Mechanisms of Calycosin in Lung Adenocarcinoma Through Multi-Omics: Targeting SMAD3-Mediated NOTCH Signaling in the Tumor Microenvironment

OBJECTIVE

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality, particularly in advanced stages. This study investigates the anticancer mechanisms of calycosin, an isoflavonoid derived from Astragalus membranaceus, in LUAD.

METHODS

Using integrative approaches including bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing, network pharmacology, and molecular docking, we identified SMAD3 as a critical biomarker associated with LUAD staging and prognosis.

RESULTS

Calycosin targets SMAD3, modulating the NOTCH signaling pathway in monocytes/macrophages to suppress tumor growth, invasion, and immune evasion. Enrichment analyses revealed significant involvement of NOTCH signaling components in SMAD3-correlated genes, particularly in advanced-stage LUAD. Single-cell RNA sequencing further demonstrated NOTCH pathway enrichment in tumor-associated monocytes/macrophages. Additionally, KMT2A was identified as a key transcriptional regulator in these cells.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings highlight the potential effects of calycosin and provide novel insights into targeting the tumor-immune microenvironment in LUAD.

Cell components of tumor microenvironment in lung adenocarcinoma: Promising targets for small-molecule compounds

ABSTRACT

Lung cancer is one of the most lethal tumors in the world with a 5-year overall survival rate of less than 20%, mainly including lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Tumor microenvironment (TME) has become a new research focus in the treatment of lung cancer. The TME is heterogeneous in composition and consists of cellular components, growth factors, proteases, and extracellular matrix. The various cellular components exert a different role in apoptosis, metastasis, or proliferation of lung cancer cells through different pathways, thus contributing to the treatment of adenocarcinoma and potentially facilitating novel therapeutic methods. This review summarizes the research progress on different cellular components with cell-cell interactions in the TME of LUAD, along with their corresponding drug candidates, suggesting that targeting cellular components in the TME of LUAD holds great promise for future theraputic development.

Parabacteroides distasonis promotes CXCL9 secretion of tumor-associated macrophages and enhances CD8+T cell activity to trigger anti-tumor immunity against anti-PD-1 treatment in non-small cell lung cancer mice

BACKGROUND

Parabacteroides distasonis (P. distasonis) could regulate inflammatory markers, promote intestinal barrier integrity, and block tumor formation in colon. However, the regulatory effect of P. distasonis on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the regulatory effect of P. distasonis on NSCLC and its impact on tumor immunity.

METHODS

We first established a mouse model of Lewis lung cancer, and administered P. distasonis and intrabitoneal injection of anti-mouse PD-1 monoclonal antibody to assess the impact of P. distasonis on tumor immunity, and mouse intestinal barrier. Then, we explored the effect of P. distasonis on CD8+T cells and CXCL9 secretion mediated by tumor-associated macrophages (TAM). We used the TLR1/2 complex inhibitor CPT22 to evaluate its effect on macrophage activation. Finally, we explored the effect of P. distasonis on CD8+T cells and CXCL9 secreted by TAM in vivo.

RESULTS

In vivo, P. distasonis enhanced anti-tumor effects of anti-PD-1 in NSCLC mice, improved intestinal barrier integrity, recruited macrophages, and promoted M1 polarization. In vitro, CD86 and iNOS levels in BMDM were elevated and CD206 and Arg1 levels were suppressed in membrane fraction of P. distasonis (PdMb) group in comparison to Control group. With additional CPT22 pre-treatment, the levels of CD86 and iNOS in BMDM were reduced, and the levels of CD206 and Arg1 were increased. Compared to PBS group, P. distasonis group exhibited higher proportion of CD8+T cells in tumor tissues, along with increased positive proportion of GZMB and IFN-γ in CD8+T cells. Additionally, in comparison to Control group, PdMb group showed an elevated proportion of GZMB+T and IFN-γ+T cells within CD8+T cells, and secretion of IFN-γ, TNF-α, perforin, and GZMB in CD8+T cell supernatant increased. Moreover, the proportion of CXCL9+F4/80+ macrophages in tumor tissues was higher in P. distasonis group compared to PBS group. In comparison to Control group, CXCL9 protein level in BMDM and CXCL9 secretion level in BMDM supernatant were increased in PdMb group. Finally, P. distasonis enhanced CD8+T cell activity by secreting CXCL9 from macrophages in vivo.

CONCLUSIONS

P. distasonis promoted CXCL9 secretion of TAM and enhanced CD8+T cell activity to trigger anti-tumor immunity against anti-PD-1 treatment in NSCLC mice.

Bioactive materials from berberine-treated human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells accelerate tooth extraction socket healing through the jaw vascular unit

Delayed tooth extraction socket (TES) healing can cause failure of subsequent oral implantation and increase socioeconomic burden on patients. Excessive amounts of M1 macrophages, apoptotic neutrophils (ANs), and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) impair alveolar bone regeneration during TES healing. In the present study, we first discovered that conditioned medium (CM) collected from berberine-treated human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BBR-HB-CM) accelerated TES healing. BBR-HB-CM contained bioactive materials that promoted the polarization of macrophages from M1 to M2, impeded the formation of ANs and NETs, and modulated M2 macrophage efferocytosis in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, BBR-HB-CM promoted bone formation by inhibiting macrophage-myofibroblast transition and reprogrammed macrophage polarization through p85/AKT/mTOR pathway-dependent autophagy. The 3-methyladenine abolished the therapeutic effects of BBR-HB-CM. Further studies revealed that BBR-HB-CM accelerated TES healing in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Overall, our results demonstrated that BBR-HB-CM had high potential to promote rapid TES healing.

Key immune cells and their crosstalk in the tumor microenvironment of bladder cancer: insights for innovative therapies

Bladder cancer (BC) is a heterogeneous disease associated with high mortality if not diagnosed early. BC is classified into non-muscle-invasive BC (NMIBC) and muscle-invasive BC (MIBC), with MIBC linked to poor systemic therapy response and high recurrence rates. Current treatments include transurethral resection with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) therapy for NMIBC and radical cystectomy with chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy for MIBC. The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a critical role in cancer progression, metastasis, and therapeutic efficacy. A comprehensive understanding of the TME's complex interactions holds substantial translational significance for developing innovative treatments. The TME can contribute to therapeutic resistance, particularly in immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapies, where resistance arises from tumor-intrinsic changes or extrinsic TME factors. Recent advancements in immunotherapy highlight the importance of translational research to address these challenges. Strategies to overcome resistance focus on remodeling the TME to transform immunologically "cold" tumors, which lack immune cell infiltration, into "hot" tumors that respond better to immunotherapy. These strategies involve disrupting cancer-microenvironment interactions, inhibiting angiogenesis, and modulating immune components to enhance anti-tumor responses. Key mechanisms include cytokine involvement [e.g., interleukin-6 (IL-6)], phenotypic alterations in macrophages and natural killer (NK) cells, and the plasticity of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Identifying potential therapeutic targets within the TME can improve outcomes for MIBC patients. This review emphasizes the TME's complexity and its impact on guiding novel therapeutic approaches, offering hope for better survival in MIBC.

Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts as the "Architect" of the Lung Cancer Immune Microenvironment: Multidimensional Roles and Synergistic Regulation with Radiotherapy

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), as the "architect" of the immune microenvironment in lung cancer, play a multidimensional role in tumor progression and immune regulation. In this review, we summarize the heterogeneity of the origin and the molecular phenotype of CAFs in lung cancer, and explore the complex interactions between CAFs and multiple components of the tumor microenvironment, including the regulatory relationships with innate immune cells (e.g., tumor-associated macrophages, tumor-associated neutrophils), adaptive immune cells (e.g., T cells), and extracellular matrix (ECM). CAFs significantly influence tumor progression and immunomodulation through the secretion of cytokines, remodeling of the ECM, and the regulation of immune cell function significantly affects the immune escape and treatment resistance of tumors. In addition, this review also deeply explored the synergistic regulatory relationship between CAF and radiotherapy, revealing the key role of CAF in radiotherapy-induced remodeling of the immune microenvironment, which provides a new perspective for optimizing the comprehensive treatment strategy of lung cancer. By comprehensively analyzing the multidimensional roles of CAF and its interaction with radiotherapy, this review aims to provide a theoretical basis for the precise regulation of the immune microenvironment and clinical treatment of lung cancer.

FOS-driven inflammatory CAFs promote colorectal cancer liver metastasis via the SFRP1-FGFR2-HIF1 axis

Rationale: Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) exhibit diverse functions, yet their roles in colorectal cancer liver metastasis (CRLM) remain poorly understood. Methods: Through integrated analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics from colorectal cancer patients (CRCP: non-metastatic primary tumors; CRCM: metastatic primary tumors with liver metastases), combined with in vitro and in vivo models to investigate the role of CAFs in CRLM. In vitro experiments included six groups to reveal the role of SFRP1-producing CAFs, comprising PBS (control) and recombinant human SFRP1 (rhSFRP1) treated SW480 cells, PBS (control) and recombinant mouse SFRP1 (rmSFRP1) treated CT26 cells, and conditioned medium (CM) derived from CAF-NC and CAF-Sfrp1 treated CT26 cells. Preclinical models were further employed to elucidate the role of SFRP1 in CRLM. Subcutaneous xenografts models were constructed from PBS (control) and rhSFRP1 treated SW480 cells. For orthotopic tumor metastasis models, CT26 cells were pre-cultured with CAF-NC or CAF-Sfrp1 and then orthotopically injected into BALB/c mice. Results: We identified an inflammatory CAF subtype (CFD+ iCAFs) associated with poor clinical outcomes, advanced staging, and metastasis. Transcriptional regulation analysis revealed FOS-mediated differentiation of CFD+ iCAFs drives SFRP1 overexpression. In vitro and in vivo experiments confirmed that SFRP1-producing CAFs promote tumor stemness and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Mechanistically, SFRP1 from CFD+ iCAFs binds FGFR2, activating the HIF1 signaling pathway to enhance tumor stemness, EMT, and CRLM progression. Conclusion: This study highlights CFD+ iCAFs as key regulators of tumor-stromal interactions and identifies SFRP1 as a potential therapeutic target in CRLM.

Modulation of the Epithelial-mesenchymal transition process by Forkhead Box C2 in the repair of airway epithelium after injury

BACKGROUND

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is regarded as a key process in repair of airway epithelium after injury. Forkhead Box C2 (FOXC2) is a transcription factor involved in EMT process, whether it is involved in repair of bronchial epithelium remains unknown.

METHODS

C57BL/6 mice were subjected to intraperitoneal injection with naphthalene (NAPH; 200 mg/kg) to induce airway injury model. qPCR, immunoblot and FOXC2 immunohistochemistry assays were conducted to detect the expression of FOXC2 in bronchial epithelium. To explore the function of FOXC2 in NAPH-induced airway injury, the mice were given intratracheal administration of shFOXC2- or shNC-lentivirus particles, followed by NAPH treatment. Hematoxylin-and-eosin staining was used to assess the histopathology of the bronchial epithelium. Immunofluorescence analysis of CCSP, a club cell marker confirmed the CCSP expression in bronchial epithelium. Immunoblot and immunofluorescence assays determined the expression of E-cadherin, vimentin, and N-cadherin. In mouse primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBECs), we overexpressed and silenced FOXC2 by lentivirus particles, respectively. Cell migration was analyzed using wound healing assay. Immunoblot assays determined the E-cadherin, vimentin, FN-EDA expression in TGF-β1-induced PBECs. mRNA sequencing (mRNA-seq) and FOXC2 ChIP sequencing (ChIP-seq) to reveal the downstream genes of FOXC2 in TGF-β1-induced PBECs. Luciferase assay, ChIP-PCR and functional rescue experiments were performed to confirm the interaction of FOXC2/formin binding protein 1 (FNBP1) in TGF-β1-induced PBECs.

RESULTS

FOXC2 expression was up-regulated in the lung tissues of mice at 2, 3 and 6 days post-NAPH. FOXC2 knockdown in bronchial epithelium of mice delayed CCSP+ club cell regeneration and normal repair of the airway epithelium within 14 days after injury. Knockdown of FOXC2 increased E-cadherin but decreased vimentin and N-cadherin, EMT markers during early phase after injury. In vitro, knockdown of endogenous FOXC2 repressed the migration of cells and increased TGF-β1-induced E-cadherin but decreased vimentin, N-cadherin and FN-EDA. Exogenous FOXC2 addition exerted opposite effects. Furthermore, mRNA-seq and FOXC2 ChIP-seq revealed that FNBP1 might be a downstream target of FOXC2. Overexpression of FNBP1 reversed the inhibitory role of FOXC2 knockdown in EMT.

CONCLUSIONS

These data highlight the important function of FOXC2 as a regulator in repair of bronchial epithelium after injury.

Regulation of cancer-associated fibroblasts for enhanced cancer immunotherapy using advanced functional nanomedicines: an updated review

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex and dynamic ecosystem that plays a critical role in cancer progression. It comprises various cell types, including immune cells, tumor cells, and stromal cells. Among these, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) represent a heterogeneous population with diverse origins, phenotypes, and functions. Activated CAFs secrete multiple factors that promote tumor growth, migration, angiogenesis, and contribute to chemoresistance. Additionally, CAFs secrete extracellular matrix (ECM) components, such as collagen, which form a physical barrier that hinders the penetration of chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic agents. This ECM also influences immune cell infiltration, impeding their ability to effectively target tumor cells. As a result, modulating the activity of CAFs has emerged as a promising strategy to enhance the efficacy of tumor immunotherapy. Nano-delivery systems, constructed from various nanomaterials with high targeting specificity and biocompatibility, offer a compelling approach to deliver therapeutic agents or immunomodulatory factors directly to CAFs. This modulation can alter CAF function, reduce their tumor-promoting effects, and thereby improve the outcomes of immunotherapy. This review provides an in-depth exploration of the origins, functions, and interactions of CAFs within the TME, particularly in the context of immune suppression. Furthermore, it discusses the potential applications of functional nanocarrifers in modulating CAFs and enhancing the effectiveness of tumor immunotherapy, highlighting the significant progress and potential of nanotechnology in this area.

EZH2-mediated macrophage-to-myofibroblast transition contributes to calcium oxalate crystal-induced kidney fibrosis

Long-term nephrocalcinosis leads to kidney injury, fibrosis, and even chronic kidney disease (CKD). Macrophage-to-myofibroblast transition (MMT) has been identified as a new mechanism in CKD, however, the effect of MMT in calcium oxalate (CaOx)-induced kidney fibrosis remains unclear. In this study, abundant MMT cells are identified by immunofluorescence (IF) and flow cytometry in kidney tissues of patients with CaOx-related CKD, a male mouse model, and CaOx-treated macrophages. Clodronate liposome (CLO)-mediated macrophage depletion attenuates fibrosis in male nephrocalcinosis mice. Transcriptomic sequencing reveals that histone methyltransferase (HMTs), EZH2, is highly expressed in nephrocalcinosis. Ezh2 inducible knock-out or inhibition by GSK-126 attenuates MMT and renal fibrosis. Mechanistically, ChIP and transcriptomic sequencing show that EZH2 inhibition reduces the enrichment of H3K27me3 on the Dusp23 gene promoter and elevates Dusp23 expression. The Co-IP and molecular docking analysis shows that DUSP23 mediates the dephosphorylation of pSMAD3 (Ser423/425). Thus, our study found that EZH2 promotes kidney fibrosis by meditating MMT via the DUSP23/SMAD3 pathway in nephrocalcinosis.

A novel HVEM-Fc recombinant protein for lung cancer immunotherapy

BACKGROUND

The ubiquitously expressed transmembrane protein, Herpesvirus Entry Mediator (HVEM), functions as a molecular switch, capable of both activating and inhibiting the immune response depending on its interacting ligands. HVEM-Fc is a novel recombinant fusion protein with the potential to eradicate tumor cells.

METHODS

The anti-tumor efficacy of HVEM-Fc was evaluated in C57BL/6 mice-bearing lung cancer models: a syngeneic model and an orthotopic model of mouse lung cancer. Additionally, patient-derived organoids were employed in conjunction with T cell co-culture systems. To investigate the underlying mechanisms, a comprehensive array of techniques was utilized, including single-cell RNA sequencing, spatial transcriptomics, bulk RNA sequencing, and flow cytometry. Furthermore, the anti-tumor effects of HVEM-Fc in combination with Programmed Death-1 (PD-1) inhibitors were assessed. Finally, mouse immune cell depletion antibodies were used to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of action.

RESULTS

In vivo, 1 mg/kg HVEM-Fc demonstrated effective inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis in C57BL/6 mice bearing lung cancer model and a KP orthotopic model of mouse lung cancer. Multi-omics analysis showed that HVEM-Fc induced an immune-stimulatory microenvironment. Notably, the combination of HVEM-Fc with a PD-1 inhibitor demonstrated the most potent inhibition of tumor cell growth. In vitro, HVEM-Fc was validated to eradicate tumor cells through the activation of T cells in both non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) organoids and T cell co-culture models.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data demonstrate that HVEM-Fc exerts a strong signal that augments and prolongs T-cell activity in both murine models and human NSCLC organoid models. Moreover, the combination of HVEM-Fc with a PD-1 inhibitor yields the most effective anti-tumor outcomes.

Myeloid cell-derived apCAFs promote HNSCC progression by regulating proportion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells

It is well-known that cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are involved in the desmoplastic responses in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC). CAFs are pivotal in the tumor microenvironment (TME) molding, and exert a profound influence on tumor development. The origin and roles of CAFs, however, are still unclear in the HNSCC, especially antigen-presenting cancer-associated fibroblasts (apCAFs). Our current study tried to explore the origin, mechanism, and function of the apCAFs in the HNSCC. Data from single-cell transcriptomics elucidated the presence of apCAFs in the HNSCC. Leveraging cell trajectory and Cellchat analysis along with robust lineage-tracing assays revealed that apCAFs were primarily derived from myeloid cells. This transdifferentiation was propelled by the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), which was secreted by tumor cells and activated the JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway. Analysis of the TCGA database has revealed that markers of apCAFs were inversely correlated with survival rates in patients with HNSCC. In vivo experiments have demonstrated that apCAFs could facilitate tumor progression. Furthermore, apCAFs could modulate ratio of CD4+ T cells/CD8+ T cells, such as higher ratio of CD4+ T cells/CD8+ T cells could promote tumor progression. Most importantly, data from in vivo assays revealed that inhibitors of MIF and p-STAT3 could significantly inhibit the OSCC growth. Therefore, our findings show potential innovative therapeutic approaches for the HNSCC.Significance: ApCAFs derived from myeloid cells promote the progression of HNSCC by increasing the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ cells, indicating potential novel targets to be used to treat the human HNSCC.

Macrophage-to-myofibroblast transition and its role in cardiac fibrosis

After acute myocardial infarction, the heart mainly relies on fibrosis remodeling repair to maintain the structural and functional integrity of the heart, however, excessive fibrosis is an important cause of heart failure. Macrophages play an important regulatory role in cardiac fibrosis and have been found to transform into myofibroblasts through their own phenotype. Based on the existing evidence and previous research results, we summarizes the potential and mechanism of macrophage-to-myofibroblast transition (MMT) in cardiac fibrosis. Notwithstanding the burgeoning interest in MMT within the context of cardiac tissue, research in this domain remains nascent. A deeper comprehension of this phenomenon, alongside its molecular substratum, stands as a quintessential prerequisite for the demarcation of molecular targets conducive to the amelioration of cardiac fibrosis.

Drug Delivery System Targeting Cancer-Associated Fibroblast for Improving Immunotherapy

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a heterogeneous population of non-malignant cells that play a crucial role in the tumor microenvironment, increasingly recognized as key contributors to cancer progression, metastasis, and treatment resistance. So, targeting CAFs has always been considered an important part of cancer immunotherapy. However, targeting CAFs to improve the efficacy of tumor therapy is currently a major challenge. Nanomaterials show their unique advantages in the whole process. At present, nanomaterials have achieved significant accomplishments in medical applications, particularly in the field of cancer-targeted therapy, showing enormous potential. It has been confirmed that nanomaterials can not only directly target CAFs, but also interact with the tumor microenvironment (TME) and immune cells to affect tumorigenesis. As for the cancer treatment, nanomaterials could enhance the therapeutic effect in many ways. Therefore, in this review, we first summarized the current understanding of the complex interactions between CAFs and TME, immune cells, and tumor cells. Next, we discussed common nanomaterials in modern medicine and their respective impacts on the TME, CAFs, and interactions with tumors. Finally, we focus on the application of nano drug delivery system targeting CAFs in cancer therapy.

Facilitation of Tumor Stroma-Targeted Therapy: Model Difficulty and Co-Culture Organoid Method

Background: Tumors, as intricate ecosystems, comprise oncocytes and the highly dynamic tumor stroma. Tumor stroma, representing the non-cancerous and non-cellular composition of the tumor microenvironment (TME), plays a crucial role in oncogenesis and progression, through its interactions with biological, chemical, and mechanical signals. This review aims to analyze the challenges of stroma mimicry models, and highlight advanced personalized co-culture approaches for recapitulating tumor stroma using patient-derived tumor organoids (PDTOs). Methods: This review synthesizes findings from recent studies on tumor stroma composition, stromal remodeling, and the spatiotemporal heterogeneities of the TME. It explores popular stroma-related models, co-culture systems integrating PDTOs with stromal elements, and advanced techniques to improve stroma mimicry. Results: Stroma remodeling, driven by stromal cells, highlights the dynamism and heterogeneity of the TME. PDTOs, derived from tumor tissues or cancer-specific stem cells, accurately mimic the tissue-specific and genetic features of primary tumors, making them valuable for drug screening. Co-culture models combining PDTOs with stromal elements effectively recreate the dynamic TME, showing promise in personalized anti-cancer therapy. Advanced co-culture techniques and flexible combinations enhance the precision of tumor-stroma recapitulation. Conclusions: PDTO-based co-culture systems offer a promising platform for stroma mimicry and personalized anti-cancer therapy development. This review underscores the importance of refining these models to advance precision medicine and improve therapeutic outcomes.

Multiomic characterization, immunological and prognostic potential of SMAD3 in pan-cancer and validation in LIHC

SMAD3, a protein-coding gene, assumes a pivotal role within the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway. Notably, aberrant SMAD3 expression has been linked to various malignancies. Nevertheless, an extensive examination of the comprehensive pan-cancer impact on SMAD3's diagnostic, prognostic, and immunological predictive utility has yet to be undertaken. Bioinformatics methods were employed to systematically investigate the potential carcinogenic impact of SMAD3. We extensively harnessed data from authoritative sources, including The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx), cBioPortal, Human Protein Atlas (HPA), UALCAN, and various other databases. Our study encompassed a comprehensive analysis of the following aspects: differential SMAD3 expression and its association with prognosis across diverse cancer types, gene mutations, immune cell infiltration, single-cell sequencing analysis, DNA methylation patterns, and drug sensitivity profiles. In vitro experiments were conducted with the primary objective of appraising both the expression profile and the precise functional attributes of SMAD3 within the milieu of Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma (LIHC). Our findings revealed significant variations in SMAD3 expression between cancerous and adjacent normal tissues. High levels of SMAD3 expression were consistently associated with unfavorable prognoses across multiple cancer types,. Additionally, our analysis of SMAD3 methylation patterns in human cancers unveiled a favorable prognosis linked to elevated DNA methylation levels in pan-cancer. Furthermore, we identified positive associations between SMAD3 expression and RNAm6A methylation-related genes in the majority of cancers. Moreover, SMAD3 expression displayed substantial correlations with immune cell infiltration. Notably, immune checkpoint genes exhibited significant associations with SMAD3 expression across diverse cancers. Single-cell sequencing results elucidated the pan-cancer single-cell expression landscape of SMAD3. Within specific cancer subtypes, SMAD3 expression exhibited a noteworthy positive association with distinctive facets of malignancy. Finally, in our comprehensive analysis of drug sensitivity, we discerned a catalog of prospective therapeutic agents. In our comprehensive analysis across multiple cancer types, we observed a significant disparity in SMAD3 expression compared to normal tissues, and this findings suggest that SMAD3 holds promise as both a prognostic biomarker and a therapeutic target against various cancers. Difference displayed a noteworthy association with patient prognosis.

ANGPTL4 mediated mesothelial-mesenchymal transition in pulmonary fibrosis: a potential therapeutic target

BACKGROUND

Glycolysis plays a major role in progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Here, we aim to explore the predictive signature based on glycolysis-related genes for predicting the prognosis and identified a potential therapeutic target for IPF.

METHODS

Gene expression data of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells and clinical information were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Bioinformatic analysis was then performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Lasso multivariate cox analysis and multivariate Cox regression were used to establish a gene signature. The prediction model was evaluated using the time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and validated using an external independent dataset. The expression of these key genes in cellular level analyzed from Single Cell Expression Atlas. Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, immunofluorescence, wound healing and plasmid transfection were performed.

RESULTS

A total of 4 gene (ANGPTL4, ME2, TPBG and IER3), which were associated with the prognosis of IPF patients, were selected to establish our signature. The prediction model was an independent prognostic indicator for IPF patients. ANGPTL4 was significantly upregulated in pleural mesothelial cells (PMCs). In vitro assay showed that ANGPTL4 promoted PMCs proliferation and migration. Knockdown of ANGPTL4 can inhibit mesothelial-mesenchymal transition by suppressed glycolysis-associated gene, such as PGM1, GPI, PGK1, LDHA, ALDOA, ENO1 and TPI1.

CONCLUSIONS

Our research established a glycolysis-associated gene signature that holds potential to assist clinicians in the personalized management of IPF. Furthermore, we identified that ANGPTL4 mediates mesothelial-mesenchymal transition, suggesting its viability as a therapeutic target for IPF treatment.

SNHG12 in cancer-associated fibroblast-derived extracellular vesicle induces macrophage-myofibroblast transition

AIMS

To investigate mechanism of lncRNA SNHG12 induced macrophage-myofibroblast transition (MMT) in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

METHOD

CAFs EVs were isolated from human NSCLC tissue and adjacent cancerous tissue (n = 3), and their morphology and particle size were evaluated. Macrophages and MMT cells with different phenotypes were detected, and the binding relationship of lncRNA SNHG12, miR-181a-5p, and Smad3 was verified.

RESULT

LncRNA SNHG12 derived from CAFs-EVs promoted the transformation of M2 macrophages into MMT. In addition, lncRNA-SNHG12 increased the expression of Smad3 which was significantly upregulated in MMT through sponge of miR-181a-5p.

CONCLUSION

LncRNA SNHG12 derived from CAFs-EV induced MMT in NSCLC.

Characterization of metastasis-specific macrophages in colorectal cancer for prognosis prediction and immunometabolic remodeling

This study develops a prognostic model to predict metastasis and prognosis in colorectal cancer liver metastases by identifying distinct macrophage subsets. Using scRNA-seq data from primary colorectal cancer and liver metastases, we dissected the cellular landscape to find unique macrophage subpopulations, particularly EEF1G + macrophages, which were prevalent in liver metastases. The study leveraged data from GSE231559, TCGA, and GEO databases to construct an 8-gene risk model named EMGS, based on the EEF1G + macrophage gene signature. Patients were divided into high-risk and low-risk groups using the median EMGS score, with the high-risk group showing significantly worse survival. This group also demonstrated upregulated pathways associated with tumor progression, such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition and angiogenesis, and downregulated metabolic pathways. Moreover, the high-risk group presented an immunosuppressive microenvironment, with a higher TIDE score indicating lower effectiveness of immunotherapy. The study identifies potential drugs targeting the high-risk group, suggesting therapeutic avenues to improve survival. Conclusively, the EMGS score identifies colorectal cancer patients at high risk of liver metastases, highlighting the role of specific macrophage subsets in tumor progression and providing a basis for personalized treatment strategies.

Addressing the unmet need in NSCLC progression with advances in second-line therapeutics

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality globally, with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounting for 85% of cases. Despite advancements in first-line treatments such as immunotherapy and targeted therapies, resistance to these treatments is common, creating a significant unmet need for effective second-line therapies. This review evaluates current and emerging second-line therapeutic options for advanced or metastatic NSCLC, focusing on their efficacy and potential to improve patient outcomes. Anti-angiogenic drugs like ramucirumab combined with chemotherapy, particularly docetaxel, have shown moderate success. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) targeting specific tumor antigens offer a promising avenue for targeted therapy, while chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy and T-cell receptor therapy leverage the patient's immune system to combat cancer more effectively. mRNA vaccines, although in early stages, show potential for inducing robust immune responses against cancer-specific antigens. Building on this foundation, recent advancements in molecular testing and the exploration of the tumor microenvironment are opening new therapeutic avenues, further enhancing the potential for personalized second-line treatments in NSCLC. While ADCs and bispecific antibodies are gaining traction, more precise biomarkers are needed to optimize treatment response. Regular monitoring through techniques like liquid biopsies allows real-time tracking of mutations such as EGFR T790M, enabling timely therapeutic adjustments. Additionally, the role of neutrophils and macrophages in the tumor microenvironment is increasingly being recognized as a potential therapeutic avenue, with Smad3 emerging as a key target. Further research into drug sequencing, toxicity management, and biomarker development remains crucial to improving NSCLC treatment outcomes.

Advances in macrophage-myofibroblast transformation in fibrotic diseases

Macrophage-myofibroblast transformation (MMT) has emerged as a discovery in the field of fibrotic disease research. MMT is the process by which macrophages differentiate into myofibroblasts, leading to organ fibrosis following organ damage and playing an important role in fibrosis formation and progression. Recently, many new advances have been made in studying the mechanisms of MMT occurrence in fibrotic diseases. This article reviews some critical recent findings on MMT, including the origin of MMT in myofibroblasts, the specific mechanisms by which MMT develops, and the mechanisms and effects of MMT in the kidneys, lungs, heart, retina, and other fibrosis. By summarizing the latest research related to MMT, this paper provides a theoretical basis for elucidating the mechanisms of fibrosis in various organs and developing effective therapeutic targets for fibrotic diseases.

The crucial prognostic signaling pathways of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma were identified by single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing data

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a malignant tumor with poor prognosis and high mortality. Although a large number of studies have explored its potential prognostic markers using traditional RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) data, they have not achieved good prediction effect. In order to explore the possible prognostic signaling pathways leading to the difference in prognosis, we identified differentially expressed genes from one scRNA-seq cohort and four GEO cohorts, respectively. Then Cox and Lasso regression analysis showed that 12 genes were independent prognostic factors for PDAC. AUC and calibration curve analysis showed that the prognostic model had good discrimination and calibration. Compared with the low-risk group, the high-risk group had a higher proportion of gene mutations than the low-risk group. Immune infiltration analysis revealed differences in macrophages and monocytes between the two groups. Prognosis related genes were mainly distributed in fibroblasts, macrophages and type 2 ducts. The results of cell communication analysis showed that there was a strong communication between cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) and type 2 ductal cells, and collagen formation was the main interaction pathway.

Identification of a Novel ECM Remodeling Macrophage Subset in AKI to CKD Transition by Integrative Spatial and Single-Cell Analysis

The transition from acute kidney injury (AKI) to chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a critical clinical issue. Although previous studies have suggested macrophages as a key player in promoting inflammation and fibrosis during this transition, the heterogeneity and dynamic characterization of macrophages are still poorly understood. Here, we used integrated single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomic to characterize the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of macrophages in murine AKI-to-CKD model of unilateral ischemia-reperfusion injury. A marked increase in macrophage infiltration at day 1 was followed by a second peak at day 14 post AKI. Spatiotemporal profiling revealed that injured tubules and macrophages co-localized early after AKI, whereas in late chronic stages had spatial proximity to fibroblasts. Further pseudotime analysis revealed two distinct lineages of macrophages in this transition: renal resident macrophages differentiated into the pro-repair subsets, whereas infiltrating monocyte-derived macrophages contributed to chronic inflammation and fibrosis. A novel macrophage subset, extracellular matrix remodeling-associated macrophages (EAMs) originating from monocytes, linked to renal fibrogenesis and communicated with fibroblasts via insulin-like growth factors (IGF) signalling. In sum, our study identified the spatiotemporal dynamics of macrophage heterogeneity with a unique subset of EAMs in AKI-to-CKD transition, which could be a potential therapeutic target for preventing CKD development.

Transformation of macrophages into myofibroblasts in fibrosis-related diseases: emerging biological concepts and potential mechanism

Macrophage-myofibroblast transformation (MMT) transforms macrophages into myofibroblasts in a specific inflammation or injury microenvironment. MMT is an essential biological process in fibrosis-related diseases involving the lung, heart, kidney, liver, skeletal muscle, and other organs and tissues. This process consists of interacting with various cells and molecules and activating different signal transduction pathways. This review deeply discussed the molecular mechanism of MMT, clarified crucial signal pathways, multiple cytokines, and growth factors, and formed a complex regulatory network. Significantly, the critical role of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and its downstream signaling pathways in this process were clarified. Furthermore, we discussed the significance of MMT in physiological and pathological conditions, such as pulmonary fibrosis and cardiac fibrosis. This review provides a new perspective for understanding the interaction between macrophages and myofibroblasts and new strategies and targets for the prevention and treatment of MMT in fibrotic diseases.

Cancer-associated fibroblasts: a versatile mediator in tumor progression, metastasis, and targeted therapy

Tumor microenvironment (TME) has been demonstrated to play a significant role in tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the major component of TME and exhibit heterogeneous properties in their communication with tumor cells. This heterogeneity of CAFs can be attributed to various origins, including quiescent fibroblasts, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), adipocytes, pericytes, endothelial cells, and mesothelial cells. Moreover, single-cell RNA sequencing has identified diverse phenotypes of CAFs, with myofibroblastic CAFs (myCAFs) and inflammatory CAFs (iCAFs) being the most acknowledged, alongside newly discovered subtypes like antigen-presenting CAFs (apCAFs). Due to these heterogeneities, CAFs exert multiple functions in tumorigenesis, cancer stemness, angiogenesis, immunosuppression, metabolism, and metastasis. As a result, targeted therapies aimed at the TME, particularly focusing on CAFs, are rapidly developing, fueling the promising future of advanced tumor-targeted therapy.

Depleting profibrotic macrophages using bioactivated in vivo assembly peptides ameliorates kidney fibrosis

Managing renal fibrosis is challenging owing to the complex cell signaling redundancy in diseased kidneys. Renal fibrosis involves an immune response dominated by macrophages, which activates myofibroblasts in fibrotic niches. However, macrophages exhibit high heterogeneity, hindering their potential as therapeutic cell targets. Herein, we aimed to eliminate specific macrophage subsets that drive the profibrotic immune response in the kidney both temporally and spatially. We identified the major profibrotic macrophage subset (Fn1+Spp1+Arg1+) in the kidney and then constructed a 12-mer glycopeptide that was designated as bioactivated in vivo assembly PK (BIVA-PK) to deplete these cells. BIVA-PK specifically binds to and is internalized by profibrotic macrophages. By inducing macrophage cell death, BIVA-PK reshaped the renal microenvironment and suppressed profibrotic immune responses. The robust efficacy of BIVA-PK in ameliorating renal fibrosis and preserving kidney function highlights the value of targeting macrophage subsets as a potential therapy for patients with CKD.

Research advances on signaling pathways regulating the polarization of tumor-associated macrophages in lung cancer microenvironment

Lung cancer (LC) is one of the most common cancer worldwide. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are important component of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and are closely related to the stages of tumor occurrence, development, and metastasis. Macrophages are plastic and can differentiate into different phenotypes and functions under the influence of different signaling pathways in TME. The classically activated (M1-like) and alternatively activated (M2-like) represent the two polarization states of macrophages. M1 macrophages exhibit anti-tumor functions, while M2 macrophages are considered to support tumor cell survival and metastasis. Macrophage polarization involves complex signaling pathways, and blocking or regulating these signaling pathways to enhance macrophages' anti-tumor effects has become a research hotspot in recent years. At the same time, there have been new discoveries regarding the modulation of TAMs towards an anti-tumor phenotype by synthetic and natural drug components. Nanotechnology can better achieve combination therapy and targeted delivery of drugs, maximizing the efficacy of the drugs while minimizing side effects. Up to now, nanomedicines targeting the delivery of various active substances for reprogramming TAMs have made significant progress. In this review, we primarily provided a comprehensive overview of the signaling crosstalk between TAMs and various cells in the LC microenvironment. Additionally, the latest advancements in novel drugs and nano-based drug delivery systems (NDDSs) that target macrophages were also reviewed. Finally, we discussed the prospects of macrophages as therapeutic targets and the barriers to clinical translation.

POSTN+ cancer-associated fibroblasts determine the efficacy of immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma

OBJECTIVE

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) poses a significant clinical challenge because the long-term benefits of immune checkpoint blockade therapy are limited. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying immunotherapy resistance in HCC is imperative for improving patient prognosis.

DESIGN

In this study, to systematically investigate the characteristics of cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) subsets and the dynamic communication among the tumor microenvironment (TME) components regulated by CAF subsets, we generated an HCC atlas by compiling single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) datasets on 220 samples from six datasets. We combined spatial transcriptomics with scRNA-seq and multiplexed immunofluorescence to identify the specific CAF subsets in the TME that determine the efficacy of immunotherapy in HCC patients.

RESULTS

Our findings highlight the pivotal role of POSTN+ CAFs as potent immune response barriers at specific tumor locations, as they hinder effective T-cell infiltration and decrease the efficacy of immunotherapy. Additionally, we elucidated the interplay between POSTN+ CAFs and SPP1+ macrophages, whereby the former recruits the latter and triggers increased SPP1 expression via the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway. Moreover, we demonstrated a spatial correlation between POSTN+ CAFs and SPP1+ macrophages, revealing an immunosuppressive microenvironment that limits the immunotherapy response. Notably, we found that patients with elevated expression levels of both POSTN+ CAFs and SPP1+ macrophages achieved less therapeutic benefit in an immunotherapy cohort.

CONCLUSION

Our research elucidates light on the role of a particular subset of CAFs in immunotherapy resistance, emphasizing the potential benefits of targeting specific CAF subpopulations to improve clinical responses to immunotherapy.

Effect of Bioactive Black Phosphorus Nanomaterials on Cancer-Associated Fibroblast Heterogeneity in Pancreatic Cancer

Tumor-stromal interactions and stromal heterogeneity in the tumor microenvironment are critical factors that influence the progression, metastasis, and chemoresistance of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Here, we used spatial transcriptome technology to profile the gene expression landscape of primary PDAC and liver metastatic PDAC after bioactive black phosphorus nanomaterial (bioactive BP) treatment using a murine model of PDAC (LSL-KrasG12D/+; LSL-Trp53R172H/+; and Pdx-1-Cre mice). Bioinformatic and biochemical analyses showed that bioactive BP contributes to the tumor-stromal interplay by suppressing cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) activation. Our results showed that bioactive BP contributes to CAF heterogeneity by decreasing the amount of inflammatory CAFs and myofibroblastic CAFs, two CAF subpopulations. Our study demonstrates the influence of bioactive BP on tumor-stromal interactions and CAF heterogeneity and suggests bioactive BP as a potential PDAC treatment.

DKK1 loss promotes endometrial fibrosis via autophagy and exosome-mediated macrophage-to-myofibroblast transition

INTRODUCTION

Intrauterine adhesions (IUA) manifest as endometrial fibrosis, often causing infertility or recurrent miscarriage; however, their pathogenesis remains unclear.

OBJECTIVES

This study assessed the role of Dickkopf WNT signaling pathway inhibitor 1 (DKK1) and autophagy in endometrial fibrosis, using clinical samples as well as in vitro and in vivo experiments.

METHODS

Immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and western blot were used to determine the localization and expression of DKK1 in endometrium; DKK1 silencing and DKK1 overexpression were used to detect the biological effects of DKK1 silencing or expression in endometrial cells; DKK1 gene knockout mice were used to observe the phenotypes caused by DKK1 gene knockout.

RESULTS

In patients with IUA, DKK1 and autophagy markers were down-regulated; also, α-SMA and macrophage localization were increased in the endometrium. DKK1 conditional knockout (CKO) mice showed a fibrotic phenotype with decreased autophagy and increased localization of α-SMA and macrophages in the endometrium. In vitro studies showed that DKK1 knockout (KO) suppressed the autophagic flux of endometrial stromal cells. In contrast, ectopic expression of DKK1 showed the opposite phenotype. Mechanistically, we discovered that DKK1 regulates autophagic flux through Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways. Further studies showed that DKK1 KO promoted the secretion of interleukin (IL)-8 in exosomes, thereby promoting macrophage proliferation and metastasis. Also, in DKK1 CKO mice, treatment with autophagy activator rapamycin partially restored the endometrial fibrosis phenotype.

CONCLUSION

Our findings indicated that DKK1 was a potential diagnostic marker or therapeutic target for IUA.

Altered tumor microenvironment heterogeneity of penile cancer during progression from non-lymphatic to lymphatic metastasis

BACKGROUND

Lymphatic metastasis is the major challenge in the treatment of penile cancer. The prognosis of individuals with lymphatic metastasis is extremely poor. Therefore, early identification of disease progression and lymphatic metastasis is an urgent task for researchers in penile cancer worldwide.

METHODS

In this study, using single-cell RNA sequencing, an immune landscape was established for the cancer ecosystem based on 46,861 cells from six patients with penile cancer (four with lymphatic metastasis [stage IV] and two without lymphatic metastasis [stage I]). Using bulk RNA sequencing, the discrepancy between the cancers and their respective metastatic lymph nodes was depicted based on seven patients with penile cancer.

RESULTS

The interaction between epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells, and the functional cooperation among invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and angiogenesis were found to be important landscapes in the penile cancer ecosystem, playing important roles in progression of cancer and lymph node metastasis.

CONCLUSIONS

This study is the first to investigate the altered tumor microenvironment heterogeneity of penile cancer as it evolves from non-lymphatic to lymphatic metastasis and provides insights into the mechanisms underlying malignant progression, the premetastatic niche, and lymphatic metastasis in penile cancer.

Mouse Models to Evaluate the Functional Role of the Tumor Microenvironment in Cancer Progression and Therapy Responses

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex ecosystem of both cellular and noncellular components that functions to impact the evolution of cancer. Various aspects of the TME have been targeted for the control of cancer; however, TME composition is dynamic, with the overall abundance of immune cells, endothelial cells (ECs), fibroblasts, and extracellular matrix (ECM) as well as subsets of TME components changing at different stages of progression and in response to therapy. To effectively treat cancer, an understanding of the functional role of the TME is needed. Genetically engineered mouse models have enabled comprehensive insight into the complex interactions within the TME ecosystem that regulate disease progression. Here, we review recent advances in mouse models that have been employed to understand how the TME regulates cancer initiation, progression, metastasis, and response to therapy.

Cancer-associated fibroblasts: heterogeneity and their role in the tumor immune response

In recent decades, many reports have been published on the composition and function of the tumor microenvironment (TME), among which cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have received much attention. CAFs have different degrees of heterogeneity in terms of their origin, phenotype, and function and can be divided into different subpopulations. These subgroups may play different roles in the occurrence and development of tumors. In addition, CAFs are closely associated with tumor immunity and have been found to regulate immune cell activity and to suppress the tumor immune response. In this review, we systematize the heterogeneity and characteristics of CAFs, discuss how specific CAF subgroups contribute to cancer progression by inducing an immunosuppressive microenvironment, and finally, we examine the future clinical applications of CAF subgroups.

Pan-Cancer Analysis of GALNT6 with Potential Implications for Prognosis and Tumor Microenvironment in Human Cancer Based on Bioinformatics and qPCR Verification

Purpose

We explored the expression and prognostic value of GALNT6 and the tumor microenvironment of pan-cancer in humans.

Methods

In this study, we explored the expression pattern of GALNT6 pan-cancer across multiple databases. The prognostic value of GALNT6 was evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The types and numbers of GALNT6 gene alterations were exhibited using the cBio Cancer Genomics Portal. The correlations between GALNT6 expression and immune infiltration in cancers were analyzed using the database Tumor Immune Estimation Resource 2. We also used the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway and Gene Ontology analysis to investigate the molecular mechanisms of the GALNT6 gene in tumorigenesis. The expression of GALNT6 was also further verified by qPCR in lung adenocarcinoma tissues.

Results

In general, compared with normal tissue, tumor tissue had a higher expression level of GALNT6. GALNT6 showed a protective effect in colon carcinoma and other cancers; however, a high expression level of GALNT6 was detrimental to survival in bladder cancer and in pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Mutation, amplification, and deep deletion were the three main types of GALNT6 mutations in tumors. There was a significant positive correlation between GALNT6 expression and immune infiltration of CD8+ T-cells in skin cutaneous melanoma metastasis, based on most of the algorithms used. Moreover, protein processing- and glycoprotein metabolic-associated functions were involved in the functional mechanisms of GALNT6.

Conclusion

This first pan-cancer study offers a relatively comprehensive understanding of the oncogenic roles of GALNT6 across different cancer types.

Brachyury promotes extracellular matrix synthesis through transcriptional regulation of Smad3 in nucleus pulposus

Metabolic dysfunction of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is one of the primary causes of intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). Previous studies have demonstrated that the transcription factor Brachyury (Bry) has the potential to promote the synthesis of collagen II and aggrecan, while the specific mechanism is still unknown. In this study, we used a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced model of nucleus pulposus cell (NPC) degeneration and a rat acupuncture IVDD model to elucidate the precise mechanism through which Bry affects collagen II and aggrecan synthesis in vitro and in vivo. First, we confirmed Bry expression decreased in degenerated human nucleus pulposus (NP) cells (NPCs). Knockdown of Bry exacerbated the decrease in collagen II and aggrecan expression in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NPCs degeneration in vitro model. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that Smad3 may participate in the regulatory pathway of ECM synthesis regulated by Bry. Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (ChIP-qPCR) and luciferase reporter gene assays demonstrated that Bry enhances the transcription of Smad3 by interacting with a specific motif on the promoter region. In addition, Western blot and reverse transcription-qPCR assays demonstrated that Smad3 positively regulates the expression of aggrecan and collagen II in NPCs. The following rescue experiments revealed that Bry-mediated regulation of ECM synthesis is partially dependent on Smad3 phosphorylation. Finally, the findings from the in vivo rat acupuncture-induced IVDD model were consistent with those obtained from in vitro assays. In conclusion, this study reveals that Bry positively regulates the synthesis of collagen II and aggrecan in NP through transcriptional activation of Smad3.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Mechanically, in the nucleus, Bry enhances the transcription of Smad3, leading to increased expression of Smad3 protein levels; in the cytoplasm, elevated substrate levels further lead to an increase in the phosphorylation of Smad3, thereby regulating collagen II and aggrecan expression. Further in vivo experiments provide additional evidence that Bry can alleviate IVDD through this mechanism.

Placenta: an old organ with new functions

The transition from oviparity to viviparity and the establishment of feto-maternal communications introduced the placenta as the major anatomical site to provide nutrients, gases, and hormones to the developing fetus. The placenta has endocrine functions, orchestrates maternal adaptations to pregnancy at different periods of pregnancy, and acts as a selective barrier to minimize exposure of developing fetus to xenobiotics, pathogens, and parasites. Despite the fact that this ancient organ is central for establishment of a normal pregnancy in eutherians, the placenta remains one of the least studied organs. The first step of pregnancy, embryo implantation, is finely regulated by the trophoectoderm, the precursor of all trophoblast cells. There is a bidirectional communication between placenta and endometrium leading to decidualization, a critical step for maintenance of pregnancy. There are three-direction interactions between the placenta, maternal immune cells, and the endometrium for adaptation of endometrial immune system to the allogeneic fetus. While 65% of all systemically expressed human proteins have been found in the placenta tissues, it expresses numerous placenta-specific proteins, whose expression are dramatically changed in gestational diseases and could serve as biomarkers for early detection of gestational diseases. Surprisingly, placentation and carcinogenesis exhibit numerous shared features in metabolism and cell behavior, proteins and molecular signatures, signaling pathways, and tissue microenvironment, which proposes the concept of "cancer as ectopic trophoblastic cells". By extensive researches in this novel field, a handful of cancer biomarkers has been discovered. This review paper, which has been inspired in part by our extensive experiences during the past couple of years, highlights new aspects of placental functions with emphasis on its immunomodulatory role in establishment of a successful pregnancy and on a potential link between placentation and carcinogenesis.

Macrophage diversity in human cancers: New insight provided by single-cell resolution and spatial context

M1/M2 paradigm of macrophage plasticity has existed for decades. Now it becomes clear that this dichotomy doesn't adequately reflect the diversity of macrophage phenotypes in tumor microenvironment (TME). Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are a major population of innate immune cells in the TME that promotes tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, invasion and metastatic niche formation, as well as response to anti-tumor therapy. However, the fundamental restriction in therapeutic TAM targeting is the limited knowledge about the specific TAM states in distinct human cancer types. Here we summarized the results of the most recent studies that use advanced technologies (e.g. single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics) allowing to decipher novel functional subsets of TAMs in numerous human cancers. The transcriptomic profiles of these TAM subsets and their clinical significance were described. We emphasized the characteristics of specific TAM subpopulations - TREM2+, SPP1+, MARCO+, FOLR2+, SIGLEC1+, APOC1+, C1QC+, and others, which have been most extensively characterized in several cancers, and are associated with cancer prognosis. Spatial transcriptomics technologies defined specific spatial interactions between TAMs and other cell types, especially fibroblasts, in tumors. Spatial transcriptomics methods were also applied to identify markers of immunotherapy response, which are expressed by macrophages or in the macrophage-abundant regions. We highlighted the perspectives for novel techniques that utilize spatial and single cell resolution in investigating new ligand-receptor interactions for effective immunotherapy based on TAM-targeting.

The possible correlation between miR-762, Hippo signaling pathway, TWIST1, and SMAD3 in lung cancer and chronic inflammatory diseases

MicroRNAs are small RNA molecules that have a significant role in translational repression and gene silencing through binding to downstream target mRNAs. MiR-762 can stimulate the proliferation and metastasis of various types of cancer. Hippo pathway is one of the pathways that regulate tissue development and carcinogenesis. Dysregulation of this pathway plays a vital role in the progression of cancer. This study aimed to evaluate the possible correlation between miR-762, the Hippo signaling pathway, TWIST1, and SMAD3 in patients with lung cancer, as well as patients with chronic inflammatory diseases. The relative expression of miR-762, MST1, LATS2, YAP, TWIST1, and SMAD3 was determined in 50 lung cancer patients, 30 patients with chronic inflammatory diseases, and 20 healthy volunteers by real-time PCR. The levels of YAP protein and neuron-specific enolase were estimated by ELISA and electrochemiluminescence immunoassay, respectively. Compared to the control group, miR-762, YAP, TWIST1, and SMAD3 expression were significantly upregulated in lung cancer patients and chronic inflammatory patients, except SMAD3 was significantly downregulated in chronic inflammatory patients. MST1, LATS2, and YAP protein were significantly downregulated in all patients. MiR-762 has a significant negative correlation with MST1, LATS2, and YAP protein in lung cancer patients and with MST1 and LATS2 in chronic inflammatory patients. MiR-762 may be involved in the induction of malignant behaviors in lung cancer through suppression of the Hippo pathway. MiR-762, MST1, LATS2, YAP mRNA and protein, TWIST1, and SMAD3 may be effective diagnostic biomarkers in both lung cancer patients and chronic inflammatory patients. High YAP, TWIST1, SMA3 expression, and NSE level are associated with a favorable prognosis for lung cancer.

Cellular plasticity in the breast cancer ecosystem

The complex interplay between genetically diverse tumor cells and their microenvironment significantly influences cancer progression and therapeutic responses. This review highlights recent findings on cellular plasticity and heterogeneity within the breast cancer ecosystem, focusing on the roles of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). We discuss evidence suggesting that breast cancer cells exhibit phenotypic plasticity driven by both intrinsic genetic factors and external microenvironmental cues, impacting treatment responses and disease recurrence. Moreover, single-cell RNA sequencing studies reveal diverse subtypes of CAFs and TAMs, each with distinct functional gene expression programs and spatial organization within the tumor microenvironment. Understanding the hierarchical relationships and niche cues governing cellular phenotypes offers new opportunities for targeted therapeutic interventions. By elucidating the organizational principles of the tumor ecosystem, future therapies may target phenotypic states or entire cellular niches, advancing precision medicine approaches in breast cancer treatment.

Deconvolution of synovial myeloid cell subsets across pathotypes and role of COL3A1+ macrophages in rheumatoid arthritis remission

Background

Monocyte/macrophage (Mo/Mp) is a critical cell population involved in immune modulation of rheumatoid synovitis (RA) across different pathotypes. This study aims to investigate the contribution of Mo/Mp clusters to RA activity, and the biological function of particular subtypes in RA remission.

Methods

We integrated single-cell RNA sequencing datasets from 4 published and 1 in-house studies using Liger selected by comparison. We estimated the abundance of Mo/Mp subtypes in bulk RNA-seq data from the 81 patients of the Pathobiology of Early Arthritis Cohort (PEAC) using deconvolution analysis. Correlations between Mo/Mp subtypes and RA clinical metrics were assessed. A particular cell type was identified using multicolor immunofluorescence and flow cytometry in vivo and successfully induced from a cell line in vitro. Potential immune modulation function of it was performed using immunohistochemical staining, adhesion assay, and RT-qPCR.

Results

We identified 8 Mo/Mp clusters. As a particular subtype among them, COL3A1+ Mp (CD68+, COL3A1+, ACTA2-) enriched in myeloid pathotype and negatively correlated with RA severity metrics in all pathotypes. Flow cytometry and multicolor immunofluorescence evidenced the enrichment and M2-like phenotype of COL3A1+ Mp in the myeloid pathotype. Further assays suggested that COL3A1+ Mp potentially attenuates RA severity via expressing anti-inflammatory cytokines, enhancing Mp adhesion, and forming a physical barrier at the synovial lining.

Conclusion

This study reported unexplored associations between different pathologies and myeloid cell subtypes. We also identified a fibroblast-and-M2-like cluster named COL3A1+ Mp, which potentially contributes to synovial immune homeostasis. Targeting the development of COL3A1+ Mp may hold promise for inducing RA remission.

Single-cell transcriptomic sequencing data reveal aberrant DNA methylation in SMAD3 promoter region in tumor-associated fibroblasts affecting molecular mechanism of radiosensitivity in non-small cell lung cancer

OBJECTIVE

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) often exhibits resistance to radiotherapy, posing significant treatment challenges. This study investigates the role of SMAD3 in NSCLC, focusing on its potential in influencing radiosensitivity via the ITGA6/PI3K/Akt pathway.

METHODS

The study utilized gene expression data from the GEO database to identify differentially expressed genes related to radiotherapy resistance in NSCLC. Using the GSE37745 dataset, prognostic genes were identified through Cox regression and survival analysis. Functional roles of target genes were explored using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and co-expression analyses. Gene promoter methylation levels were assessed using databases like UALCAN, DNMIVD, and UCSC Xena, while the TISCH database provided insights into the correlation between target genes and CAFs. Experiments included RT-qPCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry on NSCLC patient samples, in vitro studies on isolated CAFs cells, and in vivo nude mouse tumor models.

RESULTS

Fifteen key genes associated with radiotherapy resistance in NSCLC cells were identified. SMAD3 was recognized as an independent prognostic factor for NSCLC, linked to poor patient outcomes. High expression of SMAD3 was correlated with low DNA methylation in its promoter region and was enriched in CAFs. In vitro and in vivo experiments confirmed that SMAD3 promotes radiotherapy resistance by activating the ITGA6/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

CONCLUSION

High expression of SMAD3 in NSCLC tissues, cells, and CAFs is closely associated with poor prognosis and increased radiotherapy resistance. SMAD3 is likely to enhance radiotherapy resistance in NSCLC cells by activating the ITGA6/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Dynamic interactions in the tumor niche: how the cross-talk between CAFs and the tumor microenvironment impacts resistance to therapy

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex ecosystem of cells, signaling molecules, and extracellular matrix components that profoundly influence cancer progression. Among the key players in the TME, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have gained increasing attention for their diverse and influential roles. CAFs are activated fibroblasts found abundantly within the TME of various cancer types. CAFs contribute significantly to tumor progression by promoting angiogenesis, remodeling the extracellular matrix, and modulating immune cell infiltration. In order to influence the microenvironment, CAFs engage in cross-talk with immune cells, cancer cells, and other stromal components through paracrine signaling and direct cell-cell interactions. This cross-talk can result in immunosuppression, tumor cell proliferation, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition, contributing to disease progression. Emerging evidence suggests that CAFs play a crucial role in therapy resistance, including resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. CAFs can modulate the tumor response to treatment by secreting factors that promote drug efflux, enhance DNA repair mechanisms, and suppress apoptosis pathways. This paper aims to understand the multifaceted functions of CAFs within the TME, discusses cross-talk between CAFs with other TME cells, and sheds light on the contibution of CAFs to therapy resistance. Targeting CAFs or disrupting their cross-talk with other cells holds promise for overcoming drug resistance and improving the treatment efficacy of various cancer types.