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Lee S, Baek SW, Kim DS, Park SY, Kim JH, Jung JW, Lee JK, Park GM, Park CG, Han DK. Injectable Microparticle-containing hydrogel with controlled release of bioactive molecules for facial rejuvenation. Mater Today Bio 2024; 24:100890. [PMID: 38162281 PMCID: PMC10755792 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The skin is the largest organ and a crucial barrier for protection against various intrinsic and extrinsic factors. As we age, the skin's components become more vulnerable to damage, forming wrinkles. Among different procedures, hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel has been extensively utilized for skin regeneration and reducing wrinkles. However, it has limitations like low retention and weak mechanical properties. In this study, we suggested the poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) microparticles containing alkaline magnesium hydroxide and nitric oxide-generating zinc oxide and rejuvenative hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels including these functional microparticles and asiaticoside, creating a novel delivery system for skin rejuvenation and regeneration. The fabricated rejuvenative hydrogels have exhibited enhanced biocompatibility, pH neutralization, reactive oxygen species scavenging, collagen biosynthesis, and angiogenesis capabilities in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, an excellent volume retention ability was demonstrated due to the numerous hydrogen bonds that formed between hyaluronic acid and asiaticoside. Overall, our advanced injectable hydrogel containing functional microparticles, with controlled release of bioactive molecules, has a significant potential for enhancing the regeneration and rejuvenation of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semi Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyenggi 13488, South Korea
| | - Seung-Woon Baek
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyenggi 13488, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, SKKU Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyenggi 16419, South Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, SKKU Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyenggi 16419, South Korea
| | - Da-Seul Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyenggi 13488, South Korea
| | - So-Yeon Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyenggi 13488, South Korea
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Jun Hyuk Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyenggi 13488, South Korea
| | - Ji-Won Jung
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyenggi 13488, South Korea
| | - Jun-Kyu Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyenggi 13488, South Korea
| | - Gi-Min Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyenggi 13488, South Korea
| | - Chun Gwon Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, SKKU Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyenggi 16419, South Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, SKKU Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyenggi 16419, South Korea
| | - Dong Keun Han
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyenggi 13488, South Korea
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Park SY, Jung JH, Kim DS, Lee JK, Song BG, Shin HE, Jung JW, Baek SW, You S, Han I, Han DK. Therapeutic potential of luteolin-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/modified magnesium hydroxide microsphere in functional thermosensitive hydrogel for treating neuropathic pain. J Tissue Eng 2024; 15:20417314231226105. [PMID: 38333057 PMCID: PMC10851718 DOI: 10.1177/20417314231226105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain (NP) is a debilitating condition stemming from damage to the somatosensory system frequently caused by nerve injuries or lesions. While existing treatments are widely employed, they often lead to side effects and lack specificity. This study aimed to alleviate NP by developing an innovative sustained-release thermosensitive hydrogel system. The system incorporates hyaluronic acid (HA)/Pluronic F127 injectable hydrogel and bupivacaine (Bup, B) in combination with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid; PLGA)/modified magnesium hydroxide (MH)/luteolin (Lut; PML) microspheres (PML@B/Gel). The PML@B/Gel was designed for localized and prolonged co-delivery of Bup and Lut as an anesthetic and anti-inflammatory agent, respectively. Our studies demonstrated that PML@B/Gel had exceptional biocompatibility, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. In addition, it exhibited efficient pain relief in in vitro cellular assays. Moreover, this functional hydrogel showed substantial sustained drug release while diminishing microglial activation. Consequently, it effectively mitigated mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in in vivo rat models of chronic constriction injury (CCI). Based on our research findings, PML@B/Gel emerges as a promising therapeutic approach for the protracted treatment of NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Yeon Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon Hyuk Jung
- Department of Life Science, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Da-Seul Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jun-Kyu Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Byeong Gwan Song
- Department of Life Science, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Hae Eun Shin
- Department of Life Science, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Ji-Won Jung
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Seung-Woon Baek
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Seungkwon You
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Inbo Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Dong Keun Han
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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Lee JK, Kim DS, Park SY, Jung JW, Baek SW, Lee S, Kim JH, Ahn TK, Han DK. Osteoporotic Bone Regeneration via Plenished Biomimetic PLGA Scaffold with Sequential Release System. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2310734. [PMID: 38143290 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Achieving satisfactory bone tissue regeneration in osteoporotic patients with ordinary biomaterials is challenging because of the decreased bone mineral density and aberrant bone microenvironment. In addressing this issue, a biomimetic scaffold (PMEH/SP), incorporating 4-hexylresorcinol (4HR), and substance P (SP) into the poly(lactic-go-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffold with magnesium hydroxide (M) and extracellular matrix (E) is introduced, enabling the consecutive release of bioactive agents. 4HR and SP induced the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and ERK in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), thereby upregulating VEGF expression level. The migration and tube-forming ability of endothelial cells can be promoted by the scaffold, which accelerates the formation and maturation of the bone. Moreover, 4HR played a crucial role in the inhibition of osteoclastogenesis by interrupting the IκB/NF-κB signaling pathway and exhibiting SP, thereby enhancing the migration and angiogenesis of HUVECs. Based on such a synergistic effect, osteoporosis can be suppressed, and bone regeneration can be achieved by inhibiting the RANKL pathway in vitro and in vivo, which is a commonly known mechanism of bone physiology. Therefore, the study presents a promising approach for developing a multifunctional regenerative material for sophisticated osteoporotic bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Kyu Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Seul Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, Republic of Korea
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - So-Yeon Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Won Jung
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Woon Baek
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Semi Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hyuk Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Keun Ahn
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13496, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Keun Han
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, Republic of Korea
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Cha SG, Rhim WK, Kim JY, Lee EH, Lee SY, Park JM, Lee JE, Yoon H, Park CG, Kim BS, Kwon TG, Lee Y, Lee DR, Han DK. Kidney tissue regeneration using bioactive scaffolds incorporated with differentiating extracellular vesicles and intermediate mesoderm cells. Biomater Res 2023; 27:126. [PMID: 38049879 PMCID: PMC10696796 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-023-00471-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To overcome the limitations of current alternative therapies for chronic kidney disease (CKD), tissue engineering-mediated regeneration strategies have demonstrated the possibilities for complete kidney tissue regeneration. Given the challenges associated with the reproducibility of renal basal cells, the incorporation of intermediate mesoderm (IM) cells and bioactive materials to control bioactivities of cells with supported scaffolds should be considered as a viable approach to enable the regeneration of the complex kidney structure via renal differentiation. METHODS We developed PMEZ scaffolds by combining crucial bioactive components, such as ricinoleic acid-grafted Mg(OH)2 (M), extracellular matrix (E), and alpha lipoic acid-conjugated ZnO (Z) integrated into biodegradable porous PLGA (P) platform. Additionally, we utilized differentiating extracellular vesicles (dEV) isolated during intermediate mesoderm differentiation into kidney progenitor cells, and IM cells were serially incorporated to facilitate kidney tissue regeneration through their differentiation into kidney progenitor cells in the 3/4 nephrectomy mouse model. RESULTS The use of differentiating extracellular vesicles facilitated IM differentiation into kidney progenitor cells without additional differentiation factors. This led to improvements in various regeneration-related bioactivities including tubule and podocyte regeneration, anti-fibrosis, angiogenesis, and anti-inflammation. Finally, implanting PMEZ/dEV/IM scaffolds in mouse injury model resulted in the restoration of kidney function. CONCLUSIONS Our study has demonstrated that utilizing biodegradable PLGA-based scaffolds, which include multipotent cells capable of differentiating into various kidney progenitor cells along with supporting components, can facilitate kidney tissue regeneration in the mouse model that simulates CKD through 3/4 nephrectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Gyu Cha
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam- si, 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Kyu Rhim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam- si, 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Yong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam- si, 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, SKKU Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Intelligent Precision of Healthcare Convergence, SKKU Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hye Lee
- Joint Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Yeon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam- si, 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Min Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam- si, 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeoung Eun Lee
- Bundang Medical Center, CHA Advanced Research Institute, CHA University, Sungnam- si, 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeji Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun Gwon Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, SKKU Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Intelligent Precision of Healthcare Convergence, SKKU Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum Soo Kim
- Joint Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Gyun Kwon
- Joint Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmi Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ryul Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam- si, 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Bundang Medical Center, CHA Advanced Research Institute, CHA University, Sungnam- si, 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Keun Han
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam- si, 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
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Cho YW, Park JH, Kang MJ, Lee JH, Kim YK, Luo Z, Kim TH. Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine Release from Living Neurons Using Graphene Oxide-Incorporated Polypyrrole/Gold Nanocluster Hybrid Nanopattern Arrays. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2304271. [PMID: 37649209 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Stem-cell-based therapeutics have shown immense potential in treating various diseases that are currently incurable. In particular, partial recovery of Parkinson's disease, which occurs due to massive loss or abnormal functionality of dopaminergic (DAnergic) neurons, through the engraftment of stem-cell-derived neurons ex vivo is reported. However, precise assessment of the functionality and maturity of DAnergic neurons is still challenging for their enhanced clinical efficacy. Here, a novel conductive cell cultivation platform, a graphene oxide (GO)-incorporated metallic polymer nanopillar array (GOMPON), that can electrochemically detect dopamine (DA) exocytosis from living DAnergic neurons, is reported. In the cell-free configuration, the linear range is 0.5-100 µm, with a limit of detection of 33.4 nm. Owing to its excellent biocompatibility, a model DAnergic neuron (SH-SY5Y cell) can be cultivated and differentiated on the platform while their DA release can be quantitatively measured in a real-time and nondestructive manner. Finally, it is showed that the functionality of the DAnergic neurons derived from stem cells can be precisely assessed via electrochemical detection of their DA exocytosis. The developed GOMPON is highly promising for a wide range of applications, including real-time monitoring of stem cell differentiation into neuronal lineages, evaluating differentiation protocols, and finding practical stem cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Woo Cho
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 06974, Seoul, Dongjak-gu, 84 Heukseuk-ro, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Ha Park
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 06974, Seoul, Dongjak-gu, 84 Heukseuk-ro, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ji Kang
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 06974, Seoul, Dongjak-gu, 84 Heukseuk-ro, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hyeon Lee
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 06974, Seoul, Dongjak-gu, 84 Heukseuk-ro, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Kyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, St. Vincent's Hospital, Suwon, 16247, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhengtang Luo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 999077, Hong Kong, Kowloon, Clear Water Bay, China
| | - Tae-Hyung Kim
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 06974, Seoul, Dongjak-gu, 84 Heukseuk-ro, Republic of Korea
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Zhang K, Hu H, Sun Y, Nan J, Liu W, Lei P, Hu Y. The bio-functionalized membrane loaded with Ta/WH nanoparticles promote bone regeneration through neurovascular coupling. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 230:113506. [PMID: 37572400 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrospinning technology, as a novel approach, has been extensively applied in the field of tissue engineering. Nanofiber membranes prepared by electrospinning can effectively mimic the structure and function of natural bone matrix, providing an ideal scaffold for attachment, proliferation, and differentiation of bone cells while inducing osteogenic differentiation and new bone formation. However, it lacks bioactivities such as osteoinduction, angiogenesis and the ability to promote nerve regeneration. In the presence of complex critical bone defects, a single component electrospun membrane often fails to suffice for bone repair needs. Based on this, we prepared a biofunctionalized membrane loaded with Tantalum(Ta)/Whitlockite(WH) nanoparticles (poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL)/Ta/WH) in order to promote high-quality bone defect repair through neurovascular coupling effect. According to the results of in vitro and in vivo experiments, the early Mg2+ release of WH can effectively increase the local nerve and vascular density, and synergize with Tantalum nanoparticles (TaNPs) to create a rich nerve-vascular microenvironment. This allows the PCL/Ta/WH membrane to repair bone defects in multiple dimensions and achieve high-quality repair of bone tissue, providing new solutions for the treatment of critical bone defects in clinical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Metal and Ceramic Implants, Changsha, China
| | - Hongkun Hu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Metal and Ceramic Implants, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Metal and Ceramic Implants, Changsha, China
| | - Jiangyu Nan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Metal and Ceramic Implants, Changsha, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Xiangya Hospital Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan China..
| | - Pengfei Lei
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Metal and Ceramic Implants, Changsha, China; Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yihe Hu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Metal and Ceramic Implants, Changsha, China; Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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