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Li X, Ma Z, Liu X, Chen C, Yu Z, Sang D, Wang T, Zhang EE, Duan G, Ju D, Huang H. Activation of CaMKII + neurons in the paramedian raphe nucleus promotes general anesthesia in male mice. Cell Biol Toxicol 2025; 41:83. [PMID: 40360778 PMCID: PMC12075403 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-025-10037-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2025] [Indexed: 05/15/2025]
Abstract
General anesthesia (GA) is an essential clinical and surgical adjunct, widely recognized as the result of coordinated networks among numerous brain regions. Anesthetic drugs with different characteristics are associated with distinct networks of brain regions involved in anesthesia. Ciprofol, a novel intravenous anesthetic derived from structural modifications of propofol, has shown promise in clinical applications. However, the specific neuronal circuits and brain regions mediating their actions may differ. Moreover, the core brain regions that mediate the common anesthetic effects of these drugs remain unclear. In this research, we identified a central ensemble of brainstem neurons within the paramedian raphe nucleus (PMnR) using c-Fos staining in mice subjected to GA induced by continuous intravenous infusion of ciprofol and propofol. This neuronal population, primarily composed of CaMKIIa and Gad1-expressing cells, demonstrated consistent activation in reaction to ciprofol. Optogenetic activation of PMnRCaMKIIa neurons induced a GA state under ciprofol pre-administration, while sole activation of PMnRCaMKIIa neurons induced a motionless state in mice. In addition, conditional inhibition of these neurons resulted in resistance to GA. In summary, we highlight the PMnR as a brain target for ciprofol and propofol. Furthermore, CaMKIIa+ neurons in the PMnR emerge as active promoters of the anesthesia process, shedding light on a previously unrecognized key player in the intricate neural network orchestrating GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhixiong Ma
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China.
| | - Xueliang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chen Chen
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ziqing Yu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Di Sang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tongfei Wang
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Eric Erquan Zhang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyou Duan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dapeng Ju
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - He Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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郭 舒, 曹 福, 郭 永, 李 言, 郝 新, 张 倬, 周 志, 仝 黎, 曹 江. [Activation of astrocytes in the dorsomedial hypothalamus accelerates sevoflurane anesthesia emergence in mice]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2025; 45:751-759. [PMID: 40294925 PMCID: PMC12037299 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2025.04.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2025]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the regulatory role of astrocytes in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) during sevoflurane anesthesia emergence. METHODS Forty-two male C57BL/6 mice were randomized into 6 groups (n=7) for assessing astrocyte activation in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) under sevoflurane anesthesia. Two groups of mice received microinjection of agfaABC1D promoter-driven AAV2 vector into the DMH for GCaMP6 overexpression, and the changes in astrocyte activity during sevoflurane or air inhalation were recorded using calcium imaging. For assessing optogenetic activation of astrocytes, another two groups of mice received microinjection of an optogenetic virus or a control vector into the DMH with optic fiber implantation, and sevoflurane anesthesia emergence was compared using behavioral experiments. In the remaining two groups, electroencephalogram (EEG) recording during sevoflurane anesthesia emergence was conducted after injection of the hChR2-expressing and control vectors. Anesthesia induction and recovery were assessed by observing the righting reflex. EEG data were recorded under 2.0% sevoflurane to calculate the burst suppression ratio (BSR) and under 1.5% sevoflurane for power spectrum analysis. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to visualize the colocalization of GFAP-positive astrocytes with viral protein signals. RESULTS Astrocyte activity in the DMH decreased progressively as sevoflurane concentration increased. During 2.0% sevoflurane anesthesia, the mice injected with the ChR2-expressing virus exhibited a significantly shortened wake-up time (P<0.05), and optogenetic activation of the DMH astrocytes led to a marked reduction in BSR (P<0.001). Under 1.5% sevoflurane anesthesia, optogenetic activation resulted in a significant increase in EEG gamma power and a significant decrease in delta power in ChR2 group (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Optogenetic activation of DMH astrocytes facilitates sevoflurane anesthesia emergence but does not significantly influence anesthesia induction. These findings offer new insights into the mechanisms underlying anesthesia emergence and may provide a potential target for accelerating postoperative recovery and managing anesthesia-related complications.
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Fan BQ, Xia JM, Yi XW, Yuan TJ, Zhou Y, Xu R, Wang L, Wang D, Xia Y, Yi WJ, Ding JH, Qu WM, Li WX, Huang ZL, Han Y. Ventral pallidum GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons modulate arousal during sevoflurane general anaesthesia in male mice. Br J Pharmacol 2025. [PMID: 40205920 DOI: 10.1111/bph.70019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2024] [Revised: 01/17/2025] [Accepted: 02/12/2025] [Indexed: 04/11/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The induction and emergence of general anaesthesia involve an altered process of states of consciousness, yet the central nervous system mechanisms remain inadequately understood. The ventral pallidum (VP) within the basal ganglia is crucial in sleep-wake modulation. However, its involvement in general anaesthesia and the underlying neuronal mechanisms are not well elucidated. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH In vivo electrophysiological recordings were conducted to examine changes in the activity of different types of VP neurons before and after sevoflurane exposure. Fibre photometry, combined with electroencephalogram and electromyography recordings, was employed to analyse neuronal activity during both the induction and recovery phases of sevoflurane anaesthesia. Chemogenetics was implemented to investigate the impact of modulated neuronal activity on anaesthesia induction and emergence, whereas optogenetics was used for real time activation of neurons at different depths of anaesthesia. KEY RESULTS Sevoflurane exposure reduced the firing activity of both VP GABAergic (VPGABA) and VP glutamatergic (VPglu) neurons, without affecting cholinergic neurons. VPGABA and VPglu neuronal activity decreased during sevoflurane anaesthesia induction and increased during emergence. Manipulation of VPGABA neurons bidirectionally influenced the duration of induction and emergence. Inhibiting VPglu neurons accelerated induction. Real time activation of VPGABA neurons triggered cortical activation and behavioural emergence during steady-state sevoflurane anaesthesia and reduced the burst suppression ratio during deep anaesthesia. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS These findings highlight the role of VPGABA and VPglu neurons in modulating transitions between anaesthesia stages, providing valuable insights into the neuronal mechanisms underlying sevoflurane-induced anaesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Qian Fan
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Centre for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Joint International Research Laboratory of Sleep, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jun-Ming Xia
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiu-Wen Yi
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian-Jie Yuan
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Centre for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Joint International Research Laboratory of Sleep, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Jing Yi
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Hui Ding
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Min Qu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Centre for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Joint International Research Laboratory of Sleep, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Xian Li
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Li Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Centre for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Joint International Research Laboratory of Sleep, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Han
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Zhang Q, Ke J, Cui G, Qian S, Qian W, Moon SW, Sun Y, Huang T, Qin Z. The neural ensembles activated by propofol and isoflurane anesthesia across the whole mouse brain. Neurosci Lett 2025; 846:138080. [PMID: 39662772 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2024.138080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2024] [Revised: 12/07/2024] [Accepted: 12/07/2024] [Indexed: 12/13/2024]
Abstract
General anesthesia has been widely used in surgical procedures. Propofol and isoflurane are the most commonly used injectable and inhaled anesthetics, respectively. The various adverse effects induced by propofol and isoflurane are highly associated with the anesthetic-dependent change of brain activities. In this work, we aim to delineate a brain-wide neuronal activity landscape of injectable versus inhaled anesthetics to understand the neural basis underlying the different physiological effects induced by these two major types of anesthetics. Through detailed scanning of the whole mouse brain subjected to propofol or isoflurane anesthesia, in total, we identified 17 subcortical regions, 3 of which (anterodorsal preoptic nucleus, ADP; lateral habenular, LHb; inferior olivary nucleus, ION) were specifically activated by propofol, and 3 (ventral part of the lateral septum, LSV; the intermediate part of the lateral septum, LSI; the solitary tract nucleus, Sol) were specifically activated by isoflurane, with the remaining 11 were activated by both two anesthetics. Moreover, within the 17 brain regions, ADP, SubCV (subcoeruleus nucleus, ventral part), PCRtA (parvicellular reticular nucleus, alpba part) and ION were newly identified that activated by propofol or isoflurane, respectively. By using Targeted Recombination in Active Populations (TRAP) technique, we further showed that propofol and isoflurane largely activate the same group of neurons in supraoptic nucleus (SON), but activate different groups of neurons in central amygdala (CeA). Our results reveals the neural ensembles activated by injectable and inhaled anesthetics, and provides detailed anatomical references for future studies on general anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Anesthesia and Perioperative Organ Protection, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen University General Hospital and Shenzhen University Academy of Clinical Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jin Ke
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Institute of Brain Cognition and Brain Disease, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guangfu Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Institute of Brain Cognition and Brain Disease, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Shen Qian
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Weixin Qian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Institute of Brain Cognition and Brain Disease, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sun-Wook Moon
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Institute of Brain Cognition and Brain Disease, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Yanyan Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen University General Hospital and Shenzhen University Academy of Clinical Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tianwen Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Institute of Brain Cognition and Brain Disease, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
| | - Zaisheng Qin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Anesthesia and Perioperative Organ Protection, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
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You Y, Liu H, Yang Z, Chen Y, Yang F, Yu T, Zhang Y. Anesthetic spindles serve as EEG markers of the depth variations in anesthesia induced by multifarious general anesthetics in mouse experiments. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1474923. [PMID: 39734402 PMCID: PMC11671261 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1474923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 11/25/2024] [Indexed: 12/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Mice play a crucial role in studying the mechanisms of general anesthesia. However, identifying reliable EEG markers for different depths of anesthesia induced by multifarious agents remains a significant challenge. Spindle activity, typically observed during NREM sleep, reflects synchronized thalamocortical activity and is characterized by a frequency range of 7-15 Hz and a duration of 0.5-3 s. Similar patterns, referred to as "anesthetic spindles," are also observed in the EEG during general anesthesia. However, the variability of anesthetic spindles across different anesthetic agents and depths is not yet fully understood. Method Mice were anesthetized with dexmedetomidine, propofol, ketamine, etomidate, isoflurane, or sevoflurane, and cortical EEG recordings were obtained. EEG signals were bandpass filtered between 0.1 and 60 Hz and analyzed using a custom MATLAB script for spindle detection. Anesthesia depth was assessed based on Guedel's modified stages of anesthesia and the presence of burst suppression in the EEG. Results Compared to sleep spindles, anesthetic spindles induced by the different agents exhibited higher amplitudes and longer durations. Isoflurane- and sevoflurane-induced spindles varied with the depth of anesthesia. Spindles associated with etomidate were prominent during induction and light anesthesia, whereas those induced by sevoflurane and isoflurane were more dominant during deep anesthesia and emergence. Post-anesthesia, spindles persisted but ceased more quickly following inhalational anesthesia. Conclusion Anesthesia spindle waves reflect distinct changes in anesthesia depth and persist following emergence, serving as objective EEG markers for assessing both anesthesia depth and the recovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying You
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection (Zunyi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection (Zunyi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zhanfei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection (Zunyi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yuxuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection (Zunyi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection (Zunyi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Tian Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection (Zunyi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection (Zunyi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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Xiao Q, Lu M, Zhang X, Guan J, Li X, Wen R, Wang N, Qian L, Liao Y, Zhang Z, Liao X, Jiang C, Yue F, Ren S, Xia J, Hu J, Luo F, Hu Z, He C. Isolated theta waves originating from the midline thalamus trigger memory reactivation during NREM sleep in mice. Nat Commun 2024; 15:9231. [PMID: 39455583 PMCID: PMC11511994 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-53522-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 10/11/2024] [Indexed: 10/28/2024] Open
Abstract
During non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, neural ensembles in the entorhinal-hippocampal circuit responsible for encoding recent memories undergo reactivation to facilitate the process of memory consolidation. This reactivation is widely acknowledged as pivotal for the formation of stable memory and its impairment is closely associated with memory dysfunction. To date, the neural mechanisms driving the reactivation of neural ensembles during NREM sleep remain poorly understood. Here, we show that the neural ensembles in the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) that encode spatial experiences exhibit reactivation during NREM sleep. Notably, this reactivation consistently coincides with isolated theta waves. In addition, we found that the nucleus reuniens (RE) in the midline thalamus exhibits typical theta waves during NREM sleep, which are highly synchronized with those occurring in the MEC in male mice. Closed-loop optogenetic inhibition of the RE-MEC pathway specifically suppressed these isolated theta waves, resulting in impaired reactivation and compromised memory consolidation following a spatial memory task in male mice. The findings suggest that theta waves originating from the ventral midline thalamus play a role in initiating memory reactivation and consolidation during sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xiao
- Department of Physiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Minmin Lu
- Department of Physiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaolong Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiangheng Guan
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Chinese PLA Central Theater Command, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Physiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ruyi Wen
- Department of Physiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Physiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ling Qian
- Department of Physiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yixiang Liao
- Department of Physiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zehui Zhang
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiang Liao
- Center for Neurointelligence, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chenggang Jiang
- Department of Sleep and Psychology, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing, China
| | - Faguo Yue
- Sleep and Psychology Center, Bishan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuancheng Ren
- Department of Physiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianxia Xia
- Department of Physiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fenlan Luo
- Department of Physiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Zhian Hu
- Department of Physiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- Chongqing Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Guangyang Bay Laboratory, Chongqing, China.
| | - Chao He
- Department of Physiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Wang D, Bao C, Wu H, Li J, Zhang X, Wang S, Zhou F, Li H, Dong H. A hypothalamus-lateral periaqueductal gray GABAergic neural projection facilitates arousal following sevoflurane anesthesia in mice. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e70047. [PMID: 39317457 PMCID: PMC11421888 DOI: 10.1111/cns.70047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lateral hypothalamus (LHA) is an evolutionarily conserved structure that regulates basic functions of an organism, particularly wakefulness. To clarify the function of LHAGABA neurons and their projections on regulating general anesthesia is crucial for understanding the excitatory and inhibitory effects of anesthetics on the brain. The aim of the present study is to investigate whether LHAGABA neurons play either an inhibitory or a facilitatory role in sevoflurane-induced anesthetic arousal regulation. METHODS We used fiber photometry and immunofluorescence staining to monitor changes in neuronal activity during sevoflurane anesthesia. Opto-/chemogenetic modulations were employed to study the effect of neurocircuit modulations during the anesthesia. Anterograde tracing was used to identify a GABAergic projection from the LHA to a periaqueductal gray (PAG) subregion. RESULTS c-Fos staining showed that LHAGABA activity was inhibited by induction of sevoflurane anesthesia. Anterograde tracing revealed that LHAGABA neurons project to multiple arousal-associated brain areas, with the lateral periaqueductal gray (LPAG) being one of the dense projection areas. Optogenetic experiments showed that activation of LHAGABA neurons and their downstream target LPAG reduced the burst suppression ratio (BSR) during continuous sevoflurane anesthesia. Chemogenetic experiments showed that activation of LHAGABA and its projection to LPAG neurons prolonged the anesthetic induction time and promoted wakefulness. CONCLUSIONS In summary, we show that an inhibitory projection from LHAGABA to LPAGGABA neurons promotes arousal from sevoflurane-induced loss of consciousness, suggesting a complex control of wakefulness through intimate interactions between long-range connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing HospitalThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology (The Fourth Military Medical University)Ministry of Education of ChinaXi'anChina
| | - Chang Bao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing HospitalThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology (The Fourth Military Medical University)Ministry of Education of ChinaXi'anChina
| | - Huimin Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing HospitalThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology (The Fourth Military Medical University)Ministry of Education of ChinaXi'anChina
| | - Jiannan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing HospitalThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology (The Fourth Military Medical University)Ministry of Education of ChinaXi'anChina
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing HospitalThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology (The Fourth Military Medical University)Ministry of Education of ChinaXi'anChina
| | - Sa Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing HospitalThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology (The Fourth Military Medical University)Ministry of Education of ChinaXi'anChina
| | - Fang Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing HospitalThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology (The Fourth Military Medical University)Ministry of Education of ChinaXi'anChina
| | - Huiming Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing HospitalThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology (The Fourth Military Medical University)Ministry of Education of ChinaXi'anChina
| | - Hailong Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing HospitalThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology (The Fourth Military Medical University)Ministry of Education of ChinaXi'anChina
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Hu Y, Du W, Qi J, Luo H, Zhang Z, Luo M, Wang Y. Comparative brain-wide mapping of ketamine- and isoflurane-activated nuclei and functional networks in the mouse brain. eLife 2024; 12:RP88420. [PMID: 38512722 PMCID: PMC10957177 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Ketamine (KET) and isoflurane (ISO) are two widely used general anesthetics, yet their distinct and shared neurophysiological mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of the effects of KET and ISO on c-Fos expression across the mouse brain, utilizing hierarchical clustering and c-Fos-based functional network analysis to evaluate the responses of individual brain regions to each anesthetic. Our findings reveal that KET activates a wide range of brain regions, notably in the cortical and subcortical nuclei involved in sensory, motor, emotional, and reward processing, with the temporal association areas (TEa) as a strong hub, suggesting a top-down mechanism affecting consciousness by primarily targeting higher order cortical networks. In contrast, ISO predominantly influences brain regions in the hypothalamus, impacting neuroendocrine control, autonomic function, and homeostasis, with the locus coeruleus (LC) as a connector hub, indicating a bottom-up mechanism in anesthetic-induced unconsciousness. KET and ISO both activate brain areas involved in sensory processing, memory and cognition, reward and motivation, as well as autonomic and homeostatic control, highlighting their shared effects on various neural pathways. In conclusion, our results highlight the distinct but overlapping effects of KET and ISO, enriching our understanding of the mechanisms underlying general anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Wenjie Du
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jiangtao Qi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Huoqing Luo
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Mengqiang Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yingwei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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9
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Zhou C. Editorial: Neural circuits underlying general anesthetics mediated consciousness changes. Front Neural Circuits 2023; 17:1251970. [PMID: 37731745 PMCID: PMC10507362 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2023.1251970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhou
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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