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Yang S, Xiong L, Liao T, Li L, Li Y, Kang L, Yang G, Liang Z. Deubiquitinating Enzyme USP2 Alleviates Muscle Atrophy by Stabilizing PPAR-γ. Diabetes 2025; 74:773-786. [PMID: 39874418 PMCID: PMC12015143 DOI: 10.2337/db24-0375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2025] [Indexed: 01/30/2025]
Abstract
Insulin resistance, a hallmark of type 2 diabetes, accelerates muscle breakdown and impairs energy metabolism. However, the role of ubiquitin specific peptidase 2 (USP2), a key regulator of insulin resistance, in sarcopenia remains unclear. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) plays a critical role in regulating muscle atrophy. The role of deubiquitinase USP2 in mitigating muscle atrophy was investigated. Our findings revealed reduced USP2 expression in skeletal muscles of patients with type 2 diabetes. In mouse models of diabetes- and dexamethasone (DEX)-induced muscle atrophy, USP2 expression was downregulated in skeletal muscles. Usp2 knockout exacerbated muscle loss and functional impairment induced by diabetes or DEX. Moreover, skeletal muscle-specific Usp2 knockout further aggravated muscle loss and functional impairment induced by diabetes. Local injection of adeno-associated virus-Usp2 into the gastrocnemius muscles of diabetic mice increased muscle mass and improved skeletal muscle performance and endurance. It enhanced insulin sensitivity in diabetic mice, shown by lower fasting serum glucose and insulin levels and better glucose tolerance. Mechanistic analysis showed USP2 directly interacted with PPAR-γ by deubiquitinating it, stabilizing its protein levels, enhancing insulin signaling and sensitivity, and maintaining muscle mass. Loss of PPAR-γ abolishes the regulatory effects of USP2 on insulin sensitivity and muscle atrophy. MYOD1 activates USP2 transcription by binding to its promoter region. This study demonstrates the protective role of USP2 in mitigating muscle atrophy by stabilizing PPAR-γ through deubiquitination, particularly in models of diabetic and DEX-induced muscle atrophy. Targeting the USP2-PPAR-γ axis may offer promising therapeutic strategies for metabolic disorders and sarcopenia. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital (Shenzhen People’s Hospital), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Lijiao Xiong
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital (Shenzhen People’s Hospital), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Tingfeng Liao
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital (Shenzhen People’s Hospital), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Lixing Li
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital (Shenzhen People’s Hospital), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanchun Li
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital (Shenzhen People’s Hospital), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Lin Kang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital (Shenzhen People’s Hospital), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- The Biobank of National Innovation Center for Advanced Medical Devices, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Guangyan Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital (Shenzhen People’s Hospital), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhen Liang
- Department of Geriatrics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Chen Y, Wang P, Ma S, Yue C, Liu X, Cheng Y, Liu K, Zhao T, Shyh‐Chang N. Genetically Engineered Hypoimmune Human Muscle Progenitor Cells Can Reduce Immune Rejection. Cell Prolif 2025; 58:e13802. [PMID: 39777760 PMCID: PMC11969239 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2024] [Revised: 12/18/2024] [Accepted: 12/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2025] Open
Abstract
Cells face two challenges after transplantation: recognition and killing by lymphocytes, and cell apoptosis induced by the transplantation environment. Our hypoimmune cells aim to address these two challenges through editing of immunomodulatory proteins and overexpression of anti-apoptotic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Shilin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Chenran Yue
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Xupeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Yeqian Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Kun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Tongbiao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Ng Shyh‐Chang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
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Liu Y, Cao X, Zhou Q, Deng C, Yang Y, Huang D, Luo H, Zhang S, Li Y, Xu J, Chen H. Mechanisms and Countermeasures for Muscle Atrophy in Microgravity. Cells 2024; 13:2120. [PMID: 39768210 PMCID: PMC11727360 DOI: 10.3390/cells13242120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2024] [Revised: 12/09/2024] [Accepted: 12/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2025] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have revealed that muscle atrophy emerges as a significant challenge faced by astronauts during prolonged missions in space. A loss in muscle mass results in a weakening of skeletal muscle strength and function, which will not only contribute to a decline in overall physical performance but also elevate the risk of various age-related diseases. Skeletal muscle atrophy in the microgravity environment is thought to be associated with changes in energy metabolism, protein metabolism, calcium ion homeostasis, myostatin levels, and apoptosis. Modulating some pathways could be a promising approach to mitigating muscle atrophy in the microgravity environment. This review serves as a comprehensive summary of research on the impact of microgravity on skeletal muscle, with the aim of providing insights into its pathogenesis and the development of effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhou Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (Y.L.); (X.C.); (Q.Z.); (C.D.); (Y.Y.); (D.H.); (H.L.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Xiaojian Cao
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (Y.L.); (X.C.); (Q.Z.); (C.D.); (Y.Y.); (D.H.); (H.L.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Qiuzhi Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (Y.L.); (X.C.); (Q.Z.); (C.D.); (Y.Y.); (D.H.); (H.L.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.X.)
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Chunchu Deng
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (Y.L.); (X.C.); (Q.Z.); (C.D.); (Y.Y.); (D.H.); (H.L.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Yujie Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (Y.L.); (X.C.); (Q.Z.); (C.D.); (Y.Y.); (D.H.); (H.L.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Danxia Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (Y.L.); (X.C.); (Q.Z.); (C.D.); (Y.Y.); (D.H.); (H.L.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Hongmei Luo
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (Y.L.); (X.C.); (Q.Z.); (C.D.); (Y.Y.); (D.H.); (H.L.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Song Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (Y.L.); (X.C.); (Q.Z.); (C.D.); (Y.Y.); (D.H.); (H.L.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Yajie Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (Y.L.); (X.C.); (Q.Z.); (C.D.); (Y.Y.); (D.H.); (H.L.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.X.)
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jia Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (Y.L.); (X.C.); (Q.Z.); (C.D.); (Y.Y.); (D.H.); (H.L.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.X.)
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (Y.L.); (X.C.); (Q.Z.); (C.D.); (Y.Y.); (D.H.); (H.L.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.X.)
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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Yousefi F, Foster LA, Selim OA, Zhao C. Integrating Physical and Biochemical Cues for Muscle Engineering: Scaffolds and Graft Durability. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:1245. [PMID: 39768063 PMCID: PMC11673930 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11121245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2024] [Revised: 11/26/2024] [Accepted: 11/28/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2025] Open
Abstract
Muscle stem cells (MuSCs) are essential for skeletal muscle regeneration, influenced by a complex interplay of mechanical, biochemical, and molecular cues. Properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) such as stiffness and alignment guide stem cell fate through mechanosensitive pathways, where forces like shear stress translate into biochemical signals, affecting cell behavior. Aging introduces senescence which disrupts the MuSC niche, leading to reduced regenerative capacity via epigenetic alterations and metabolic shifts. Transplantation further challenges MuSC viability, often resulting in fibrosis driven by dysregulated fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs). Addressing these issues, scaffold designs integrated with pharmacotherapy emulate ECM environments, providing cues that enhance graft functionality and endurance. These scaffolds facilitate the synergy between mechanotransduction and intracellular signaling, optimizing MuSC proliferation and differentiation. Innovations utilizing human pluripotent stem cell-derived myogenic progenitors and exosome-mediated delivery exploit bioactive properties for targeted repair. Additionally, 3D-printed and electrospun scaffolds with adjustable biomechanical traits tackle scalability in treating volumetric muscle loss. Advanced techniques like single-cell RNA sequencing and high-resolution imaging unravel muscle repair mechanisms, offering precise mapping of cellular interactions. Collectively, this interdisciplinary approach fortifies tissue graft durability and MuSC maintenance, propelling therapeutic strategies for muscle injuries and degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farbod Yousefi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (F.Y.); (L.A.F.); (O.A.S.)
| | - Lauren Ann Foster
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (F.Y.); (L.A.F.); (O.A.S.)
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA
| | - Omar A. Selim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (F.Y.); (L.A.F.); (O.A.S.)
| | - Chunfeng Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (F.Y.); (L.A.F.); (O.A.S.)
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Cheng Y, Liu R, Wang RR, Yu K, Shen J, Pang J, Zhang T, Shi H, Sun L, Shyh‐Chang N. The metabaging cycle promotes non-metabolic chronic diseases of ageing. Cell Prolif 2024; 57:e13712. [PMID: 38988247 PMCID: PMC11471437 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yeqian Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Ruirui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ruiqi Rachel Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Kang Yu
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Department of Health MedicinePeking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
- Peking Union Medical College HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Ji Shen
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of GerontologyInstitute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jing Pang
- The Key Laboratory of GeriatricsBeijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology of National Health CommissionBeijingChina
| | - Tiemei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of GeriatricsBeijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology of National Health CommissionBeijingChina
| | - Hong Shi
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of GerontologyInstitute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Liang Sun
- The Key Laboratory of GeriatricsBeijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology of National Health CommissionBeijingChina
- The NHC Key laboratory of Drug Addiction MedicineKunming Medical UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Ng Shyh‐Chang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
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He Q, Yao W, Luo J, Wu J, Zhang F, Li C, Gao L, Zhang Y. Knockdown of PROX1 promotes milk fatty acid synthesis by targeting PPARGC1A in dairy goat mammary gland. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131043. [PMID: 38518943 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Goat milk is rich in various fatty acids that are beneficial to human health. Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (ChIP-seq) and RNA-seq analyses of goat mammary glands at different lactation stages revealed a novel lactation regulatory factor, Prospero homeobox 1 (PROX1). However, the mechanism whereby PROX1 regulates lipid metabolism in dairy goats remains unclear. We found that PROX1 exhibits the highest expression level during peak lactation period. PROX1 knockdown enhanced the expression of genes related to de novo fatty acid synthesis (e.g., SREBP1 and FASN) and triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis (e.g., DGAT1 and GPAM) in goat mammary epithelial cells (GMECs). Consistently, intracellular TAG and lipid droplet contents were significantly increased in PROX1 knockdown cells and reduced in PROX1 overexpression cells, and we observed similar results in PROX1 knockout mice. Following PROX1 overexpression, RNA-seq showed a significant upregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PPARGC1A) expression. Further, PPARGC1A knockdown attenuated the inhibitory effects of PROX1 on TAG contents and lipid-droplet formation in GMECs. Moreover, we found that PROX1 promoted PPARGC1A transcription via the PROX1 binding sites (PBSs) located in the PPARGC1A promoter. These results suggest a novel target for manipulating the goat milk-fat composition and improving the quality of goat milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuya He
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Weiwei Yao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jun Luo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Jiao Wu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Yunnan Agricultural University, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Kunming 65201, China
| | - Fuhong Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Chun Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Liangjiahui Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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