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Wang Y, Guilliams KP, Fields ME, Fellah S, Binkley MM, Reis M, Vo KD, Chen Y, Ying C, Blinder M, King AA, Hulbert ML, An H, Lee JM, Ford AL. Silent Infarcts, White Matter Integrity, and Oxygen Metabolic Stress in Young Adults With and Without Sickle Cell Trait. Stroke 2022; 53:2887-2895. [PMID: 35545940 PMCID: PMC9398918 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.121.036567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with sickle cell anemia have heightened risk of stroke and cognitive dysfunction. Given its high prevalence globally, whether sickle cell trait (SCT) is a risk factor for neurological injury has been of interest; however, data have been limited. We hypothesized that young, healthy adults with SCT would show normal cerebrovascular structure and hemodynamic function. METHODS As a case-control study, young adults with (N=25, cases) and without SCT (N=24, controls) underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging to quantify brain volume, microstructural integrity (fractional anisotropy), silent cerebral infarcts (SCI), intracranial stenosis, and aneurysms. Pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling and asymmetric spin echo sequences measured cerebral blood flow and oxygen extraction fraction, respectively, from which cerebral metabolic oxygen demand was calculated. Imaging metrics were compared between SCT cases and controls. SCI volume was correlated with baseline characteristics. RESULTS Compared with controls, adults with SCT demonstrated similar normalized brain volumes (SCT 0.80 versus control 0.81, P=0.41), white matter fractional anisotropy (SCT 0.41 versus control 0.43, P=0.37), cerebral blood flow (SCT 62.04 versus control, 61.16 mL/min/100 g, P=0.67), oxygen extraction fraction (SCT 0.27 versus control 0.27, P=0.31), and cerebral metabolic oxygen demand (SCT 2.71 versus control 2.70 mL/min/100 g, P=0.96). One per cohort had an intracranial aneurysm. None had intracranial stenosis. The SCT cases and controls showed similar prevalence and volume of SCIs; however, in the subset of participants with SCIs, the SCT cases had greater SCI volume versus controls (0.29 versus 0.07 mL, P=0.008). Of baseline characteristics, creatinine was mildly elevated in the SCT cohort (0.9 versus 0.8 mg/dL, P=0.053) and correlated with SCI volume (ρ=0.49, P=0.032). In the SCT cohort, SCI distribution was similar to that of young adults with sickle cell anemia. CONCLUSIONS Adults with SCT showed normal cerebrovascular structure and hemodynamic function. These findings suggest that healthy individuals with SCT are unlikely to be at increased risk for early or accelerated ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Kristin P Guilliams
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Melanie E Fields
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Slim Fellah
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Michael M Binkley
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Martin Reis
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Katie D. Vo
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Yasheng Chen
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Chunwei Ying
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Morey Blinder
- Program in Occupational Therapy and Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis Children’s Hospital, St. Louis, MO
| | - Allison A. King
- Department of Medicine, Division of hematology/oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Monica L. Hulbert
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Hongyu An
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Jin-Moo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Andria L. Ford
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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Caughey MC, Derebail VK, Carden MA, Novelli EM, Lutsey PL, Key NS, Kshirsagar AV, Heiss G. Prevalence and outcomes of dehydration in adults with sickle cell trait: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Br J Haematol 2022; 198:397-400. [PMID: 35510344 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.18221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa C Caughey
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Vimal K Derebail
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Enrico M Novelli
- Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute and Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Pamela L Lutsey
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nigel S Key
- Division of Hematology and Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Abhijit V Kshirsagar
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gerardo Heiss
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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4
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Farrell PM, Langfelder-Schwind E, Farrell MH. Challenging the dogma of the healthy heterozygote: Implications for newborn screening policies and practices. Mol Genet Metab 2021; 134:8-19. [PMID: 34483044 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Heterozygous (carrier) status for an autosomal recessive condition is traditionally considered to lack significance for an individual's health, but this assumption has been challenged by a growing body of evidence. Carriers of several autosomal recessive disorders and some X-linked diseases are potentially at risk for the pathology manifest in homozygotes. This minireview provides an overview of the literature regarding health risks to carriers of two common autosomal recessive conditions on the Recommended Uniform Screening Panel: sickle cell disease [sickle cell trait (SCT)] and cystic fibrosis (CF). We also consider and comment on bioethical and policy implications for newborn blood screening (NBS). Health risks for heterozygotes, while relatively low for individuals, are often influenced by intrinsic (e.g., other genomic variants or co-morbidities) and extrinsic (environmental) factors, which present opportunities for personalized genomic medicine and risk counseling. They create a special challenge, however, for developing screening/follow-up policies and for genetic counseling, particularly after identification and reporting of heterozygote status through NBS. Although more research is needed, this minireview of the SCT and CF literature to date leads us to propose that blanket terms such as "healthy heterozygotes" or "unaffected carriers" should be superseded in communications about NBS results, in favor of a more nuanced paradigm of setting expectations for health outcomes with "genotype-to-risk." In the molecular era of NBS, it remains clear that public health needs to become better prepared for the full range of applied genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Farrell
- Departments of Pediatrics and Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 600 Highland Avenue, Clinical Sciences Center (K4/948), Madison, WI 53792, USA.
| | - Elinor Langfelder-Schwind
- The Cystic Fibrosis Center, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1st Ave at 16th Street, 8F18, New York, NY 10003, USA.
| | - Michael H Farrell
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Division of General Internal Medicine (MMC 741), 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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6
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Zhang RV, Ryan KA, Lopez H, Wozniak MA, Phipps MS, Cronin CA, Cole JW, Dutta TM, Mehndiratta P, Motta M, Merino JG, Kittner SJ. Sickle Cell Trait and Risk of Ischemic Stroke in Young Adults. Stroke 2020; 51:e238-e241. [PMID: 32781942 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.119.028404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Approximately 8% of Blacks have sickle cell trait (SCT), and there are conflicting reports from recent cohort studies on the association of SCT with ischemic stroke (IS). Most prior studies focused on older populations, with few data available in young adults. METHODS A population-based case-control study of early-onset IS was conducted in the Baltimore-Washington region between 1992 and 2007. From this study, 342 Black IS cases, ages 15 to 49, and 333 controls without IS were used to examine the association between SCT and IS. Each participant's SCT status was established by genotyping and imputation. For analysis, χ2 tests and logistic regression models were performed with adjustment for potential confounding variables. RESULTS Participants with SCT (n=55) did not differ from those without SCT (n=620) in prevalence of hypertension, previous myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus, and current smoking status. Stroke cases had increased prevalence in these risk factors compared with controls. We did not find an association between SCT and early-onset IS in our overall population (odds ratio=0.9 [95% CI, 0.5-1.7]) or stratified by sex in males (odds ratio=1.26 [95% CI, 0.56-2.80]) and females (odds ratio=0.67 [95% CI, 0.28-1.69]). CONCLUSIONS Our data did not find evidence of increased risk of early-onset stroke with SCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca V Zhang
- Department of Neurology (R.V.Z., H.L., M.A.W., M.S.P., C.A.C., J.W.C., T.M.D., P.M., M.M., J.G.M., S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Kathleen A Ryan
- Department of Medicine (K.A.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore.,VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore (K.A.R., H.L., M.A.W., M.S.P., C.A.C., J.W.C., S.J.K.)
| | - Haley Lopez
- Department of Neurology (R.V.Z., H.L., M.A.W., M.S.P., C.A.C., J.W.C., T.M.D., P.M., M.M., J.G.M., S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore.,VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore (K.A.R., H.L., M.A.W., M.S.P., C.A.C., J.W.C., S.J.K.)
| | - Marcella A Wozniak
- Department of Neurology (R.V.Z., H.L., M.A.W., M.S.P., C.A.C., J.W.C., T.M.D., P.M., M.M., J.G.M., S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore.,VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore (K.A.R., H.L., M.A.W., M.S.P., C.A.C., J.W.C., S.J.K.)
| | - Michael S Phipps
- Department of Neurology (R.V.Z., H.L., M.A.W., M.S.P., C.A.C., J.W.C., T.M.D., P.M., M.M., J.G.M., S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore.,VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore (K.A.R., H.L., M.A.W., M.S.P., C.A.C., J.W.C., S.J.K.)
| | - Carolyn A Cronin
- Department of Neurology (R.V.Z., H.L., M.A.W., M.S.P., C.A.C., J.W.C., T.M.D., P.M., M.M., J.G.M., S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore.,VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore (K.A.R., H.L., M.A.W., M.S.P., C.A.C., J.W.C., S.J.K.)
| | - John W Cole
- Department of Neurology (R.V.Z., H.L., M.A.W., M.S.P., C.A.C., J.W.C., T.M.D., P.M., M.M., J.G.M., S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore.,VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore (K.A.R., H.L., M.A.W., M.S.P., C.A.C., J.W.C., S.J.K.)
| | - Tara M Dutta
- Department of Neurology (R.V.Z., H.L., M.A.W., M.S.P., C.A.C., J.W.C., T.M.D., P.M., M.M., J.G.M., S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Prachi Mehndiratta
- Department of Neurology (R.V.Z., H.L., M.A.W., M.S.P., C.A.C., J.W.C., T.M.D., P.M., M.M., J.G.M., S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Melissa Motta
- Department of Neurology (R.V.Z., H.L., M.A.W., M.S.P., C.A.C., J.W.C., T.M.D., P.M., M.M., J.G.M., S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - José G Merino
- Department of Neurology (R.V.Z., H.L., M.A.W., M.S.P., C.A.C., J.W.C., T.M.D., P.M., M.M., J.G.M., S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Steven J Kittner
- Department of Neurology (R.V.Z., H.L., M.A.W., M.S.P., C.A.C., J.W.C., T.M.D., P.M., M.M., J.G.M., S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore.,VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore (K.A.R., H.L., M.A.W., M.S.P., C.A.C., J.W.C., S.J.K.)
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