1
|
Mohebian Z, Paridokht F, Karimi Zeverdegani S, Mohammadi F. Inhalation exposure to toxic heavy metals in nail salon technicians and health risk assessment using Monte Carlo simulation. Inhal Toxicol 2024; 36:90-99. [PMID: 38407183 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2024.2315124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nail salons offer a developing and diverse occupation for many women, especially the new generation. Due to the increasing apprehension surrounding heavy metals in dust caused by filing nails containing dried nail polish, the present study was designed aimed to health risk assessment of heavy metals in breathing zone of nail salon technicians (NSTs). METHODS This is a cross-sectional study that was conducted in NSTs. The concentration of Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), Chromium (Cr) and Manganese (Mn)in breathing zone of 20 NSTs was determined using ICP-OES. RESULTS The metal concentrations were in the following order: Mn > Pb > Ni > Cr > Cd with corresponding arithmetic mean values of0.008, 0.0023, 0.0021, 0.001 and 0.0006 mg m-3, respectively, which are exceeded the recommended levels stated in the indoor air guidelines. The average lifetime carcinogenic risk (LCR) for Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb was calculated 0.0084, 0.00054, 0.00026 and 1.44 E - 05, respectively. The LCR values of all metals (except Pb) exceeded the acceptable level set by the USEPA. The mean of Hazard quotients (HQ) for Mn, Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb were calculated to be23.7, 4.74, 2.19, 0.51 and 0.0.24, respectively. The sensitivity analysis showed that, the exposure frequency (EF) for Cr and Ni had the strong effects on generation of both LCR and HQ. Furthermore, the concentrations of Mn, Cd and Pb had strong impacts on the HQ generation and the concentration of Cd and Pb had main effects on LCR generation. CONCLUSION To effectively reduce pollutant concentration, it is recommended to install a ventilation system near nail salon work tables and conduct continuous monitoring and quality control of nail products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Mohebian
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Student Research Committee, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Paridokht
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Student Research Committee, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sara Karimi Zeverdegani
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ebrahimi V, Yarahmadi R, Salehi M, Ashtarinezhad A. Assessing occupational exposure of airborne PMs and TVOCs in the nail salons in Tehran city, Iran. Heliyon 2023; 9:e23088. [PMID: 38144351 PMCID: PMC10746482 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
There are concerns about the health of nail salon technicians due to the inherently harmful agents such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and released particles in the salons. For this reason, this study was conducted to investigate the occupational exposure of nail salon technicians to VOCs and particulate matters (PMs) in the nail salons in Tehran, Iran. In this cross-sectional study, indoor air quality and measurement continually Total VOCs and PMs in the various size of PM1-PM10 using PhoCheck Tiger and particle counter device investigated, respectively. site observation, and an interview with the manager in 49 salons in Tehran. Data was analyzed using SPSS software (version 22). Mean concentrations of PM1 with 2.56 μɡ/m3 was the lowest amount and PM10 with 346.86μɡ/m3 had the highest concentration. Also, the mean concentration of TVOCs was equal 2.61 ppm. The results of the regression model showed that there is a statistically significant between the number of services with airborne PMs (PM2.5), (p-Value≤0.050). In salons only with nail activities, the concentration of PM4 was less than the others, although this correlation was statistically significant just for PM1 (p-Value = 0.010). By implementing effective local exhaust ventilation systems equipped with dust collectors and utilizing safe products, the emission of particles and chemical compounds within salons can be significantly reduced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vida Ebrahimi
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rasoul Yarahmadi
- Air Pollution Research Center, Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Salehi
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Ashtarinezhad
- Air Pollution Research Center, Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Onyango PO. The cost of beauty: Perspectives of salon workers in Kisumu City, Kenya. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 3:e0002503. [PMID: 37930951 PMCID: PMC10627437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite occupational exposure to hazardous chemicals in cosmetics and personal care products (PCPs), salon workers receive minimal formal protections. Consequently, most salon workers rely on personal safeguards. However, the nature of such individual-level safeguards remains unknown. Knowledge of risks associated with occupational use of cosmetics and PCPs and information needs of salon workers were investigated in Kisumu City, Kenya. Responses from 302 respondents showed that 84% were women and 30% had post-secondary education. Seventy percent reported knowing that ingestion, inhalation, dermal absorption, and injection are the pathways through which harmful products in cosmetics and PCPs may enter the body. Salon workers who had been employed for more than 5 years were at least twice more likely to report that it is not the case that cosmetics and PCPs only cause harm to children (5-10 years vs 1 year: OR = 2.440, 95% CI, 1.160-5.239; >10 years vs 1 year: OR = 8.857, 95% CI, 3.163-29.377); they were about three times more likely to either agree with the statement that cosmetics and PCPs only cause harm under prolonged exposure or to say that they did not know compared to their counterparts who had worked in the industry for 1 year (5-10 years vs 1 year: OR = 2.750, 95% CI, 1.144-7.179; >10 years vs 1 year: 3.179, 95% CI, 1.173-9.096). Over 50% of the respondents reported that they need information on how to protect themselves and others; on available protective measures; and on cosmetic products and PCPs that are safe. Sixty percent reported that they would prefer to get such information from the Ministry of Health at the county or national level and on product inserts. Overall, salon workers in Kisumu City are knowledgeable about the risks associated with their occupation but also appreciate gaps in their knowledge, which can be filled by government-mandated interventions.
Collapse
|
4
|
Lê AB, Huỳnh TB. The need for a multi-level approach to occupational safety and health among Asian and Asian American beauty service workers. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2023; 20:495-505. [PMID: 37540163 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2023.2245447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Asian and Asian Americans (A/AA) are a group overlooked in general health outcomes but especially occupational safety and health outcomes. In the United States, the beauty service microbusiness industry (e.g., nail salons) predominantly employs immigrant Asian women who regularly encounter a plethora of occupational hazards (e.g., harmful chemical exposures -toluene, formaldehyde, bloodborne pathogens, fungi. However, due to the precariousness of beauty service jobs, cultural and linguistic barriers, and social determinants of health, A/AA beauty service workers face complex occupational safety and health challenges that require interdisciplinary collaboration and cultural competency to address. This commentary will discuss a multi-level approach including specific outreach partners that will offer the required diverse skillsets necessary for improving the occupational safety and health for this worker population in this microbusiness industry. Implications and suggestions for interventions and policy changes are also recommended utilizing the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities' Research Framework.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurora B Lê
- Department of Health Behavior, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Trân B Huỳnh
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abareshi F, Rastaghi S, Fallahi M. Nail job and women’s health: Assessment of ergonomics and occupational hazards. Work 2022; 73:687-694. [DOI: 10.3233/wor-210672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The nail job is a new occupation in which the number of people who choose this job is rising. Therefore, the harmful hazards affecting the health of the practitioners should be taken into account. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the ergonomics and occupational health hazards among nail technicians in Iranian society. METHODS: The self-administered questionnaire, the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire and Novel Ergonomic Postural Assessment (NERPA) method were used to gather data from 80 female nail technicians who participated in this study. RESULTS: More than half of the participants (67.6%) complained of coughing and eye irritation (70%) which was the most frequently reported irritation. The final score of the NERPA was at a high-risk level and the neck pain (63.8%) was the highest in comparison with other parts of the body. There was a significant relationship between activity type with disorder in the neck, elbow, hip, knee, and ankle. Lighting intensity was not significantly associated with musculoskeletal disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Concerning the low work experience, the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and, respiratory complaints is high. Hence, the attention of policy-makers to the safety and hygiene issues of women in this occupation is necessary by setting guidelines and considering inspections of occupational health and safety professionals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Abareshi
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Seddighe Rastaghi
- School of Public Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Fallahi
- Non-Communicable Disease Research Center, Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
OUP accepted manuscript. Ann Work Expo Health 2022; 66:827-837. [DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxac011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
7
|
Perceived work exposures and expressed intervention needs among Michigan nail salon workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2021; 94:2001-2013. [PMID: 34052870 PMCID: PMC8164489 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-021-01719-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Nail salon workers are an underserved population exposed to various occupational hazards. Comprised primarily of women and immigrants, these workers face challenges that further increase their workplace exposures and adverse health outcomes. Though previous studies have noted nail salon workers’ exposures, these studies have yet to explore the workers’ insights on intervention needs. This study among Michigan nail salon workers addresses this gap. Methods This qualitative study was informed by the phenomenology methodological framework anchored within critical social theory. Participants were recruited from nail salons in Southeast Michigan to partake in focus groups. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using content analysis. Results Three focus groups were conducted with 13 participants. Three major categories emerged. The first category, workers’ perceived work-related stressors, included six themes: lack of standardized policies, regulations, education/training; disconnect between education/training and real-world practice; inadequate knowledge on exposures and safety protocols; unsafe nail products; customer pressure; and immigrant-related pressures. The second category, health issues perceived to be directly related to workplace exposures, included two themes: symptoms experienced due to contact with nail products and symptoms due to poor ergonomics. The third category, participants’ perceived intervention needs, included four themes: continuing education; updates with new products; communication with key stakeholders; and partnership building and resource access. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first qualitative study among U.S. nail salon workers focused in Midwest. In addition to the noted individual and organizational-level interventions, policy level implications are discussed given discrepancies in training and practices across states.
Collapse
|
8
|
Ma GX, Wei Z, Husni R, Do P, Zhou K, Rhee J, Tan Y, Navder K, Yeh MC. Characterizing Occupational Health Risks and Chemical Exposures Among Asian Nail Salon Workers on the East Coast of the United States. J Community Health 2020; 44:1168-1179. [PMID: 31297649 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-019-00702-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The products used in nail care services contain toxic chemicals. This study aimed to characterize occupational health risk factors and chemical exposures among Asian nail salon workers on the East Coast of the U.S. for informing the development of more effective, culturally appropriate interventions. We conducted a community-based participatory research (CBPR) study to characterize occupational health risks. A face-to-face, self-reported survey was performed, and personal exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was evaluated. Three VOCs, acetone, methyl methacrylate (MMA), and toluene, were measured using 3M 3500 organic vapor monitors. We collected data on 112 workers with 100 personal chemical exposure measurements from 25 nail salons. Self-reported health problems that emerged or worsened after participants started working in the nail salon industry included headaches (8%); lightheadedness (9.8%); and irritation to the nose, eyes, throat, and skin (21.2%). Approximately 70% of participants reported that they had been pregnant, 11.7% of whom had at least one miscarriage. The mean concentrations of acetone, MMA, and toluene were 18.51 parts per million (ppm), 39.45 ppm, and 0.09 ppm, respectively. Mean concentrations of acetone and MMA measured from salons in New York City were significantly lower than those measured in Philadelphia and southern New Jersey. CBPR proved to be as an efficient approach for recruiting hard-to-reach Asian immigrant nail salon workers. Adverse health symptoms and problems associated with providing nail salon services were identified in these workers. Further studies are needed to better understand the long-term health effects of chronic chemical exposures in nail salon environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grace X Ma
- Center for Asian Health, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3440 N Broad St., Suite 320, Kresge East Bldg, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA.
| | - Zhengyu Wei
- Center for Asian Health, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3440 N Broad St., Suite 320, Kresge East Bldg, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Rosy Husni
- Hunter College, The City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA
| | - Phuong Do
- Center for Asian Health, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3440 N Broad St., Suite 320, Kresge East Bldg, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Kathy Zhou
- Center for Asian Health, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3440 N Broad St., Suite 320, Kresge East Bldg, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Joanne Rhee
- Center for Asian Health, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3440 N Broad St., Suite 320, Kresge East Bldg, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Yin Tan
- Center for Asian Health, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3440 N Broad St., Suite 320, Kresge East Bldg, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Khursheed Navder
- Hunter College, The City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA
| | - Ming-Chin Yeh
- Hunter College, The City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Varshavsky JR, Morello-Frosch R, Harwani S, Snider M, Petropoulou SSE, Park JS, Petreas M, Reynolds P, Nguyen T, Quach T. A Pilot Biomonitoring Study of Cumulative Phthalates Exposure among Vietnamese American Nail Salon Workers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E325. [PMID: 31906553 PMCID: PMC6981895 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17010325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Many California nail salon workers are low-income Vietnamese women of reproductive age who use nail products daily that contain androgen-disrupting phthalates, which may increase risk of male reproductive tract abnormalities during pregnancy. Yet, few studies have characterized phthalate exposures among this workforce. To characterize individual metabolites and cumulative phthalates exposure among a potentially vulnerable occupational group of nail salon workers, we collected 17 post-shift urine samples from Vietnamese workers at six San Francisco Bay Area nail salons in 2011, which were analyzed for four primary phthalate metabolites: mono-n-butyl-, mono-isobutyl-, mono(2-Ethylhexyl)-, and monoethyl phthalates (MnBP, MiBP, MEHP, and MEP, respectively; μg/L). Phthalate metabolite concentrations and a potency-weighted sum of parent compound daily intake (Σandrogen-disruptor, μg/kg/day) were compared to 203 Asian Americans from the 2011-2012 National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) using Student's t-test and Wilcoxin signed rank test. Creatinine-corrected MnBP, MiBP, MEHP (μg/g), and cumulative phthalates exposure (Σandrogen-disruptor, μg/kg/day) levels were 2.9 (p < 0.0001), 1.6 (p = 0.015), 2.6 (p < 0.0001), and 2.0 (p < 0.0001) times higher, respectively, in our nail salon worker population compared to NHANES Asian Americans. Levels exceeded the NHANES 95th or 75th percentiles among some workers. This pilot study suggests that nail salon workers are disproportionately exposed to multiple phthalates, a finding that warrants further investigation to assess their potential health significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia R. Varshavsky
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, University of California, Mailstop 0132, 550 16th Street, 7th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Rachel Morello-Frosch
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Suhash Harwani
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, California Department of Toxic Substances Control, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; (S.H.); (M.S.); (S.-S.E.P.); (J.-S.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Martin Snider
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, California Department of Toxic Substances Control, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; (S.H.); (M.S.); (S.-S.E.P.); (J.-S.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Syrago-Styliani E. Petropoulou
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, California Department of Toxic Substances Control, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; (S.H.); (M.S.); (S.-S.E.P.); (J.-S.P.); (M.P.)
| | - June-Soo Park
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, California Department of Toxic Substances Control, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; (S.H.); (M.S.); (S.-S.E.P.); (J.-S.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Myrto Petreas
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, California Department of Toxic Substances Control, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; (S.H.); (M.S.); (S.-S.E.P.); (J.-S.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Peggy Reynolds
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; (P.R.); (T.Q.)
- Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 92705, USA
| | - Tuan Nguyen
- State Compensation Insurance Fund, Safety and Health Services, Santa Ana, CA 92705, USA;
| | - Thu Quach
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; (P.R.); (T.Q.)
- Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 92705, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
"Worrying About Getting Sick in the Future": Lived Experience of Health Seeking and Healthcare Utilization Among Korean Immigrant Nail Salon Workers. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2019; 7:508-518. [PMID: 31845287 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-019-00679-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To understand the health and safety concerns of Korean immigrant women nail salon workers in the Greater New York City area and their experiences of health seeking and health service utilization, 20 semi-structured interviews were conducted and analyzed using interpretive hermeneutic phenomenology. Most worried about working in nail salons and experienced work-related health symptoms. However, they were disinclined toward personal protective device use because of discomfort and inconvenience. Major barriers to healthcare utilization limited their healthcare use to times when they had intolerable symptoms, preventing opportunities for regular screening tests. To overcome these limitations, workers actively sought available resources and health-related information online and through personal networks, the latter facilitated by living in a Korean community. Despite efforts to maintain their health and manage their symptoms, Korean nail salon workers worried about getting sick as they got older due to prolonged occupational chemical exposure and limited healthcare access. Appropriate education and intervention should aim to resolve current barriers to personal protective device use and healthcare use and provide a source of care for uninsured workers.
Collapse
|
11
|
Assessing Acute Symptoms Related to Occupational Exposures Among Nail Salon Technicians. J Occup Environ Med 2019; 60:343-349. [PMID: 29099468 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000001210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This cross-sectional field study evaluated potential associations between acute symptoms among nail technicians and exposure of chemical hazards in New Jersey salons. METHODS In 2016, an in-person safety and health survey was conducted. Data were gathered on symptoms, demographics, work history, tobacco use, area and/or task ventilation, use of personal protective equipment, and safety training. Workplace hazards were identified by observational survey during site visit walk-throughs. RESULTS Of the 68 respondents from 40 participating salons whose owners agreed to participate (35% salon-level participation), most were Asian females with a self-reported history of work-associated eye, nose, throat, and skin symptoms. Few workers used personal protective equipment. Most workers had not received training in their primary language. CONCLUSIONS Nail salon workers need comprehensive chemical use training. More research is needed to determine extent of exposure.
Collapse
|
12
|
Hargreaves S, Rustage K, Nellums LB, McAlpine A, Pocock N, Devakumar D, Aldridge RW, Abubakar I, Kristensen KL, Himmels JW, Friedland JS, Zimmerman C. Occupational health outcomes among international migrant workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2019; 7:e872-e882. [PMID: 31122905 PMCID: PMC6565984 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(19)30204-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, there are more than 150 million international migrant workers-individuals who are employed outside of their country of origin-comprising the largest international migrant group. A substantial number of migrants work in hazardous and exploitative environments, where they might be at considerable risk of injury and ill health. However, little data on occupational health outcomes of migrant workers exist, with which to inform global policy making and delivery of health services. METHODS For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched Embase, MEDLINE, Ovid Global Health, and PsychINFO databases for primary research published between Jan 1, 2008, and Jan 24, 2018, reporting occupational health outcomes among international migrant workers (defined as individuals who are or have been employed outside their country of origin), without language or geographical restrictions. We excluded studies containing mixed cohorts of migrants and native workers in which migrant data could not be disaggregated, and studies that did not explicitly report migrant status. The main outcome was prevalence of occupational health outcomes (defined as any injury, mortality, or physical or psychiatric morbidity due to an individual's work or workplace environment) among international migrant workers. Summary estimates were calculated using random-effects models. The study protocol has been registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42018099465. FINDINGS Of the 1218 studies identified by our search, 36 studies were included in our systematic review, and 18 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The systematic review included occupational health outcomes for 12 168 international migrant workers employed in 13 countries and territories, mostly employed in unskilled manual labour. Migrant workers originated from 25 low-income and middle-income countries, and worked in the following sectors: agriculture; domestic, retail, and service sectors; construction and trade; and manufacturing and processing. Migrant workers had various psychiatric and physical morbidities, and workplace accidents and injuries were relatively common. In the meta-analysis, among 7260 international migrant workers, the pooled prevalence of having at least one occupational morbidity was 47% (95% CI 29-64; I2=99·70%). Among 3890 migrant workers, the prevalence of having at least one injury or accident, including falls from heights, fractures and dislocations, ocular injuries, and cuts was 22% (7-37; I2=99·35%). INTERPRETATION International migrant workers are at considerable risk of work-related ill health and injury, and their health needs are critically overlooked in research and policy. Governments, policy makers, and businesses must enforce and improve occupational health and safety measures, which should be accompanied by accessible, affordable, and appropriate health care and insurance coverage to meet the care needs of this important working population. FUNDING Wellcome Trust.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sally Hargreaves
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, UK; Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Kieran Rustage
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, UK; Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Laura B Nellums
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, UK; Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alys McAlpine
- Gender, Violence and Health Centre, Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Nicola Pocock
- Gender, Violence and Health Centre, Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Delan Devakumar
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London
| | | | | | - Kristina L Kristensen
- Danish Research Centre for Migration, Ethnicity and Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan W Himmels
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, UK; Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jon S Friedland
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, UK; Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Cathy Zimmerman
- Gender, Violence and Health Centre, Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Determinants of Exposures to Hazardous Materials among Nail Cosmeticians in the Kampala City, Uganda. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 2019:1925863. [PMID: 31061662 PMCID: PMC6466909 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1925863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Globally, nail salons represent a fast expanding industry and often with low-income cosmeticians. In general, cosmeticians have limited access to safety information about the hazardous materials they handle, which would potentially enable them to minimize workplace exposures. The problem is much pronounced in low- and middle-income countries due to weaknesses in regulation of the industry. We investigated determinants of exposures to hazardous materials among nail cosmeticians in Kampala District, Uganda. We employed a cross-sectional study design among a random sample of 243 participants. The sociodemographic characteristics, education and training status, knowledge about routes of exposure to hazardous chemicals, and personal protective material use of cosmeticians were assessed through face-to-face interviews. Most cosmeticians were aged 18–34 years, and more males were engaged in this work than females. Also, 82.7% believed inhalation was the major exposure route for the chemicals they handled. Participants who had attained secondary-level education and above were over three times more likely to wear masks (AOR = 3.19, 95% CI 1.58–6.41) and gloves (AOR = 3.48, 95% CI 1.55–7.81) and over two times more likely to use aprons (AOR = 2.50, 95% CI 1.18–5.32). Participants who had ever received safety training on hazardous chemicals were more likely to wear all four personal protective equipment: masks (AOR = 3.21, 95% CI 1.61–6.42), gloves (AOR = 4.23, 95% CI 2.05–8.75), goggles (AOR = 4.14, 95% CI 1.25–13.65), and aprons (AOR = 2.73, 95% CI 1.25–5.96). Participants who had spent more than two years in the nail cosmetics business were more likely to wear masks (AOR = 3.37, 95% CI 1.64–6.95). With the increasing demand for nail cosmetics, and many people in urban areas of low-income countries engaging in this industry, there is need for training and better workplace policies to promote a healthier urban workforce dealing in cosmetics.
Collapse
|
14
|
Huynh TB, Doan N, Trinh N, Verdecias N, Stalford S, Caroll-Scott A. Factors influencing health and safety practices among Vietnamese nail salon technicians and owners: A qualitative study. Am J Ind Med 2019; 62:244-252. [PMID: 30658004 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This qualitative study explored factors that influence health and safety practices among Vietnamese nail salon technicians and owners. METHODS We conducted semi-structured focus group discussions and individual interviews with a sample of 17 Vietnamese nail salon technicians and owners in the Philadelphia metropolitan area, Pennsylvania. RESULTS Analysis of transcripts revealed perceived health benefits/concerns, knowledge about work-related hazards, salon's management and policies attributed to owners, client influence, external policies/regulations, and protective equipment-specific challenges were among factors affecting workplace health promotion practices at the salons. CONCLUSIONS The study highlighted a complex interplay among the various stakeholders including nail technicians, owners, clients, policy makers, and enforcers. Interventions addressing barriers at the personal and organizational levels, as well as public policy change and enforcement are needed to create sustainable behavioral and organizational change in nail salons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tran B. Huynh
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health; Dornsife School of Public Health; Drexel University; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Ngoc Doan
- College of Engineering; Drexel University; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Ngan Trinh
- College of Science and Technology; Temple University; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Niko Verdecias
- Community Health and Prevention; Dornsife School of Public Health; Drexel University; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Samantha Stalford
- Health Management and Policy; Dornsife School of Public Health; Drexel University; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Amy Caroll-Scott
- Community Health and Prevention; Dornsife School of Public Health; Drexel University; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Heaton T, Hurst LK, Amiri A, Lungu CT, Oh J. Laboratory Estimation of Occupational Exposures to Volatile Organic Compounds During Nail Polish Application. Workplace Health Saf 2019; 67:288-293. [PMID: 30614420 DOI: 10.1177/2165079918821701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the United States, there are more than 120,000 nail salons in which workers could be potentially exposed to a number of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) used in various procedures. Measuring workers exposure in the field is time-consuming and could be very expensive. The purpose of this study was to estimate the VOC levels in the proximity of workers in nail salons through simulating the application process of some popular nail polishes in a laboratory chamber. The worst-case scenario was defined as a worker's exposure during nail polish application to one set of fingernails every 15 minutes for an 8-hour shift (total nail sets = 32). Nail polish was applied on paper plates in a flow-controlled test chamber. Air was sampled during the application of five different nail polishes for 8 hours using passive air samplers and the experiment was triplicated. Passive samplers were used for VOCs and formaldehyde. In this worst-case scenario setting, a total of 17 VOCs were detected, with eight that were found in all the samples. The mean concentration of butyl acetate (161-330 ppm, parts per million) and ethyl acetate (440 ppm) exceeded the threshold limit value (TLV) of 150 ppm and 400 ppm, respectively. Formaldehyde was analyzed separately and the mean concentrations exceeded the TLV of 0.10 ppm in all types of nail polish, ranging from 0.12 ppm to 0.22 ppm. Occupational safety and health professionals could use these data to increase awareness of workers' potential exposure to high levels of VOCs in nail salons and recommend practical measures to reduce potential exposures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jonghwa Oh
- 4 The University of Alabama at Birmingham
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhong L, Batterman S, Milando CW. VOC sources and exposures in nail salons: a pilot study in Michigan, USA. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2019; 92:141-153. [PMID: 30276513 PMCID: PMC6325001 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-018-1353-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exposures of nail salon technicians have received attention due to the potentially toxic materials used in nail products, which include volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as formaldehyde and methyl methacrylate (MMA). This study characterized area and personal concentrations and other indoor air parameters in 17 nail salons in fall and winter seasons in three areas of Michigan. METHODS VOC samples were analyzed using thermal desorption, gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy, and the VOC composition of 35 nail products (e.g., polish, top coat, base coat) was measured using headspace sampling. Ventilation rates were derived using CO2 concentrations, occupancy and building information, and VOC sources were apportioned by a novel application of chemical mass balance models. RESULTS We detected ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, butyl acetate, MMA, n-heptane and toluene in most salons, and benzene, D-limonene, formaldehyde, and ethyl methacrylate in some salons. While MMA was not measured in the consumer and professional products, and the use of pure MMA in salons has been not been permitted since the 1970s, MMA was found in air at concentrations from 100 to 36,000 µg/m3 in 15 of 17 salons; thus its use appears to be commonplace in the industry. Personal measurements, representing exposures to workers and clients, were about twice those of the area measurements for many VOCs. CONCLUSION This study identifies the products responsible for emissions, shows the widespread presence of MMA, and documents low ventilation rates in some salons. It also demonstrates that "informal" short-term sampling approaches can evaluate chemical exposures in nail salons, providing measurements that can be used to protect a potentially susceptible and vulnerable population. Additional controls, including restrictions on the VOC compositions and improved ventilation, can reduce exposures to salon workers and clients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lexuan Zhong
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Stuart Batterman
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1420 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Chad W Milando
- School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Quach T, Von Behren J, Nelson DO, Nguyen TN, Tsoh J, Le M, Fu L, Beckman S, Reynolds P. Evaluating an owner-to-worker training intervention in California nail salons using personal air monitoring. Am J Ind Med 2018; 61:831-841. [PMID: 30101524 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemicals in nail products have been linked to numerous health concerns. METHODS We recruited Vietnamese-American nail salon owners and workers in California and randomized salons into an intervention or control group. Owners in the intervention group received training and then provided education to workers in their salons on best practices to reduce workplace chemical exposures. Methyl methacrylate (MMA), toluene, and total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) were measured using personal air monitors worn by workers during the work-shift. RESULTS We enrolled 77 salons (37 intervention and 40 control) and 200 workers. There was no significant intervention effect between the two groups. However, MMA and TVOCs were higher for workers who used gel polish and acrylic nails as well as in busy salons. CONCLUSIONS Although the intervention did not show reductions in chemical levels, identifying worker tasks and salon characteristics that predict chemical levels can inform future interventions to reduce exposures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thu Quach
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California; Berkeley California
- California Healthy Nail Salon Collaborative/Asian Health Services; Oakland California
| | | | - David O. Nelson
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California; Berkeley California
| | - Tuan N. Nguyen
- California Healthy Nail Salon Collaborative/Asian Health Services; Oakland California
- State Compensation Insurance Fund; Safety and Health Services; Santa Ana California
| | - Janice Tsoh
- University of California; San Francisco; San Francisco California
| | - Minhthu Le
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California; Berkeley California
| | - Lisa Fu
- California Healthy Nail Salon Collaborative/Asian Health Services; Oakland California
| | - Stella Beckman
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California; Berkeley California
| | - Peggy Reynolds
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California; Berkeley California
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Improving the knowledge and behavior of workplace chemical exposures in Vietnamese-American nail salon workers: a randomized controlled trial. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2018; 91:1041-1050. [PMID: 30099583 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-018-1343-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We assessed the efficacy of trainings with Vietnamese nail salon owners and workers on knowledge and behaviors that could reduce exposures to toxic chemicals in nail products. METHODS We trained Vietnamese salon owners in California (n = 77) who then trained their workers (n = 200) on best practices. In a cluster randomized controlled trial, we assessed the efficacy of the training on change in knowledge and self-reported behaviors. Data were collected from 2013 to 2016 and analyzed from 2016 to 2017. RESULTS Compared to the control group, the intervention group had significantly greater increases in knowledge about: safer nail polishes [odds ratio (OR) 3.7 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.9, 7.2)]; proper ventilation methods (OR 4.2; 95% CI 2.2, 8.1); recommended glove types (OR 3.4; 95% CI 1.9, 6.3); and recommended product handling and storage (OR 4.1; 95% CI 1.7, 9.9). The intervention also increased best practices: using safer nail polishes (OR 3.6; 95% CI 1.9, 6.8); reading product labels (OR 2.6; 95% CI 1.3, 5.0); and wearing long sleeves (OR 2.4; 95% CI 1.3, 4.2). CONCLUSIONS The owner-to-worker intervention with culturally and linguistically appropriate training for salon owners who then trained workers was effective in promoting knowledge and self-reported behaviors that can reduce workplace chemical exposures.
Collapse
|
19
|
Pavilonis B, Roelofs C, Blair C. Assessing indoor air quality in New York City nail salons. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2018; 15:422-429. [PMID: 29494285 PMCID: PMC8974398 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2018.1447117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nail salons are an important business and employment sector for recent immigrants offering popular services to a diverse range of customers across the United States. However, due to the nature of nail products and services, salon air can be burdened with a mix of low levels of hazardous airborne contaminants. Surveys of nail technicians have commonly found increased work-related symptoms, such as headaches and respiratory irritation, that are consistent with indoor air quality problems. In an effort to improve indoor air quality in nail salons, the state of New York recently promulgated regulations to require increased outdoor air and "source capture" of contaminants. Existing indoor air quality in New York State salons is unknown. In advance of the full implementation of the rules by 2021, we sought to establish reliable and usable baseline indoor air quality metrics to determine the feasibility and effectiveness of the requirement. In this pilot study, we measured total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in 10 nail salons located in New York City to assess temporal and spatial trends. Within salon contaminant variation was generally minimal, indicating a well-mixed room and similar general exposure despite the task being performed. TVOC and CO2 concentrations were strongly positively correlated (ρ = 0.81; p < 0.01) suggesting that CO2 measurements could potentially be used to provide an initial determination of acceptable indoor air quality for the purposes of compliance with the standard. An almost tenfold increase in TVOC concentration was observed when the American National Standards Institute/American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ANSI/ASHRAE) target CO2 concentration of 850 ppm was exceeded compared to when this target was met.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Pavilonis
- a The CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, Department of Environmental , Occupational, and Geospatial Health Sciences , New York , New York
| | - Cora Roelofs
- b CR Research/Consulting , Boston , Massachusetts
| | - Carly Blair
- a The CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, Department of Environmental , Occupational, and Geospatial Health Sciences , New York , New York
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Comfort M, Raymond-Flesch M, Auerswald C, McGlone L, Chavez M, Minnis A. Community-engaged Research with Rural Latino Adolescents: Design and Implementation Strategies to Study the Social Determinants of Health. GATEWAYS : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY RESEARCH & ENGAGEMENT 2018; 11:90-108. [PMID: 31236142 PMCID: PMC6591020 DOI: 10.5130/ijcre.v11i1.5721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The health of adolescents, perhaps more than in any other period of their life, is shaped by the social determinants of health (SDH). The constellation of SDH that disadvantages a specific group's health may also make members of that population unable or unwilling to engage in health research. To build a comprehensive body of knowledge about how SDH operate within a specific social context, researchers must design studies that take into account how various vulnerabilities and oppressions may affect people's experiences of being recruited, interviewed and retained in a study. In 2014, we initiated a prospective cohort study with Latino youth living in the agricultural area of Salinas, California. We began this study with the understanding that it was imperative to develop methodological strategies that actively addressed potential challenges in ways that were culturally responsive, community engaged and inclusive. In this article, we describe our approach to developing best practices in four key areas: 1) building community partnerships and engagement; 2) consideration of staffing and staff support; 3) engaging youth's perspectives; and 4) developing culturally appropriate research protocols. In our sample of 599 participants, nearly all youth identify as Latinx (94 per cent), half (49 per cent) have at least one parent employed as a farmworker, 60 per cent reside in crowded housing conditions, and 42 per cent have mothers who did not complete high school. Given these multiple vulnerabilities, we view a robust number of youth expressing interest in study participation, the willingness of their parents to permit their children to be enrolled, and the achievement of an ambitious sample target as evidence that our efforts to undertake best practices in community-engaged and inclusive research were well received.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan Comfort
- Behavioral and Urban Health Program, RTI International, 351 California Street, Suite 500, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marissa Raymond-Flesch
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 3333 California Street, Suite 245, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Colette Auerswald
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 570-D University Hall MC #7360, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Linda McGlone
- Monterey County Health Department, Public Health Bureau, Monterey County Government Center 1441 Schilling Place, Salinas, CA, USA
| | - Marisol Chavez
- Women’s Global Health Imperative, RTI International, 351 California Street, Suite 500, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alexandra Minnis
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 570-D University Hall MC #7360, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Women’s Global Health Imperative, RTI International, 351 California Street, Suite 500, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Work in the visual arts, performing arts, and writing can involve exposures to occupational hazards, including hazardous materials, equipment, and conditions, but few art workplaces have strong occupational health resources. Literature searches were conducted for articles that illustrate these concerns. METHODS Medical databases were searched for art-related health articles. Other sources were also reviewed, including, unindexed art-health publications, and popular press articles. RESULTS Information was located that described some exposed populations, art-related hazards, and resulting disorders. Anecdotal reports were used when more complete data were not available. CONCLUSIONS Health hazards in the arts are significant. Occupational health professionals are familiar with most of these concerns and understand their treatment and prevention. The occupational health approach can reduce the health hazards encountered by at-risk art workers. Additional research would benefit these efforts. Resources for further information are available.
Collapse
|
22
|
Ford AR, Scott DN. A Critique of Risk Disclosure as the Solution for Minimizing Toxic Exposures in Pregnancy. New Solut 2017; 27:51-67. [PMID: 28403738 DOI: 10.1177/1048291117697108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The issue of pregnant women's exposures to everyday chemicals and the implications for the health of future children are receiving increased attention in popular media and in the academic press. In response, health profession organizations are developing clinical practice guidelines for warning pregnant women about the risks associated with exposures to certain toxics. We evaluate different sides of a risk-avoidance approach for pregnant women in the context of a hypothetical case study involving phthalates and women who work in nail salons. We consider the ubiquitous nature of low-dose exposures and both the positive aspects and limitations of promoting avoidance measures with respect to phthalate exposures. We conclude that a risk-disclosure approach has both practical limitations and equity dimensions which must be factored in to public health guidelines and messaging and the development of clinical practice guidelines. Upstream solutions including regulatory action on chemicals and heightened attention to environmental justice would result in optimal management of this issue.
Collapse
|
23
|
Patti AA, Apostolico AA, Milich LJ, Lewis AG, Murtha AT, Shendell DG. Evaluation of a secondary school cosmetology safety and health training’s effectiveness after implementation of a hierarchy of controls “pyramid game” using the “salon safety quiz”. ACS CHEMICAL HEALTH & SAFETY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchas.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
24
|
Christiaens A, Sari-Minodier I, Tardieu S, Ianos O, Adnot S, Courbiere B, Perrin J. A pilot study about infertile men's awareness of their reprotoxic exposures and the intervention of occupational medicine to assess them. Basic Clin Androl 2016; 26:9. [PMID: 27512580 PMCID: PMC4979153 DOI: 10.1186/s12610-016-0036-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Male infertility related to professional reprotoxic exposure has been assessed in several studies. Collaboration between occupational physicians and patients can yield information about the preventive measures that can be taken to avoid such exposure. The use of preventive measures is determined by the collaboration between reproductive medicine and occupational medicine and also by the patient's awareness of reprotoxic occupational exposures. Our andrology laboratory developed a systematic environmental interview that an occupational physician administers before semen analysis to assess patients' occupational reprotoxic chemical and physical exposures. This observational prospective study evaluated patients' feelings regarding this interview. The main outcome measure was the participants' score to determine their general reprotoxicant knowledge. The study also evaluated the patients' satisfaction about the interview with occupational physician and their attitude about reproductive toxicants. RESULTS The mean score for general knowledge of reprotoxicants was 9.6 ± 2.7/16. The most frequently underestimated reprotoxic factor was excessive heat (34.7 % correct responses). In cases of semen parameter abnormalities AND recognized occupational reprotoxic exposure, 63.2 % of the patients said they would use individual protective devices, and 55.1 % said they would temporarily adapt their workstation. Regarding the interview with the laboratory's occupational physician, 80.7 % considered it moderately or very useful. Of the interviewed patients, 46.2 % reported having changed their living habits 2 months after the interview, and 88.5 % were satisfied or very satisfied with the care they received. All of the respondents said it would be useful to extend the interview to include their wives. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that patients' knowledge about reprotoxic exposures can be improved, particularly knowledge related to physical exposure. The vast majority of patients were satisfied with the introduction of this new collaboration between reproductive and occupational medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Christiaens
- CECOS Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, AP-HM La Conception, Pole femmes parents enfants, Marseille, France ; Department of General Practice, Faculty of Medicine - Aix Marseille Univ, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Irène Sari-Minodier
- Department of Occupational Health, AP-HM La Timone, Marseille, France ; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
| | - Sophie Tardieu
- Department of Public Health, Pole Santé Publique, AP-HM La Conception, Marseille, France
| | - Oana Ianos
- Department of Occupational Health, AP-HM La Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Sébastien Adnot
- Department of General Practice, Faculty of Medicine - Aix Marseille Univ, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Blandine Courbiere
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France ; Department of Reproductive Medicine, AP-HM La Conception, Pole femmes parents enfants, Marseille, France
| | - Jeanne Perrin
- CECOS Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, AP-HM La Conception, Pole femmes parents enfants, Marseille, France ; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Developing effective worker health and safety training materials: hazard awareness, identification, recognition, and control for the salon industry. J Occup Environ Med 2016; 57:537-42. [PMID: 25654636 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000000400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In addition to formaldehyde, workers in salons can be exposed to other chemical irritants, sensitizers, carcinogens, reproductive hazards, infectious agents, ergonomic, and other physical hazards. Worker health and safety training is challenging because of current product labeling practices and the myriad of hazards portending risk for a wide variety of health effects. METHODS Through a Susan B. Harwood Targeted Topic Training grant from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration and assistance from salon development and training partners, we developed, delivered, and validated a health and safety training program using an iterative five-pronged approach. RESULTS The training was well received and resulted in knowledge gain, improved workplace safety practices, and increased communication about health and safety. CONCLUSIONS These training materials are available for download from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's Susan B. Harwood Training Grant Program Web site.
Collapse
|
26
|
The “Salon Safety Quiz” for pre-/post-evaluation assessment when training young cosmetology workers in public secondary schools. ACS CHEMICAL HEALTH & SAFETY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchas.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
27
|
Garcia E, Sharma S, Pierce M, Bhatia S, Argao ST, Hoang K, Quach T. Evaluating a county-based healthy nail salon recognition program. Am J Ind Med 2015; 58:193-202. [PMID: 25603941 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The City of San Francisco, California established a recognition program for nail salons that use safer nail products and receive worker safety training. This pilot study examined whether participating salons had reduced levels of toluene, methyl methacrylate (MMA), and total volatile organic compounds (TVOC), and improved knowledge and behavior compared to control salons. METHODS We conducted personal air monitoring and administered surveys assessing knowledge and behaviors of two workers from each of six intervention salons and five control salons. We conducted assessments before and after the worker training. RESULTS Although non-significant, there was a reduction in toluene (-46% vs. 0%) and TVOC (-19% vs. +47%), but an increase in MMA (+113% and +72%) among intervention salons compared to control salons. Awareness of dibutyl phthalates in nail products increased (+55%) among intervention salons between surveys. CONCLUSIONS A government-administered nail salon recognition program may reduce chemical exposures and increase work-related knowledge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Garcia
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California; Berkeley California
| | - Swati Sharma
- San Francisco Department of the Environment; San Francisco California
| | - Michelle Pierce
- San Francisco Department of the Environment; San Francisco California
| | - Sushma Bhatia
- San Francisco Department of the Environment; San Francisco California
| | - Sania Tong Argao
- National Exposure Research Laboratory; United States Environmental Protection Agency; Research Triangle Park North Carolina
| | - Kim Hoang
- Air Division; United States Environmental Protection Agency; San Francisco California
| | - Thu Quach
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California; Berkeley California
- School of Medicine; Stanford University; Stanford California
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
White H, Khan K, Lau C, Leung H, Montgomery D, Rohlman DS. Identifying Health and Safety Concerns in Southeast Asian Immigrant Nail Salon Workers. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2015; 70:196-203. [PMID: 25965322 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2013.853644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nail salon workers are exposed to a variety of toxic chemicals at levels that remain unreported and have undetermined health consequences. The objective of the study was to gather information about the hazards in nail salons along with safety practices and health concerns of nail salon workers. A survey was conducted on 65 nail salon workers who were immigrants from Southeast Asia in Oregon, USA. More than 20% of the participants reported nose irritation and allergies as the most common health problems. Rare and no use of gloves and mask were reported among 72% and 32% of the participants, respectively. A significantly higher number of participants with "fair" or "poor" self-reported general health condition was found among the workers who applied acrylic nails compared with those who were not involved in this application. Findings of the study emphasize the need for more research to determine the relationship between chemical exposures in nail salons and health outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah White
- a Department of Psychology, University of Oregon , Eugene , Oregon , USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Quach T, Von Behren J, Goldberg D, Layefsky M, Reynolds P. Adverse birth outcomes and maternal complications in licensed cosmetologists and manicurists in California. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2014; 88:823-33. [PMID: 25501563 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-014-1011-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Due to concerns around occupational chemical exposures, this study sought to examine whether women working as cosmetologists (providing hair and nail care services) and manicurists (providing only nail care services) have an elevated risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes. METHODS In this population-based retrospective study of cosmetologists and manicurists in California, we linked cosmetology licensee and birth registry files to identify births during 1996-2009. We compared outcomes among cosmetologists and manicurists to those of the general female population and to women from other industries. We also conducted restricted analyses for Vietnamese women, who comprise a significant proportion of the workforce. RESULTS There was little evidence of increased risk for adverse birth outcomes, but we observed an association for small for gestational age (SGA) among Vietnamese manicurists (OR 1.39; 95 % CI 1.08-1.78) and cosmetologists (OR 1.40; 95 % CI 1.08-1.83) when compared to other working women. Some maternal complications were observed, notably an increased risk for gestational diabetes (OR 1.28; 95 % CI 1.10-1.50 for manicurists; OR 1.19; 95 % CI 1.07-1.33 for cosmetologists) compared with the general population, which further elevated when restricted to Vietnamese workers (OR 1.59; 95 % CI 1.20-2.11 for manicurists; OR 1.49; 95 % CI 1.04-2.11 for cosmetologists). Additionally, we observed an association for placentia previa among manicurists (OR 1.46; 95 % CI 1.08-1.97) and cosmetologists (OR 1.22; 95 % CI 1.02-1.46) compared with the general population. CONCLUSIONS Women in the nail and hair care industry may be potentially at increased risk for some maternal complications, although further research is warranted. Vietnamese workers may also have increased risk for SGA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thu Quach
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, 2001 Center Street, Suite 700, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA. .,Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Julie Von Behren
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, 2001 Center Street, Suite 700, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA.
| | - Debbie Goldberg
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, 2001 Center Street, Suite 700, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA
| | - Michael Layefsky
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, 2001 Center Street, Suite 700, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA
| | - Peggy Reynolds
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, 2001 Center Street, Suite 700, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA.,Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Shendell DG, Mapou AE, Kelly SW, Lewis AG, Houlroyd JL, Murtha AT. Assessing safety and health knowledge and awareness of young cosmetology students using a Salon Safety Quiz. ACS CHEMICAL HEALTH & SAFETY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchas.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|