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Chrast R, Saher G, Nave KA, Verheijen MHG. Lipid metabolism in myelinating glial cells: lessons from human inherited disorders and mouse models. J Lipid Res 2010; 52:419-34. [PMID: 21062955 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r009761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrity of central and peripheral nervous system myelin is affected in numerous lipid metabolism disorders. This vulnerability was so far mostly attributed to the extraordinarily high level of lipid synthesis that is required for the formation of myelin, and to the relative autonomy in lipid synthesis of myelinating glial cells because of blood barriers shielding the nervous system from circulating lipids. Recent insights from analysis of inherited lipid disorders, especially those with prevailing lipid depletion and from mouse models with glia-specific disruption of lipid metabolism, shed new light on this issue. The particular lipid composition of myelin, the transport of lipid-associated myelin proteins, and the necessity for timely assembly of the myelin sheath all contribute to the observed vulnerability of myelin to perturbed lipid metabolism. Furthermore, the uptake of external lipids may also play a role in the formation of myelin membranes. In addition to an improved understanding of basic myelin biology, these data provide a foundation for future therapeutic interventions aiming at preserving glial cell integrity in metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Chrast
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
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2
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Thomas MA, Duncan AMV, Bardin C, Kaloustian VMD. Lissencephaly with der(17)t(17;20)(p13.3;p12.2)mat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 124A:292-5. [PMID: 14708103 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.20373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The isolated lissencephaly sequence may be caused by point mutations of the LIS1 gene or by FISH-detectable microdeletions of the 17p13.3 region, which carries the LIS1 gene. These have various patterns of phenotypic presentations, including the Miller-Dieker syndrome (MDS). Approximately 20% of these deletions are associated with a derivative chromosome 17 inherited from a parent who has a balanced reciprocal translocation involving chromosome 17 and another chromosome. We report a case of lissencephaly associated with a maternally inherited unbalanced translocation involving chromosome arms 17p and 20p. This results in partial monosomy of 17p13.3-->pter and partial trisomy of 20p12.2-->pter. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a reciprocal translocation between 17p and 20p. Our patient has a combination of findings of the MDS and trisomy 20p, along with several unique anomalies not described in either of those two conditions. This report may contribute to the delineation of a phenotype resulting from partial monosomy 17p and partial trisomy of 20p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann Thomas
- F. Clarke Fraser Clinical Genetics Unit, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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3
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Rossi M, Di Micco P, Perone L, De Brasi D, Guzzetta V, Andreucci MV, Vega GR, Marzano MG, Iaccarino E, Andria G. Unbalanced translocation (3;5)(q26.1;p14): a clinical report. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2002; 110:353-8. [PMID: 12116209 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A patient with a multiple congenital anomalies/mental retardation (MCA/MR) syndrome had an unbalanced translocation (3;5)(q26.1;p14), causing partial 5p monosomy and partial 3q trisomy. The phenotype observed in this patient results from the combination of those described in the isolated dup(3q) and del(5p) syndromes. Some clinical features of this patient are shared by the Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS), a well-known MCA/MR syndrome due to the deficiency of 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7). We review the previously reported cases of chromosomal anomalies with clinical features suggesting SLOS.
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4
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Abstract
The Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is one of the archetypical multiple congenital malformation syndromes. The recent discovery of the biochemical cause of SLOS and the subsequent redefinition of SLOS as an inborn error of cholesterol metabolism have led to important new treatment possibilities for affected patients. Moreover, the recent recognition of the important role of cholesterol in vertebrate embryogenesis, especially with regard to the hedgehog embryonic signalling pathway and its effects on the expression of homeobox genes, has provided an explanation for the abnormal morphogenesis in the syndrome. The well known role of cholesterol in the formation of steroid hormones has also provided a possible explanation for the abnormal behavioural characteristics of SLOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- R I Kelley
- The Johns Hopkins University, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 North Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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5
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Speleman F, Callens B, Logghe K, Van Roy N, Horsley SW, Jauch A, Verschraegen-Spae MR, Leroy JG. Subtelomeric familial translocation t(2;7)(q37;q35) leading to partial trisomy 7q35?qter: Molecular cytogenetic analysis and clinical phenotype in two generations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1096-8628(20000828)93:5<349::aid-ajmg2>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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6
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Pollin TI, Dobyns WB, Crowe CA, Ledbetter DH, Bailey-Wilson JE, Smith AC. Risk of abnormal pregnancy outcome in carriers of balanced reciprocal translocations involving the Miller-Dieker syndrome (MDS) critical region in chromosome 17p13.3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19990806)85:4<369::aid-ajmg13>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Alley TL, Scherer SW, Huizenga JJ, Tsui LC, Wallace MR. Physical mapping of the chromosome 7 breakpoint region in an SLOS patient with t(7;20) (q32.1;q13.2). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19970131)68:3<279::aid-ajmg6>3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wassif CA, Maslen C, Kachilele-Linjewile S, Lin D, Linck LM, Connor WE, Steiner RD, Porter FD. Mutations in the human sterol delta7-reductase gene at 11q12-13 cause Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 1998; 63:55-62. [PMID: 9634533 PMCID: PMC1377256 DOI: 10.1086/301936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS; also known as "RSH syndrome" [MIM 270400]) is an autosomal recessive multiple malformation syndrome due to a defect in cholesterol biosynthesis. Children with SLOS have elevated serum 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) levels and typically have low serum cholesterol levels. On the basis of this biochemical abnormality, it has been proposed that mutations in the human sterol Delta7-reductase (7-DHC reductase; E.C.1.3.1.21) gene cause SLOS. However, one could also propose a defect in a gene that encodes a protein necessary for either the expression or normal function of sterol Delta7-reductase. We cloned cDNA encoding a human sterol Delta7-reductase (DHCR7) on the basis of its homology with the sterol Delta7-reductase from Arabidopsis thaliana, and we confirmed the enzymatic function of the human gene product by expression in SLOS fibroblasts. SLOS fibroblasts transfected with human sterol Delta7-reductase cDNA showed a significant reduction in 7-DHC levels, compared with those in SLOS fibroblasts transfected with the vector alone. Using radiation-hybrid mapping, we show that the DHCR7 gene is encoded at chromosome 11q12-13. To establish that defects in this gene cause SLOS, we sequenced cDNA clones from SLOS patients. In three unrelated patients we have identified four different mutant alleles. Our results demonstrate both that the cDNA that we have identified encodes the human sterol Delta7-reductase and that mutations in DHCR7 are responsible for at least some cases of SLOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Wassif
- Unit on Molecular Dysmorphology, Heritable Disorders Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1830, USA
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10
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Ryan AK, Bartlett K, Clayton P, Eaton S, Mills L, Donnai D, Winter RM, Burn J. Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome: a variable clinical and biochemical phenotype. J Med Genet 1998; 35:558-65. [PMID: 9678700 PMCID: PMC1051366 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.35.7.558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We have reviewed all known UK cases of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. Among 49 cases with proven 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase deficiency, half had been terminated or had died in infancy. The minimum incidence is 1 in 60,000. The frequent occurrence of hypospadias may account for 71% of recognised cases being male. Important common features which emerged include short thumbs, severe photosensitivity, aggressive behaviour, and atrioventricular septal defect. The typical facial appearance becomes less obvious with age and 20% of cases did not have 2/3 toe syndactyly. Biochemical measurements of serum 7-dehydrocholesterol did not correlate with clinical severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Ryan
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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11
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Moebius FF, Fitzky BU, Lee JN, Paik YK, Glossmann H. Molecular cloning and expression of the human delta7-sterol reductase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:1899-902. [PMID: 9465114 PMCID: PMC19210 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.4.1899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of the last steps of cholesterol biosynthesis such as AY9944 and BM15766 severely impair brain development. Their molecular target is the Delta7-sterol reductase (EC 1.3.1.21), suspected to be defective in the Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, a frequent inborn disorder of sterol metabolism. Molecular cloning of the cDNA revealed that the human enzyme is a membrane-bound protein with a predicted molecular mass of 55 kDa and six to nine putative transmembrane segments. The protein is structurally related to plant and yeast sterol reductases. In adults the ubiquitously transcribed mRNA is most abundant in adrenal gland, liver, testis, and brain. The Delta7-sterol reductase is the ultimate enzyme of cholesterol biosynthesis in vertebrates and is absent from yeast. Microsomes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains heterologously expressing the human cDNA remove the C7-8 double bond in 7-dehydrocholesterol. The conversion to cholesterol depends on NADPH and is potently inhibited by AY9944 (IC50 0.013 microM), BM15766 (IC50 1.2 microM), and triparanol (IC50 14 microM). Our work paves the way to clarify whether a defect in the delta7-sterol reductase gene underlies the Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- F F Moebius
- Institut für Biochemische Pharmakologie, Universität Innsbruck, Peter Mayr Str. 1, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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12
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de Jong G, Kirby PA, Muller LM. RSH (Smith-Lemli-Opitz) syndrome: "severe" phenotype with ectrodactyly. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1998; 75:283-7. [PMID: 9475598 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19980123)75:3<283::aid-ajmg11>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe the antenatal ultrasound findings of growth retardation, oligohydramnios, mesomelic limb shortness, and cardiac, renal, and hand defects in a fetus who was postnatally diagnosed as having RSH ("Smith-Lemli-Opitz") syndrome. An unusual finding was ectrodactyly of both hands.
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MESH Headings
- Brain/pathology
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7/genetics
- Fatal Outcome
- Female
- Foot Deformities, Congenital/diagnostic imaging
- Foot Deformities, Congenital/genetics
- Foot Deformities, Congenital/pathology
- Hand Deformities, Congenital/diagnostic imaging
- Hand Deformities, Congenital/genetics
- Hand Deformities, Congenital/pathology
- Heart Defects, Congenital/genetics
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Phenotype
- Radiography
- Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome/diagnostic imaging
- Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome/genetics
- Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- G de Jong
- Department of Genetics, University of Stellenbosch Medical School, Tygerberg, South Africa.
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13
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Cai T, Tagle DA, Xia X, Yu P, He XX, Li LY, Xia JH. A novel case of unilateral blepharophimosis syndrome and mental retardation associated with de novo trisomy for chromosome 3q. J Med Genet 1997; 34:772-6. [PMID: 9321768 PMCID: PMC1051066 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.34.9.772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We have evaluated a 3 2/12 year old girl who presented with unilateral blepharophimosis, ptosis of the eyelid, and mental retardation. Additional dysmorphic features include microcephaly, high, narrow forehead, short stubby fingers, and adduction of the right first toe. Cytogenetic analysis showed an unbalanced karyotype consisting of 46,XX,add(7)(q+) that was de novo in origin. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) using microdissected library probe pools from chromosomes 1,2,3,7, and 3q26-qter showed that the additional material on 7q was derived from the distal end of the long arm of chromosome 3. Our results indicate that the patient had an unbalanced translocation, 46,XX,der(7)t(3;7)(q26-qter;q+) which resulted in trisomy for distal 3q. All currently reported cases of BPES (blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus inversus syndrome) with associated cytogenetic abnormalities show interstitial deletions or balanced translocations involving 3q22-q23 or 3p25.3. Our patient shares similar features to BPES, except for the unilateral ptosis and absence of epicanthus inversus. It is possible that our patient has a contiguous gene defect including at least one locus for a type of blepharophimosis, further suggesting that multiple loci exist for eyelid development.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Cai
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Human Medical University, PR China
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14
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Tint GS, Batta AK, Xu G, Shefer S, Honda A, Irons M, Elias ER, Salen G. The Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome: a potentially fatal birth defect caused by a block in the last enzymatic step in cholesterol biosynthesis. Subcell Biochem 1997; 28:117-44. [PMID: 9090293 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5901-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G S Tint
- Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, East Orange, New Jersey 07019, USA
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15
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Kingston HM, Ledbetter DH, Tomlin PI, Gaunt KL. Miller-Dieker syndrome resulting from rearrangement of a familial chromosome 17 inversion detected by fluorescence in situ hybridisation. J Med Genet 1996; 33:69-72. [PMID: 8825053 PMCID: PMC1051816 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.33.1.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We report a case of Miller-Dieker syndrome (MDS) owing to an unbalanced rearrangement of a familial pericentric inversion of chromosome 17 (inv(17) (p13.3q25.1)). In addition to lissencephaly and the facial features of MDS, the affected child had other congenital malformations consistent with distal 17q duplication. Initial cytogenetic analysis failed to show any abnormality and fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) studies confirmed the 17p deletion in the proband and identified the chromosome 17 inversion in his mother. FISH studies were performed in other relatives and enabled first trimester prenatal diagnosis by chorionic villus sampling in a subsequent pregnancy of the proband's mother. These findings underline the value of FISH in the investigation of MDS families.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Kingston
- Regional Genetic Service, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK
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16
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Warburg M, Bugge M, Brøndum-Nielsen K. Cytogenetic findings indicate heterogeneity in patients with blepharophimosis, epicanthus inversus, and developmental delay. J Med Genet 1995; 32:19-24. [PMID: 7897621 PMCID: PMC1050173 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.32.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Three unrelated, mentally retarded boys with typical blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus inversus syndrome (BPES) were found to have chromosomal aberrations. One of them had a del(3)(p25), another patient had a de novo translocation t(2; 3), which after high resolution banding combined with chromosome painting was interpreted to be unbalanced with a loss of band q23. The third patient had a del(7)(q34). The phenotypes of the two patients with chromosome 3 related syndromes were similar, but the third also had genital malformations resembling the Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. This patient had a palatal ridge, and a single mesial maxillary tooth suggesting the holoprosencephaly sequence, but CT scans of the brain were normal.
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MESH Headings
- Abnormalities, Multiple/genetics
- Adult
- Blepharophimosis/genetics
- Child, Preschool
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosome Banding
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7
- Eye Abnormalities/genetics
- Eyelids/abnormalities
- Female
- Genes, Dominant
- Genetic Heterogeneity
- Growth Disorders/genetics
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Infant
- Intellectual Disability/genetics
- Karyotyping
- Male
- Syndrome
- Translocation, Genetic
- Vision Disorders/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- M Warburg
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Opitz JM, Penchaszadeh VB, Holt MC, Spano LM, Smith VL. Smith-Lemli-Opitz (RSH) syndrome bibliography: 1964-1993. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1994; 50:339-43. [PMID: 8209911 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320500407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J M Opitz
- Shodair Children's Hospital, Department of Medical Genetics, Helena, Montana
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18
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Opitz JM. RSH/SLO ("Smith-Lemli-Opitz") syndrome: historical, genetic, and developmental considerations. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1994; 50:344-6. [PMID: 8209912 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320500408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Thirty years after the publication of Smith et al. [1964: J Pediatr 64:210-217] of 3(4) cases of the RSH/SLO ("Smith-Lemli-Opitz") syndrome and after the publication by Roux [1964: Arch Franç Pédiatr 21:451-464] on the teratogenic action of Triparanol, a defect of cholesterol metabolism was discovered by Tint and his co-workers in the blood of the patients of Irons and Elias [Irons et al., 1993: Lancet 341:1414]. In this manner, the RSH syndrome has been identified as another metabolic multiple congenital anomalies/mental retardation (MCA/MR) syndrome (prototype Zellweger syndrome) in which deficient cholesterol synthesis must be held responsible for all parts of the syndrome, including blastogenetic and organogenetic malformations, minor anomalies, more or less severe abnormalities of CNS and PNS structure and function, postnatal failure to thrive, and, in some cases, stillbirth or infancy/childhood death.
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19
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Wallace M, Zori RT, Alley T, Whidden E, Gray BA, Williams CA. Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome in a female with a de novo, balanced translocation involving 7q32: probable disruption of an SLOS gene. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1994; 50:368-74. [PMID: 8209918 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320500414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A 3-month-old infant girl had manifestations of the Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) including typical positional anomalies of the limbs, apparent Hirschsprung disease, cataracts, ptosis, anteverted nares, cleft of the posterior palate, small tongue, broad maxillary alveolar ridges, and abnormally low serum cholesterol levels. Chromosomal analysis showed a de novo balanced translocation interpreted as 46,XX,t(7;20)(q32.1;q13.2). We hypothesize that the translocation breakpoint in this case interrupts one SLOS allele and that the other allele at the same locus has a more subtle mutation that was inherited from the other parent. This case, as well as cytogenetic observations in other SLOS cases, suggests that SLOS could be due to autosomal recessive mutation at a gene in 7q32.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wallace
- Raymond C. Philips Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville 32610-0296
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20
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Tsukurov O, Boehmer A, Flynn J, Nicolai JP, Hamel BC, Traill S, Zaleske D, Mankin HJ, Yeon H, Ho C. A complex bilateral polysyndactyly disease locus maps to chromosome 7q36. Nat Genet 1994; 6:282-6. [PMID: 8012391 DOI: 10.1038/ng0394-282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrated that the gene responsible for a congenital limb deformity (polysyndactyly) maps to chromosome 7q36 in a large family. Pre- and postaxial anomalies of the extremities are inherited in this family as an autosomal dominant trait. The disease locus is closely linked to D7S550 (maximum lod score = 6.85, theta = 0). This region is homologous to a segment of mouse chromosome 5, where the mutations hammer toe (HM) and hemimelic extra toes (HX) have been mapped. These data suggest that human chromosome 7q36 and the homologous region of mouse chromosome 5 contain genes involved in limb pattern formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Tsukurov
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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21
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Lurie IW. Autosomal imbalance syndromes: genetic interactions and the origin of congenital malformations in aneuploidy syndromes. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1993; 47:410-6. [PMID: 8135290 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320470323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In some autosomal imbalance syndromes an additional imbalance interferes with the occurrence of the anomalies typical of the syndrome itself. For example, polydactyly was found in patients with "pure" del(3p) more frequently (11/23) than in patients where these deletions were associated with different partial trisomies (2/28). The opposite situation was shown in del(7q) syndrome where various defects of the holoprosencephalic group were found to be rarer in patients with "pure" deletions, than in cases with simultaneous occurrence of various partial trisomies. It suggests the importance of gene interaction in determining the phenotypic picture of autosomal imbalance syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I W Lurie
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore
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22
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Oostra BA, de Rijk-van Andel JF, Eussen HJ, van Hemel JO, Halley DJ, Niermeijer MF. DNA analysis in patients with lissencephaly type I and other cortical dysplasias. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1991; 40:383-6. [PMID: 1951447 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320400328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
DNA markers YNZ22.1, YNH37.3, 144D6, and VAW508 were studied in five patients with the Miller-Dieker syndrome, 17 patients with the isolated lissencephaly sequence, one patient with a non-classified lissencephaly, and nine patients with an atypical cortical dysplasia. All patients had normal chromosomes except for a deletion 17p13.3 in one of the five Miller-Dieker patients. The five Miller-Dieker patients showed deletions of markers YNZ22.1 and YNH37.3 in contrast to the other patients tested. In one patient, the deletion was in the maternally contributed chromosome. Prenatal diagnosis by DNA analysis allowed exclusion of the recurrence of Miller-Dieker syndrome in a subsequent pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Oostra
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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