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Ojeda L, Nogales F, Murillo L, Carreras O. The role of folic acid and selenium against oxidative damage from ethanol in early life programming: a review. Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 96:178-188. [DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2017-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
There are disorders in children, covered by the umbrella term “fetal alcohol spectrum disorder” (FASD), that occur as result of alcohol consumption during pregnancy and lactation. They appear, at least in part, to be related to the oxidative stress generated by ethanol. Ethanol metabolism generates reactive oxygen species and depletes the antioxidant molecule glutathione (GSH), leading to oxidative stress and lipid and protein damage, which are related to growth retardation and neurotoxicity, thereby increasing the incidence of FASD. Furthermore, prenatal and postnatal exposure to ethanol in dams, as well as increasing oxidation in offspring, causes malnutrition of several micronutrients such as the antioxidant folic acid and selenium (Se), affecting their metabolism and bodily distribution. Although abstinence from alcohol is the only way to prevent FASD, it is possible to reduce its harmful effects with a maternal dietary antioxidant therapy. In this review, folic acid and Se have been chosen to be analyzed as antioxidant intervention systems related to FASD because, like ethanol, they act on the methionine metabolic cycle, being related to the endogenous antioxidants GSH and glutathione peroxidase. Moreover, several birth defects are related to poor folate and Se status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Ojeda
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Seville University, Seville, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Seville University, Seville, Spain
| | - Fátima Nogales
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Seville University, Seville, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Seville University, Seville, Spain
| | - Luisa Murillo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Seville University, Seville, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Seville University, Seville, Spain
| | - Olimpia Carreras
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Seville University, Seville, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Seville University, Seville, Spain
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Wolpert CM, Melvin EC, Speer MC. Complex Genetic Disorders: Evaluating When Genetic Research Findings Are Applicable for Genetic Counseling Practice. J Genet Couns 2015; 8:73-84. [PMID: 26141971 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022843530795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Traditional genetic counseling processes and principles will be extended to a new realm-complex disorders. Although it may seem like a daunting task, understanding the methodologies used to study complex genetic disorders will enable genetic counselors to critically analyze research studies involving complex disorders. In this article, we explain newly evolving methodologies for genetic research, including case-control studies and transmission disequilibrium testing (TDT). Additionally, a framework is provided for evaluating original research findings and replication studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Wolpert
- Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina,
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Chromosomal anomalies and additional sonographic findings in fetuses with open neural tube defects. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2012; 286:1393-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00404-012-2469-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Mackert M. Account planning: applying an advertising discipline to health communication and social marketing. Health Mark Q 2012; 29:270-282. [PMID: 22905947 DOI: 10.1080/07359683.2012.705730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
As health marketers seek new models to design campaigns, the advertising discipline of account planning offers an approach that can improve campaign development. The underlying principle of account planning is to bring the consumer perspective to all phases of campaign development, primarily through qualitative formative research. Account planners design the overall communication strategy and contribute to creative development of individual executions. The creative brief, a primary tool of account planning, is especially useful in conceptualizing campaigns. This report discusses the history and approach of account planning, followed by an example of account planning in the design of a social marketing campaign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mackert
- Department of Advertising, College of Communication, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-0116, USA.
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Yanaguita MY, Gutierrez CM, Ribeiro CNM, Lima GA, Machado HR, Peres LC. Pregnancy outcome in ethanol-treated mice with folic acid supplementation in saccharose. Childs Nerv Syst 2008; 24:99-104. [PMID: 17619885 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-007-0427-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Maternal folic acid deficiency is the most important metabolic factor in the etiology of neural tube defects (NTD) and is reduced by ethanol, which is extensively consumed by young women. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to determine whether folic acid supplementation in dietary saccharose is efficient in the prevention NTD induced by ethanol in fetuses of Swiss mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pregnant mice were divided into four groups of six animals each: control (C), ethanol (E), deficient-supplemented (DS), and deficient-supplemented + ethanol (DSE). Groups C and E received commercial mouse chow (containing 3 mg/kg folic acid) throughout the experiment, while groups DS and DSE received a folic acid-free diet with the addition of saccharose supplemented with folic acid (2 mg/kg folic acid) in water. Group E and DSE animals received ethanol (4 g/kg) administered intraperitoneally from the seventh to the ninth gestational day (gd) and were euthanized on the 18th gd, while groups C and DS received saline. RESULTS Congenital anomalies were observed in groups E and DSE. The fetal weight and length of the animals in group E were lower than in groups C and DS and, in group DSE, were lower than in groups C and DS. The placental diameter of group E was smaller than that of group C, and the placental weight of group C animals was lower than that of groups E, DSE, and DS. CONCLUSION The study demonstrated that dietary supplementation with folate in saccharose is an accessible means of consumption that could be further diffused but in an increased dose than recommended to reduce the teratogenic effects of ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Y Yanaguita
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Gutierrez CM, Ribeiro CNDM, de Lima GA, Yanaguita MY, Peres LC. An experimental study on the effects of ethanol and folic acid deficiency, alone or in combination, on pregnant Swiss mice. Pathology 2007; 39:495-503. [PMID: 17886100 DOI: 10.1080/00313020701449290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ethanol is teratogenic, interferes with folic acid and is extensively used by young women. Our objective was to determine the effects of ethanol and/or folate deficiency on mouse fetuses. METHOD In Experiment 1, pregnant mice receiving a commercial diet were divided into three groups: control (C), low ethanol dose (LE, 0.4 g/kg), and high ethanol dose (HE, 4.0 g/kg). In Experiment 2, pregnant mice receiving a folate-free diet (FFD) were divided into three groups: folate deficiency (FD), folate deficiency plus a low ethanol dose (FDLE), and folate deficiency plus a high ethanol dose (FDHE). Groups C and FD received saline and the remaining groups received ethanol administered i.p. from the 7th to the 9th gestational day (GD) and were sacrificed on the 18th GD. RESULTS In Experiment 1, Group HE presented congenital anomalies, late fetal death (LFD), lower fetal length and weight and placental weight and diameter than Groups C and LE. In Experiment 2, there was a smaller number of live fetuses, a larger number of reabsorptions and LFD, a smaller length and lower fetal weight, placental weight and diameter in Groups FDLE and FDHE than in Group FD. CONCLUSION In animals receiving a commercial diet, a high ethanol dose is deleterious to the pregnancy, inducing congenital anomalies, intrauterine growth restriction, reduction of the placenta and increased LFD, events that did not occur with the low dose. However, with a folate free diet, a low ethanol dose is as deleterious as a high dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Minot Gutierrez
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Pediatric Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Cano MJ, Murillo ML, Delgado MJ, Carreras O. Effects of ethanol and folic acid consumption during pregnancy and lactation on basal enzymatic secretion in the duodenal juice of offspring rats. Nutrition 2003; 19:778-83. [PMID: 12921889 DOI: 10.1016/s0899-9007(03)00097-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Studies on duodenal juice enzyme activities were carried out on suckling Wistar rats born to dams given ethanol during gestation and suckling. The results were compared with offspring of dams given diets containing no ethanol. Comparisons were also made with offspring of dams given ethanol and folic acid supplementation to observe whether a folate supplement could sufficiently reverse the negative effect of ethanol consumption. METHODS The dams were fed increased amounts of ethanol (5% to 20%, vol/vol) in tap water for 4 wk. The maximum quantity, 20% ethanol, was given to the dams during pregnancy and lactation. Offspring animals were randomized into three groups: control (CG), ethanol treated (EG), and ethanol plus folic acid (EFG). RESULTS Body weight at birth and at 21 d after birth and pancreatic weight were lower in offspring after ethanol treatment. Folic acid supplement increased these parameters in the EFG. Under basal conditions, decreases in amylase, lipase, and chymotrypsin activities in the duodenal juice after ethanol treatment were detected. Serum and urine amylase activities also decreased in the EG and EFG. These changes were different in the ethanol-treated progenitors. In these progenitors, ethanol treatment increased serum amylase levels. In the offspring, amylase activities in the EFG decreased with respect to the CG; however, an increase in the EG was observed. In dams the folic acid supplement did not significantly alter the serum amylase activities. Lipase and chymotrypsin activities in the EFG were similar to those in the EG. An increase of serum and urine amylase in the EFG with respect to the EG was found. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicated that, under basal conditions, ethanol treatment during gestation and lactation negatively affects the digestive function in offspring. The effects of ethanol were slightly attenuated in rats supplemented with folic acid for amylase activities. Although extrapolation from animal studies can be tenuous, the present findings may explain the use of folic acid in the prevention of damage induced by ethanol to increase the amylase levels to physiologic concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma José Cano
- Department of Physiology and Zoology, School of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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Martínez-Frías ML, Rodríguez-Pinilla E, Mejías C, Dequino G. [Primary prevention of neural tube defects: folic acid or levofoline acid?]. Med Clin (Barc) 2002; 118:358-9; author reply 359. [PMID: 11900709 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-7753(02)72385-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Padmanabhan R, Ibrahim A, Bener A. Effect of maternal methionine pre-treatment on alcohol-induced exencephaly and axial skeletal dysmorphogenesis in mouse fetuses. Drug Alcohol Depend 2002; 65:263-81. [PMID: 11841898 DOI: 10.1016/s0376-8716(01)00173-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol is known to induce folate deficiency and impair methionine synthase activity. Exogenous folic acid (FA) administered periconceptionally has been shown to prevent the first occurrence and recurrence of neural tube defects (NTD) in humans. Since folate, vitamin B(12) and methionine are metabolically interrelated, it was decided to determine the effect of methionine pre-treatment on alcohol-induced NTD and axial skeletal defects in mouse embryos. Following administration of a single dose of 70 or 150 mg/kg of methionine, 0.03 ml/g body weight of ethanol solution (25% v/v of absolute alcohol in saline) was injected intraperitoneally into pregnant mice at critical stages of neural tube development. The controls were either non-treated or saline treated and pair-fed and pair-watered. Fetuses were collected on gestation day 18. Alcohol and methionine plus alcohol numerically enhanced embryonic resorption and induced a significant reduction in fetal body weight. Alcohol alone caused a 3-fold increase in the background frequency of exencephaly in gestation days 7 and 8 treatment groups. The low dose of methionine only numerically reduced the spontaneous exencephaly. Pre-treatment with methionine only produced a numerical but not statistically significant reduction in alcohol-induced exencephaly. The higher dose of methionine did not produce a particularly beneficial effect on embryonic survival, fetal body weight and occurrence of exencephaly. Alcohol-induced cleft palate and limb malformations were ameliorated by methionine pre-treatment. Craniofacial skeleton, vertebrae and ribs were extensively malformed both in the alcohol and methionine plus alcohol groups indicating a lack of rescue effects of methionine. Whereas supernumerary ribs and extra sternal ribs were augmented by methionine, occipitalization of the atlas vertebra was a malformation unique to the pre-treatment group. Plasma levels of several amino acids including that of methionine were significantly lowered by alcohol. Pre-treatment with methionine produced a dose dependent enhancement of only methionine concentration. These data suggest that pre-administration of methionine only rescues mouse embryos of certain non-neural malformations and that the lack of ameliorative effect on NTD and axial skeletal defects may be due to the fact that alcohol lowers the concentration of a number of amino acids and therefore, supplementation should comprise a mixture of these amino acids and possibly FA and vitamin B(12).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Padmanabhan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, PO Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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Abdulrazzaq YM, Padmanabhan R, Bastaki SM, Ibrahim A, Bener A. Placental transfer of vigabatrin (gamma-vinyl GABA) and its effect on concentration of amino acids in the embryo of TO mice. TERATOLOGY 2001; 63:127-33. [PMID: 11283969 DOI: 10.1002/tera.1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanism of the teratogenicity of vigabatrin (VGB) is unknown. The objectives of this study were to determine the placental transfer of VGB and to evaluate the effect of VGB on maternal, placental, and fetal concentrations of amino acids. METHODS A single dose of 400 mg/kg VGB in physiological saline was administered intraperitoneally to a group of Theiler outbred (TO) mice on gestational day (GD) 10. The controls received a proportionate volume of saline. Maternal blood samples, embryos, and placentas were collected at 3.5, 6.0, and 9.0 hr after treatment and their total amino acid concentrations determined in an ion-exchange amino acid analyzer. RESULTS At 3.5 hr, there was a decrease in concentrations of some amino acids in the blood, placenta, and embryos of VGB-treated mice, but the decrease in methionine was most marked. gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was significantly higher in the VGB group in both the embryos and the placentas at 3.5 hr but at 6.0 and 9.0 hr the differences were not significant. Vigabatrin levels were higher in the placenta than in the embryo at 3.5 hr, but at 6.0 hr there was an overlap of the VGB peak with that of tryptophan with very much lower levels than at 3.5 hr. At 9.0 hr, there was no vigabatrin peak in either the placenta or the embryo. CONCLUSIONS Maternal exposure to VGB results in peak levels of the drug after 3.5 hr in the placenta and embryo. Methionine concentration is most severely affected in VGB-treated mothers, placentas, and fetuses. We speculate that this deficiency could be a possible mechanism for the teratogenic effects of vigabatrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Abdulrazzaq
- Department of Paediatrics, FMHS, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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Cano MJ, Ayala A, Murillo ML, Carreras O. Protective effect of folic acid against oxidative stress produced in 21-day postpartum rats by maternal-ethanol chronic consumption during pregnancy and lactation period. Free Radic Res 2001; 34:1-8. [PMID: 11234991 DOI: 10.1080/10715760100300011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we show the protective effect of folic acid on oxidative stress in offspring caused by chronic maternal ethanol consumption during pregnancy and the lactation period. Glutathione reductase (GR) specific activity was assayed in liver and pancreas of offspring and mothers. In the offspring, these tissues were also assayed for markers of oxidative damage to lipids and proteins. The results show that ethanol exposure during pregnancy and lactation increased the specific activity of GR in tissues of the mothers (32-34% increase) as well as in the liver of their progeny (24%). Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were also increased in the liver and pancreas of 21-day-old rats (37- and 54%, respectively). Alcohol also increased the amount of carbonyl groups in proteins in both tissues. These measures of ethanol-mediated oxidative stress were mitigated when pregnant rats were treated with folic acid concomitantly to ethanol administration. The antioxidant capacity of folic acid seems to be involved in its protective effect. The results obtained in the present work suggest that folic acid may be useful in the prevention of damage and promotion of health of the progeny of ethanol-treated rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Cano
- Departamento Fisiología y Biología Animal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
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Holmes L, Harris J, Oakley GP, Friedman JM. Teratology Society Consensus Statement on use of folic acid to reduce the risk of birth defects. TERATOLOGY 1997; 55:381. [PMID: 9294883 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9926(199706)55:6<381::aid-tera4>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Baty BJ, Cohen L, Phelps L, Speer MC, Stengel P, Williamson-Kruse L. Folic acid and the prevention of neural tube defects: A position paper of the national society of genetic counselors. J Genet Couns 1996; 5:139-45. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01408658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Hume RF, Drugan A, Reichler A, Lampinen J, Martin LS, Johnson MP, Evans MI. Aneuploidy among prenatally detected neural tube defects. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1996; 61:171-3. [PMID: 8669447 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19960111)61:2<171::aid-ajmg14>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We have reported previously a 10% aneuploidy detection rate among 39 cases of fetal neural tube defects (NTD). Subsequently we amassed an additional experience of over 17,000 prenatal diagnosis cases over a 5-year period. During this period 106 cases of NTDs were identified; 44 with anencephaly, 62 with open spina bifida. The average maternal age of this population with NTDs was 29 years (15-40); 6 patients declined amniocentesis. Six of 100 cytogenetic studies were aneuploid; one anencephalic fetus had inherited a maternal marker chromosome, and 5 NTD cases had trisomy 18. The average maternal age of the aneuploid cases was 31 (19-40); 3 were 35 years or older. Four of 5 trisomy 18 cases had multiple congenital anomalies (MCA). The overall aneuploidy detection rate in our cohort was 5-6%, while aneuploidy occurred in 2% of the isolated NTD cases, and 24% of the MCA cases. Combining the earlier experience, 4/39 aneuploidy (2 trisomy 18, 4p+, del 13q) yields an aneuploidy detection frequency of 10/145 (7%), of which most (7/10) had trisomy 18. These data support fetal karyotyping for accurate diagnosis, prognosis, and recurrence-risk counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Hume
- Department of Ob/Gyn, Hutzel Hospital/Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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