1
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Hannes L, Atzori M, Goldenberg A, Argente J, Attie-Bitach T, Amiel J, Attanasio C, Braslavsky DG, Bruel AL, Castanet M, Dubourg C, Jacobs A, Lyonnet S, Martinez-Mayer J, Pérez Millán MI, Pezzella N, Pelgrims E, Aerden M, Bauters M, Rochtus A, Scaglia P, Swillen A, Sifrim A, Tammaro R, Mau-Them FT, Odent S, Thauvin-Robinet C, Franco B, Breckpot J. Differential alternative splicing analysis links variation in ZRSR2 to a novel type of oral-facial-digital syndrome. Genet Med 2024; 26:101059. [PMID: 38158857 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2023.101059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Oral-facial-digital (OFD) syndromes are genetically heterogeneous developmental disorders, caused by pathogenic variants in genes involved in primary cilia formation and function. We identified a previously undescribed type of OFD with brain anomalies, ranging from alobar holoprosencephaly to pituitary anomalies, in 6 unrelated families. METHODS Exome sequencing of affected probands was supplemented with alternative splicing analysis in patient and control lymphoblastoid and fibroblast cell lines, and primary cilia structure analysis in patient fibroblasts. RESULTS In 1 family with 2 affected males, we identified a germline variant in the last exon of ZRSR2, NM_005089.4:c.1211_1212del NP_005080.1:p.(Gly404GlufsTer23), whereas 7 affected males from 5 unrelated families were hemizygous for the ZRSR2 variant NM_005089.4:c.1207_1208del NP_005080.1:p.(Arg403GlyfsTer24), either occurring de novo or inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. ZRSR2, located on chromosome Xp22.2, encodes a splicing factor of the minor spliceosome complex, which recognizes minor introns, representing 0.35% of human introns. Patient samples showed significant enrichment of minor intron retention. Among differentially spliced targets are ciliopathy-related genes, such as TMEM107 and CIBAR1. Primary fibroblasts containing the NM_005089.4:c.1207_1208del ZRSR2 variant had abnormally elongated cilia, confirming an association between defective U12-type intron splicing, OFD and abnormal primary cilia formation. CONCLUSION We introduce a novel type of OFD associated with elongated cilia and differential splicing of minor intron-containing genes due to germline variation in ZRSR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens Hannes
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marta Atzori
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alice Goldenberg
- Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs, CHU Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Jesús Argente
- Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; CIBEROBN de fisiopatología de la obesidad y nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; IMDEA Food Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tania Attie-Bitach
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM, IHU Imagine - Institut des maladies génétiques, Paris, France; Service de médecine génomique des maladies rares, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Jeanne Amiel
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM, IHU Imagine - Institut des maladies génétiques, Paris, France; Service de médecine génomique des maladies rares, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | | | - Débora G Braslavsky
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE) CONICET - FEI - División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ange-Line Bruel
- INSERM, U1231, Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR Lipides, Nutrition, Dijon, France; UF Innovation diagnostique des maladies rares, FHU TRANSLAD, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Mireille Castanet
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1239, CHU Rouen, Department of Pediatrics, Rouen, France
| | - Christèle Dubourg
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Genomics, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France; Univ Rennes, CNRS, INSERM, IGDR, UMR 6290, ERL U1305, Rennes, France
| | - An Jacobs
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stanislas Lyonnet
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM, IHU Imagine - Institut des maladies génétiques, Paris, France; Service de médecine génomique des maladies rares, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Julian Martinez-Mayer
- Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional (IB3), Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Inés Pérez Millán
- Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional (IB3), Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nunziana Pezzella
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine-TIGEM, Naples, Italy; Scuola Superiore Meridionale, School for Advanced Studies, Genomics and Experimental Medicine program, Naples, Italy
| | - Elise Pelgrims
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mio Aerden
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marijke Bauters
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anne Rochtus
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paula Scaglia
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE) CONICET - FEI - División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ann Swillen
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Roberta Tammaro
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine-TIGEM, Naples, Italy
| | - Frederic Tran Mau-Them
- INSERM, U1231, Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR Lipides, Nutrition, Dijon, France; UF Innovation diagnostique des maladies rares, FHU TRANSLAD, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France; Unité Fonctionnelle Innovation en Diagnostic Génomique des maladies rares, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Sylvie Odent
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Genomics, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France; Univ Rennes, CNRS, INSERM, IGDR, UMR 6290, ERL U1305, Rennes, France; Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs de l'interrégion Ouest, ERN ITHACA, FHU GenOmedS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Christel Thauvin-Robinet
- INSERM, U1231, Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR Lipides, Nutrition, Dijon, France; UF Innovation diagnostique des maladies rares, FHU TRANSLAD, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France; Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement de l'Est, Centre de Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Brunella Franco
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine-TIGEM, Naples, Italy; Scuola Superiore Meridionale, School for Advanced Studies, Genomics and Experimental Medicine program, Naples, Italy; Department of Translational Medicine, Medical Genetics Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Jeroen Breckpot
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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2
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Lodge EJ, Barrell WB, Liu KJ, Andoniadou CL. The Fuzzy planar cell polarity protein (FUZ), necessary for primary cilium formation, is essential for pituitary development. J Anat 2024; 244:358-367. [PMID: 37794731 PMCID: PMC10780146 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is an essential organelle that is important for normal cell signalling during development and homeostasis but its role in pituitary development has not been reported. The primary cilium facilitates signal transduction for multiple pathways, the best-characterised being the SHH pathway, which is known to be necessary for correct pituitary gland development. FUZ is a planar cell polarity (PCP) effector that is essential for normal ciliogenesis, where the primary cilia of Fuz-/- mutants are shorter or non-functional. FUZ is part of a group of proteins required for recruiting retrograde intraflagellar transport proteins to the base of the organelle. Previous work has reported ciliopathy phenotypes in Fuz-/- homozygous null mouse mutants, including neural tube defects, craniofacial abnormalities, and polydactyly, alongside PCP defects including kinked/curly tails and heart defects. Interestingly, the pituitary gland was reported to be missing in Fuz-/- mutants at 14.5 dpc but the mechanisms underlying this phenotype were not investigated. Here, we have analysed the pituitary development of Fuz-/- mutants. Histological analyses reveal that Rathke's pouch (RP) is initially induced normally but is not specified and fails to express LHX3, resulting in hypoplasia and apoptosis. Characterisation of SHH signalling reveals reduced pathway activation in Fuz-/- mutant relative to control embryos, leading to deficient specification of anterior pituitary fate. Analyses of the key developmental signals FGF8 and BMP4, which are influenced by SHH, reveal abnormal patterning in the ventral diencephalon, contributing further to abnormal RP development. Taken together, our analyses suggest that primary cilia are required for normal pituitary specification through SHH signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Lodge
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative BiologyKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - William B. Barrell
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative BiologyKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Karen J. Liu
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative BiologyKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Cynthia L. Andoniadou
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative BiologyKing's College LondonLondonUK
- Department of Medicine IIIUniversity Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
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3
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Zimowski JG, Purzycka J, Pawelec M, Ozdarska K, Zaremba J. Small mutations in Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy in 164 unrelated Polish patients. J Appl Genet 2021; 62:289-295. [PMID: 33420945 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-020-00605-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In the 164 patients with Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy, we found 142 different small mutations including 51 novel mutations not listed in the LOVD, the UMD-DMD, the ClinVar, and the HGMD databases. Among all mutations, nonsense mutations occurred in 45.7%, frameshift mutations in 32.9%, and splicing mutations in 19.5%. Small mutations were distributed throughout the whole dystrophin gene. Splicing mutations were twice more common in BMD patients than in DMD patients. Eighty-two percent of mothers of the males affected with DMD/BMD were found to be carriers of small mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz G Zimowski
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 02-957, Sobieskiego 9, Warsaw, Poland. .,, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Joanna Purzycka
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 02-957, Sobieskiego 9, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Pawelec
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 02-957, Sobieskiego 9, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ozdarska
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 02-957, Sobieskiego 9, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Zaremba
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 02-957, Sobieskiego 9, Warsaw, Poland
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4
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Mizobe Y, Miyatake S, Takizawa H, Hara Y, Yokota T, Nakamura A, Takeda S, Aoki Y. In Vivo Evaluation of Single-Exon and Multiexon Skipping in mdx52 Mice. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1828:275-292. [PMID: 30171548 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8651-4_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Exon-skipping therapy is an emerging approach that uses synthetic DNA-like molecules called antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) to splice out frame-disrupting parts of mRNA, restore the reading frame, and produce truncated yet functional proteins. Phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer (PMO) is one of the safest among therapeutic ASOs for patients and has recently been approved under the accelerated approval program by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as the first ASO-based drug for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Multi-exon skipping utilizing ASOs can theoretically treat 80-90% of patients with DMD. Here, we describe the systemic delivery of a cocktail of ASOs to skip exon 51 and exons 45-55 in the mdx52 mouse, an exon 52 deletion model of DMD produced by gene targeting, and the evaluation of their efficacies in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Mizobe
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shouta Miyatake
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hotake Takizawa
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Hara
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Yokota
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Akinori Nakamura
- Third Department of Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Shin'Ichi Takeda
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitsugu Aoki
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan.
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5
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Aljeaid D, Lombardo RC, Witte DP, Hopkin RJ. A novel pathogenic variant in OFD1 results in X-linked Joubert syndrome with orofaciodigital features and pituitary aplasia. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 179:1010-1014. [PMID: 30895720 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Orofaciodigital syndrome type I and X-linked recessive Joubert syndrome are known ciliopathic disorders that are caused by pathogenic variants in OFD1 gene. Endocrine system involvement with these conditions is not well described. We present the first report of a newborn male with a novel hemizygous variant in OFD1 gene c.515T>C, (p.Leu172Pro) resulting in X-linked Joubert syndrome and orofaciodigital features with complete pituitary gland aplasia and subsequent severe hypoplasia of peripheral endocrine glands. This clinical report expands the phenotypic spectrum of endocrine system involvement in OFD1-related disorders and suggests that OFD1 gene may be related to pituitary gland development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deema Aljeaid
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Department of Genetics Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rachel C Lombardo
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Division of Genetics and Metabolism, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas
| | - David P Witte
- Division of Pathology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Robert J Hopkin
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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6
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Takizawa H, Hara Y, Mizobe Y, Ohno T, Suzuki S, Inoue K, Takeshita E, Shimizu-Motohashi Y, Ishiyama A, Hoshino M, Komaki H, Takeda S, Aoki Y. Modelling Duchenne muscular dystrophy in MYOD1-converted urine-derived cells treated with 3-deazaneplanocin A hydrochloride. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3807. [PMID: 30846748 PMCID: PMC6405839 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40421-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe muscle disorder characterised by mutations in the DMD gene. Recently, we have completed a phase I study in Japan based on systemic administration of the morpholino antisense that is amenable to exon-53 skipping, successfully. However, to achieve the effective treatment of DMD, in vitro assays on patient muscle cells to screen drugs and patient eligibility before clinical trials are indispensable. Here, we report a novel MYOD1-converted, urine-derived cells (UDCs) as a novel DMD muscle cell model. We discovered that 3-deazaneplanocin A hydrochloride, a histone methyltransferase inhibitor, could significantly promote MYOGENIN expression and myotube differentiation. We also demonstrated that our system, based on UDCs from DMD patients, could be used successfully to evaluate exon-skipping drugs targeting DMD exons including 44, 50, 51, and 55. This new autologous UDC-based disease modelling could lead to the application of precision medicine for various muscle diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hotake Takizawa
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of NCNP Brain Physiology and Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Hara
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Mizobe
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taisuke Ohno
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sadafumi Suzuki
- Department of Mental Retardation and Birth Defect Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Inoue
- Department of Mental Retardation and Birth Defect Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eri Takeshita
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Shimizu-Motohashi
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Ishiyama
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikio Hoshino
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of NCNP Brain Physiology and Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Komaki
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin'ichi Takeda
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitsugu Aoki
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of NCNP Brain Physiology and Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
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7
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Exon Skipping Therapy Using Phosphorodiamidate Morpholino Oligomers in the mdx52 Mouse Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1687:123-141. [PMID: 29067660 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7374-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Exon skipping therapy using synthetic DNA-like molecules called antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) is a promising therapeutic candidate for overcoming the dystrophin mutation that causes Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). This treatment involves splicing out the frame-disrupting segment of the dystrophin mRNA, which restores the reading frame and produces a truncated yet functional dystrophin protein. Phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer (PMO) is the safest ASO for patients among ASOs and has recently been approved under the accelerated approval pathway by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as the first drug for DMD. Here, we describe the methodology and protocol of PMO transfection and evaluation of the exon skipping efficacy in the mdx52 mouse, an exon 52 deletion model of DMD produced by gene targeting. The mdx52 mouse model offers advantages over the mdx mouse, a spontaneous DMD model with a nonsense mutation in exon 23, in terms of the deletion in a hotspot of deletion mutations in DMD patients, the analysis of caveolae and also Dp140 and Dp260, shorter dystrophin isoforms.
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8
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Zimowski JG, Pawelec M, Purzycka JK, Szirkowiec W, Zaremba J. Deletions, not duplications or small mutations, are the predominante new mutations in the dystrophin gene. J Hum Genet 2017; 62:885-888. [PMID: 28680110 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2017.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Examination of the carrier state was performed in 744 unrelated mothers of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy/Becker muscular dystrophy (DMD/BMD) probands with identified mutations in the dystrophin gene. Owing to that it was possible to assess frequency and type of new mutations in the gene. Contrary to the Japanese observations of Lee et al. published in this journal, we did not find significant differences in the carrier frequency between mothers of DMD and BMD patients. However, we found that new mutations in patients with deletions were significantly more frequent than in those with duplications and small mutations: of 564 unrelated patients with deletions, 236 (41.8%) carried new mutations, the respective values for duplications and small mutations were 21 of 95 patients (22.1%) and 18 of 85 patients (21.2%)-the differences highly significant (P<0.0001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz G Zimowski
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Pawelec
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna K Purzycka
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Jacek Zaremba
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
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9
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Bolze F, Mocek S, Zimmermann A, Klingenspor M. Aminoglycosides, but not PTC124 (Ataluren), rescue nonsense mutations in the leptin receptor and in luciferase reporter genes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1020. [PMID: 28432296 PMCID: PMC5430635 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01093-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In rare cases, monogenetic obesity is caused by nonsense mutations in genes regulating energy balance. A key factor herein is the leptin receptor. Here, we focus on leptin receptor nonsense variants causing obesity, namely the human W31X, murine Y333X and rat Y763X mutations, and explored their susceptibilities to aminoglycoside and PTC124 mediated translational read-through in vitro. In a luciferase based assay, all mutations - when analysed within the mouse receptor - were prone to aminoglycoside mediated nonsense suppression with the highest susceptibility for W31X, followed by Y763X and Y333X. For the latter, the corresponding rodent models appear valuable for in vivo experiments. When W31X was studied in the human receptor, its superior read-through susceptibility – initially observed in the mouse receptor – was eliminated, likely due to the different nucleotide context surrounding the mutation in the two orthologues. The impact of the surrounding context on the read-through opens the possibility to discover novel sequence elements influencing nonsense suppression. As an alternative to toxic aminoglycosides, PTC124 was indicated as a superior nonsense suppressor but inconsistent data concerning its read-through activity are reported. PTC124 failed to rescue W31X as well as different nonsense mutated luciferase reporters, thus, challenging its ability to induce translational read-through.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Bolze
- ZIEL - Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354, Freising, Germany.,Chair of Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, EKFZ - Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Sabine Mocek
- ZIEL - Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354, Freising, Germany.,Chair of Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, EKFZ - Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Anika Zimmermann
- ZIEL - Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354, Freising, Germany.,Chair of Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, EKFZ - Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Martin Klingenspor
- ZIEL - Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354, Freising, Germany. .,Chair of Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, EKFZ - Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354, Freising, Germany.
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10
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Haghshenas M, Akbari MT, Karizi SZ, Deilamani FK, Nafissi S, Salehi Z. Evaluation of point mutations in dystrophin gene in Iranian Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy patients: introducing three novel variants. J Genet 2016; 95:325-9. [PMID: 27350676 DOI: 10.1007/s12041-016-0641-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies (DMD and BMD) are X-linked neuromuscular diseases characterized by progressive muscular weakness and degeneration of skeletal muscles. Approximately two-thirds of the patients have large deletions or duplications in the dystrophin gene and the remaining one-third have point mutations. This study was performed to evaluate point mutations in Iranian DMD/BMD male patients. A total of 29 DNA samples from patients who did not show any large deletion/duplication mutations following multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) screening were sequenced for detection of point mutations in exons 50-79. Also exon 44 was sequenced in one sample in which a false positive deletion was detected by MLPA method. Cycle sequencing revealed four nonsense, one frameshift and two splice site mutations as well as two missense variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Haghshenas
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, University of Guilan, Rasht 4199613776,
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Gintjee TJJ, Magh ASH, Bertoni C. High throughput screening in duchenne muscular dystrophy: from drug discovery to functional genomics. BIOLOGY 2014; 3:752-80. [PMID: 25405319 PMCID: PMC4280510 DOI: 10.3390/biology3040752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Centers for the screening of biologically active compounds and genomic libraries are becoming common in the academic setting and have enabled researchers devoted to developing strategies for the treatment of diseases or interested in studying a biological phenomenon to have unprecedented access to libraries that, until few years ago, were accessible only by pharmaceutical companies. As a result, new drugs and genetic targets have now been identified for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), the most prominent of the neuromuscular disorders affecting children. Although the work is still at an early stage, the results obtained to date are encouraging and demonstrate the importance that these centers may have in advancing therapeutic strategies for DMD as well as other diseases. This review will provide a summary of the status and progress made toward the development of a cure for this disorder and implementing high-throughput screening (HTS) technologies as the main source of discovery. As more academic institutions are gaining access to HTS as a valuable discovery tool, the identification of new biologically active molecules is likely to grow larger. In addition, the presence in the academic setting of experts in different aspects of the disease will offer the opportunity to develop novel assays capable of identifying new targets to be pursued as potential therapeutic options. These assays will represent an excellent source to be used by pharmaceutical companies for the screening of larger libraries providing the opportunity to establish strong collaborations between the private and academic sectors and maximizing the chances of bringing into the clinic new drugs for the treatment of DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J J Gintjee
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Alvin S H Magh
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Carmen Bertoni
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Abstract
Neuromuscular disorders affect the peripheral nervous system and muscle. The principle effect of neuromuscular disorders is therefore on the ability to perform voluntary movements. Neuromuscular disorders cause significant incapacity, including, at the most extreme, almost complete paralysis. Neuromuscular diseases include some of the most devastating disorders that afflict mankind, for example motor neuron disease. Neuromuscular diseases have onset any time from in utero until old age. They are most often genetic. The last 25 years has been the golden age of genetics, with the disease genes responsible for many genetic neuromuscular disorders now identified. Neuromuscular disorders may be inherited as autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or X-linked traits. They may also result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA or from de novo mutations not present in the peripheral blood DNA of either parent. The high incidence of de novo mutation has been one of the surprises of the recent increase in information about the genetics of neuromuscular disorders. The disease burden imposed on families is enormous including decision making in relation to presymptomatic diagnosis for late onset neurodegenerative disorders and reproductive choices. Diagnostic molecular neurogenetics laboratories have been faced with an ever-increasing range of disease genes that could be tested for and usually a finite budget with which to perform the possible testing. Neurogenetics has moved from one known disease gene, the Duchenne muscular dystrophy gene in July 1987, to hundreds of disease genes in 2011. It can be anticipated that with the advent of next generation sequencing (NGS), most, if not all, causative genes will be identified in the next few years. Any type of mutation possible in human DNA has been shown to cause genetic neuromuscular disorders, including point mutations, small insertions and deletions, large deletions and duplications, repeat expansions or contraction and somatic mosaicism. The diagnostic laboratory therefore has to be capable of a large number of techniques in order to identify the different mutation types and requires highly skilled staff. Mutations causing neuromuscular disorders affect the largest human proteins for example titin and nebulin. Successful molecular diagnosis can make invasive and expensive diagnostic procedures such as muscle biopsy unnecessary. Molecular diagnosis is currently largely based on Sanger sequencing, which at most can sequence a small number of exons in one gene at a time. NGS techniques will facilitate molecular diagnostics, but not for all types of mutations. For example, NGS is not good at identifying repeat expansions or copy number variations. Currently, diagnostic molecular neurogenetics is focused on identifying the causative mutation(s) in a patient. In the future, the focus might move to prevention, by identifying carriers of recessive diseases before they have affected children. The pathobiology of many of the diseases remains obscure, as do factors affecting disease severity. The aim of this review is to describe molecular diagnosis of genetic neuromuscular disorders in the past, the present and speculate on the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel G Laing
- Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.
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Bolze F, Rink N, Brumm H, Kühn R, Mocek S, Schwarz AE, Kless C, Biebermann H, Wurst W, Rozman J, Klingenspor M. Characterization of the melanocortin-4-receptor nonsense mutation W16X in vitro and in vivo. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2011; 13:80-93. [PMID: 21969101 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2011.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Several genetic diseases are triggered by nonsense mutations leading to the formation of truncated and defective proteins. Aminoglycosides have the capability to mediate a bypass of stop mutations during translation thus resulting in a rescue of protein expression. So far no attention has been directed to obesity-associated stop mutations as targets for nonsense suppression. Herein, we focus on the characterization of the melanocortin-4-receptor (MC4R) nonsense allele W16X identified in obese subjects. Cell culture assays revealed a loss-of-function of Mc4r(X16) characterized by impaired surface expression and defect signaling. The aminoglycoside G-418 restored Mc4r(X16) function in vitro demonstrating that Mc4r(X16) is susceptible to nonsense suppression. For the evaluation of nonsense suppression in vivo, we generated a Mc4r(X16) knock-in mouse line by gene targeting. Mc4r(X16) knock-in mice developed hyperphagia, impaired glucose tolerance, severe obesity and an increased body length demonstrating that this new mouse model resembles typical characteristics of Mc4r deficiency. In a first therapeutic trial, the aminoglycosides gentamicin and amikacin induced no amelioration of obesity. Further experiments with Mc4r(X16) knock-in mice will be instrumental to establish nonsense suppression for Mc4r as an obesity-associated target gene expressed in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bolze
- Technische Universität München, Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Else Kröner-Fresenius Center and ZIEL-Research Center for Nutrition and Food Science, Freising, Germany.
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Kumar C, Himabindu M, Jetty A. Microbial Biosynthesis and Applications of Gentamicin: A Critical Appraisal. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2008; 28:173-212. [DOI: 10.1080/07388550802262197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Ocular colobomata, polydactyly, cleft palate and panhypopituitarism: a new syndrome. Clin Dysmorphol 2008; 17:87-90. [PMID: 18388776 DOI: 10.1097/01.mcd.0000228427.79358.0b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We describe a male patient with ocular colobomata, cleft palate, polydactyly, panhypopituitarism and possible craniosynostosis, whom we have followed for 30 years. Although there are some similarities to other documented syndromes, this previously unreported combination of features appears to constitute a new syndrome.
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Lim LE, Rando TA. Technology Insight: therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy—an opportunity for personalized medicine? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 4:149-58. [DOI: 10.1038/ncpneuro0737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Accepted: 11/29/2007] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Rowlands AS, Hudson JE, Cooper-White JJ. From scrawny to brawny: the quest for neomusculogenesis; smart surfaces and scaffolds for muscle tissue engineering. Expert Rev Med Devices 2007; 4:709-28. [PMID: 17850206 DOI: 10.1586/17434440.4.5.709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The successful generation of functional muscle tissues requires both an in-depth knowledge of muscle tissue physiology and advanced engineering practices. The inherent contractile functionality of muscle is a result of its high-level cellular and matrix organization over a multitude of length scales. While there have been many attempts to produce artificial muscle, a method to fabricate a highly organized construct, comprised of multiple cell types and capable of delivering contractile strengths similar to that of native smooth, skeletal or cardiac muscle has remained elusive. This is largely due to a lack of control over phenotype and spatial organization of cells. This paper covers state-of-the-art approaches to generating both 2D and 3D substrates that provide some form of higher level organization or multiple biochemical, mechanical or electrical cues to cells in order to successfully manipulate their behavior, in a manner that is conducive to the production of contractile muscle tissue. These so-called 'smart surfaces' and 'smart scaffolds' represent vital steps towards surface-engineered substrates for the engineering of muscle tissues, showing confidently that cellular behavior can be effectively and reproducibly manipulated through the design of the physical, chemical and electrical properties of the substrates on which cells are grown. However, many challenges remain to be overcome prior to reaching the ultimate goal of fully functional 3D vascularized engineered muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Rowlands
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering & Nanotechnology, Tissue Engineering and Microfluidics Laboratory, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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Hopf FW, Turner PR, Steinhardt RA. Calcium misregulation and the pathogenesis of muscular dystrophy. Subcell Biochem 2007; 45:429-464. [PMID: 18193647 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-6191-2_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Although the exact nature of the relationship between calcium and the pathogenesis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is not fully understood, this is an important issue which has been addressed in several recent reviews (Alderton and Steinhardt, 2000a, Gailly, 2002, Allen et al., 2005). A key question when trying to understand the cellular basis of DMD is how the absence or low level of expression of dystrophin, a cytoskeletal protein, results in the slow but progressive necrosis of muscle fibres. Although loss of cytoskeletal and sarcolemmal integrity which results from the absence of dystrophin clearly plays a key role in the pathogenesis associated with DMD, a number of lines of evidence also establish a role for misregulation of calcium ions in the DMD pathology, particularly in the cytoplasmic space just under the sarcolemma. A number of calcium-permeable channels have been identified which can exhibit greater activity in dystrophic muscle cells, and exIsting evidence suggests that these may represent different variants of the same channel type (perhaps the transient receptor potential channel, TRPC). In addition, a prominent role for calcium-activated proteases in the DMD pathology has been established, as well as modulation of other intracellular regulatory proteins and signaling pathways. Whether dystrophin and its associated proteins have a direct role in the regulation of calcium ions, calcium channels or intracellular calcium stores, or indirectly alters calcium regulation through enhancement of membrane tearing, remains unclear. Here we focus on areas of consensus or divergence amongst the existing literature, and propose areas where future research would be especially valuable.
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Affiliation(s)
- F W Hopf
- Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, 5858 Horton St., Suite 200, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA.
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Tay SKH, Khng HH, Low PS, Lai PS. Diagnostic strategy for the detection of dystrophin gene mutations in asian patients and carriers using immortalized cell lines. J Child Neurol 2006; 21:150-5. [PMID: 16566881 DOI: 10.1177/08830738060210021101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy and Becker muscular dystrophy are X-linked recessive diseases of muscle degeneration caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene. More than half of our local Asian patients have point mutations that cannot be detected by conventional multiplex polymerase chain reaction deletion screening. This study aimed to develop mutational screening and carrier detection for Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy using protein truncation analysis from Epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphocyte cell lines. Messenger ribonucleic acid was extracted from fresh lymphocytes and Epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphocyte cell lines of 14 patients. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was performed in 11 overlapping segments, followed by in vitro protein translation and truncation analysis. DNA sequencing was carried out for the corresponding complementary DNA regions, which showed aberrant truncated protein products. Carrier studies using this method were also performed for two families. Half of the patients had frame-shifting deletions, and the remaining seven patients showed point mutations, of which four were novel. These mutations were detected in messenger ribonucleic acid extracted from both fresh lymphocytes and Epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphocyte cell lines. Carrier status was confirmed in one family and was found to be negative in the other family studied. Protein truncation analysis is an efficient method of screening truncating point mutations from immortalized lymphocyte cell lines from patients. This approach not only serves to prove the pathogenicity of both deletion- and nondeletion-type mutations; it is also effective for carrier detection. The use of such cell lines obviates the need for repeated blood and muscle sampling in patients and offers a perpetual source of messenger ribonucleic acid that can be used long after the patient's demise.
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Hamed SA, Hoffman EP. Automated sequence screening of the entire dystrophin cDNA in Duchenne dystrophy: point mutation detection. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2006; 141B:44-50. [PMID: 16331671 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This is the first report of direct sequencing of the complete 11 kb coding sequence of the dystrophin gene affording high sensitivity for all types of mutations of both coding sequence and splicing. Direct automated capillary gel sequence analysis of dystrophin reverse-transcribed polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) products was carried out in 15 Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patient muscle biopsies (170,000 bp sequenced). We identified mutations in 67% of patients tested (10/15); including premature stop codons (n = 5) and small deletions/duplications (n = 5). Mutation-negative patients (n = 5) were also negative for promoter mutations. All were tested for the possibility of transcription abnormalities using quantitative multiplex fluorescence polymerase chain studies (QMF-PCR), however, equal ratios of mRNA transcripts were identified at the 5'and 3' regions, with mild reduction in overall quantity, suggesting that transcription abnormalities were less likely. We suggested that such patients might have a problem with the 3.5 kb 3' UTR, polyA site or undetected stop codons. It is also possible that splicing defects could result in addition of intron sequence which could lead to preferential amplification of low level residual normal transcript skipping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherifa Ahmed Hamed
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC.
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Lesca G, Fallet-Bianco C, Plauchu H, Vitrey D, Verloes A, Attia-Sobol J. Orofaciodigital syndrome with cerebral dysgenesis. Am J Med Genet A 2006; 140:757-63. [PMID: 16502430 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Orofaciodigital syndromes (OFD) are a group of diseases classified according to the phenotype and the mode of inheritance. We report on a fetus presenting with some features of the OFDs but with additional global cerebral dysgenesis. Ultrasonography at 19 weeks of pregnancy disclosed hypoplasia of the cerebral hemispheres with a large intrahemispheric cyst, as well as dysmorphic facial features and brachy-syndactyly IV-V. Fetal brain MRI confirmed these features and disclosed additional morphological anomalies: Agenesis of the vermis, complete agenesis of the corpus callosum, pachygyria of the left hemisphere. Pathological examination showed a disproportionate fetus with large head and short limbs. Dysmorphic features included hypertelorism, broad nasal root, long philtrum, severe micrognathia, microstomia, cleft palate, and lobulated tongue. Radiographs showed distal malformations of the four limbs. Neuropathological examination showed a severe disturbance of the architecture of both hemispheres, more severe on the right side, with four cystic structures located between the hemispheres. Olfactory stalks, mammillary bodies, and midline structures were absent. Cerebellum and brainstem were hypoplastic. On the right hemisphere as on most part of the left one, microscopic findings displayed a complete disruption of the developing mantle with disturbance of the neuronal migration. The present fetus fulfilled the diagnosis of OFD syndrome: Dysmorphic features, cleft palate and lobulate tongue and polysyndactylies of the feet and hands. The cerebral involvement would make it closer to OFD type VI, but brain malformations were far more severe in the present case, with complex and generalized cortical dysgenesis, evoking a disturbance occurring at a very early stage of the embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetan Lesca
- Clinical Genetics Department, Hôtel-Dieu, Lyon, France
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Guven MA, Ceylaner S, Prefumo F, Uzel M. Prenatal sonographic findings in a case of Varadi-Papp syndrome. Prenat Diagn 2005; 24:989-91. [PMID: 15614844 DOI: 10.1002/pd.916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aim to describe a case with oral-facial-digital syndrome type VI (OFDS VI) or Varadi-Papp syndrome where the only prenatal findings were cleft lip and palate and a primum type atrial septal defect (ASD). METHODS A 24-year-old pregnant woman, gravida 1 para 0, attended the prenatal clinic for a routine visit at 16 weeks of gestation. Her medical and family history was unremarkable. There was no history of consanguinity, drug or teratogen exposure. Her triple screening test and other routine biochemical and haematological blood tests did not reveal any abnormal results. During routine prenatal sonographic examination at the 16th gestational week, cleft lip and palate including secondary palate on the right side of the face was detected and ASD was suspected. RESULTS After delivery, prenatally diagnosed cleft lip and palate and primum ASD were confirmed. Postnatally, minimal micrognathia, posteriorly rotated low-set ears, minimal hypertelorism, epicanthal folds, nystagmus, esotropia, broad nasal tip, intraoral frenula and lobed tongue, shawl scrotum and duplicated nail of the index fingers of both hands were also observed. Radiological examination showed partial agenesis of the corpus callosum and partially duplicated terminal phalanx of the index fingers. A diagnosis of Varadi-Papp syndrome was formulated. At one year of age, there was short stature and delayed mental and motor development. CONCLUSION Understanding the limitations of prenatal ultrasound is very important for the genetic counselling of prospective parents, since major ultrasound findings can be associated with other minor or undetectable features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melih Atahan Guven
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kahramanmaras Sutcuimam University, Faculty of Medicine, 46100 Kahramanmaras, Turkey.
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Suminaga R, Takeshima Y, Wada H, Yagi M, Matsuo M. C-terminal truncated dystrophin identified in skeletal muscle of an asymptomatic boy with a novel nonsense mutation of the dystrophin gene. Pediatr Res 2004; 56:739-43. [PMID: 15371569 DOI: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000142734.46609.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mutations that cause premature stop codons in the dystrophin gene lead to a complete loss of dystrophin from skeletal muscle, resulting in severe Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Here, a C-terminally truncated dystrophin resulting from a novel nonsense mutation is shown for the first time to be localized to the muscle plasma membrane. An asymptomatic 8-y-old boy was examined for dystrophin in skeletal muscle because of high serum creatine kinase activity. Remarkably, no dystrophin labeling was seen with an MAb against the C-terminal domain, suggesting the presence of an early stop codon in the dystrophin gene. Labeling with an antibody specific to the N-terminal domain, however, revealed weak, patchy, and discontinuous staining, suggesting limited production of a truncated form of the protein. Molecular analysis revealed a novel nonsense mutation (Q3625X) as a result of a single nucleotide change in the patient's genomic DNA (C10873T), leaving 1.6% of dystrophin gene product unsynthesized at the C terminus. Dystrophin mRNA analysis did not show rescue of the nonsense mutation as a result of exon-skipping by an alternative splicing mechanism. This is the first report of an asymptomatic dystrophinopathy with a nonsense mutation in the dystrophin gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Suminaga
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunokicho, Chuo, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
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Blake DJ, Weir A, Newey SE, Davies KE. Function and genetics of dystrophin and dystrophin-related proteins in muscle. Physiol Rev 2002; 82:291-329. [PMID: 11917091 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00028.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 813] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The X-linked muscle-wasting disease Duchenne muscular dystrophy is caused by mutations in the gene encoding dystrophin. There is currently no effective treatment for the disease; however, the complex molecular pathology of this disorder is now being unravelled. Dystrophin is located at the muscle sarcolemma in a membrane-spanning protein complex that connects the cytoskeleton to the basal lamina. Mutations in many components of the dystrophin protein complex cause other forms of autosomally inherited muscular dystrophy, indicating the importance of this complex in normal muscle function. Although the precise function of dystrophin is unknown, the lack of protein causes membrane destabilization and the activation of multiple pathophysiological processes, many of which converge on alterations in intracellular calcium handling. Dystrophin is also the prototype of a family of dystrophin-related proteins, many of which are found in muscle. This family includes utrophin and alpha-dystrobrevin, which are involved in the maintenance of the neuromuscular junction architecture and in muscle homeostasis. New insights into the pathophysiology of dystrophic muscle, the identification of compensating proteins, and the discovery of new binding partners are paving the way for novel therapeutic strategies to treat this fatal muscle disease. This review discusses the role of the dystrophin complex and protein family in muscle and describes the physiological processes that are affected in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Blake
- Medical Research Council, Functional Genetics Unit, Department of Human Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Howard MT, Shirts BH, Petros LM, Flanigan KM, Gesteland RF, Atkins JF. Sequence specificity of aminoglycoside-induced stop codon readthrough: Potential implications for treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Ann Neurol 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1531-8249(200008)48:2<164::aid-ana5>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Wagner KR, Hamed S, Hadley DW, Gropman AL, Burstein AH, Escolar DM, Hoffman EP, Fischbeck KH. Gentamicin treatment of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy due to nonsense mutations. Ann Neurol 2001. [PMID: 11409421 DOI: 10.1002/ana.1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K R Wagner
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Saad FA, Mostacciuolo ML, Trevisan CP, Tomelleri G, Angelini C, Abdel Salam E, Danieli GA. Novel mutations and polymorphisms in the human dystrophin gene detected by double-strand conformation analysis. Hum Mutat 2000; 9:188-90. [PMID: 9067763 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-1004(1997)9:2<188::aid-humu15>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F A Saad
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Italy
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Abstract
Duchenne (DMD) and Becker (BMD) type muscular dystrophies are allelic X-linked recessive disorders caused by mutations in the gene encoding dystrophin. About 65% of the cases are caused by deletions, while 5-10% are duplications. The remaining 30% of affected individuals may have smaller mutations (point mutations or small deletions/insertions) which cannot be identified by current diagnostic screening strategies. In order to look for pathogenic small mutations in the dystrophin gene, we have screened the 18 exons located in the hot spot region of this gene through two different single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) conditions. Five different pathogenic mutations were identified in 6 out of 192 DMD/BMD patients without detectable deletions: 2 nonsense, 1 bp insertion, 1 bp deletion and 1 intronic. Except for the intronic change, which alters a splice site, all the others cause a premature stop codon. In addition, 8 apparently neutral changes were identified. However, interestingly, one of them was not identified in 195 normal chromosomes, although it was previously described in a DMD patient from a different population. The possibility that this mutation may be pathogenic is discussed. Except for two neutral changes, all the others are apparently here described for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sitnik
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Todorova A, Danieli GA. Large majority of single-nucleotide mutations along the dystrophin gene can be explained by more than one mechanism of mutagenesis. Hum Mutat 2000; 9:537-47. [PMID: 9195228 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-1004(1997)9:6<537::aid-humu7>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study reports for the first time on the analysis of the possible origin of single-base mutations along the highly mutable human dystrophin gene. Seventy-two mutations were considered and analyzed for consistency with the "slipped-mispairing" and "hypermutable CpG" models of mutagenesis. Moreover, repeated and symmetric elements, which could participate in the formation of secondary structures, were searched in each stretch of sequence including a given mutant base. Unexpectedly, the frequency of CpG mutations was found less than reported for other genes, whereas the frequency of transitions was found to be much higher than expected. Base substitutions in CpG dinucleotides that could be explained by methylation-mediated deamination were all C-->T transitions. No G-->A transitions in CpG dinucleotides were found. A sequence motif, which has been shown to act as an arrest site for polymerase alpha, occurred associated with > 50% of single-base mutations. All the mutations but one can be explained by at least two mechanisms of mutagenesis. This would mean that mutation could occur with higher probability at a given position, when it might be produced independently by different mechanisms. According to the present data, direct or inverted repeats seem to play a major role in this context. Therefore, the search for repeats along the dystrophin gene might help in identifying potential sites of mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Todorova
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, University Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Tuffery-Giraud S, Chambert S, Demaille J, Claustres M. Point mutations in the dystrophin gene: evidence for frequent use of cryptic splice sites as a result of splicing defects. Hum Mutat 1999; 14:359-68. [PMID: 10533061 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-1004(199911)14:5<359::aid-humu1>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ten different mutations have been identified in patients with Becker (n = 1) or Duchenne (n = 9) muscular dystrophy using reverse transcription of total RNA, polymerase chain reaction amplification of the whole coding region of the gene and protein truncation test (PTT) analysis. Seven mutations had not been reported previously, and these consist in three nonsense mutations (Q2522X, E2726X, R3381X), three frameshifting deletions (3686-3687delGT, 5126delA, 5759delC), and four splicing defects of which the effects on the muscle dystrophin mRNA transcripts have been analyzed. In one case, a 3' splice-site mutation (IVS74-2A-->G) resulted in a complex pattern of exon skipping involving exons of the C-terminal domain. In the three other cases, nucleotide substitutions in splice donor (IVS26+2T-->A, IVS65+1G-->A) or acceptor (IVS8-15A-->G) recognition sequences led to the use of cryptic splice sites, with consequent insertions of intronic sequences in the processed mRNA. Up to 34% (70/203) of the point mutations reported to date in the dystrophin database (http://www.dmd.nl) affect splice sites of the dystrophin gene. However, altered mRNA splicing has been confirmed experimentally in only 23% of cases (16/70). Combined with PTT, the transcript analysis protocol defined in this study permits direct determination of the impact of intronic variations on the structure of dystrophin mRNA and of the resulting consequences on the translational reading frame. We present evidence for a frequent use of cryptic splice sites as a result of splicing defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tuffery-Giraud
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Institut de Génétique Humaine CNRS/UPR 1142, Institut de Biologie, Montpellier, France.
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Barton-Davis ER, Cordier L, Shoturma DI, Leland SE, Sweeney HL. Aminoglycoside antibiotics restore dystrophin function to skeletal muscles of mdx mice. J Clin Invest 1999; 104:375-81. [PMID: 10449429 PMCID: PMC481050 DOI: 10.1172/jci7866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/1999] [Accepted: 07/16/1999] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene, leading to the absence of the dystrophin protein in striated muscle. A significant number of these mutations are premature stop codons. On the basis of the observation that aminoglycoside treatment can suppress stop codons in cultured cells, we tested the effect of gentamicin on cultured muscle cells from the mdx mouse - an animal model for DMD that possesses a premature stop codon in the dystrophin gene. Exposure of mdx myotubes to gentamicin led to the expression and localization of dystrophin to the cell membrane. We then evaluated the effects of differing dosages of gentamicin on expression and functional protection of the muscles of mdx mice. We identified a treatment regimen that resulted in the presence of dystrophin in the cell membrane in all striated muscles examined and that provided functional protection against muscular injury. To our knowledge, our results are the first to demonstrate that aminoglycosides can suppress stop codons not only in vitro but also in vivo. Furthermore, these results raise the possibility of a novel treatment regimen for muscular dystrophy and other diseases caused by premature stop codon mutations. This treatment could prove effective in up to 15% of patients with DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Barton-Davis
- Department of Physiology, and Institute for Human Gene Therapy, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Lukusa T, Fryns JP. Syndrome of facial, oral, and digital anomalies due to 7q21.2-->q22.1 duplication. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1998; 80:454-8. [PMID: 9880208 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19981228)80:5<454::aid-ajmg4>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We report on an 18-year-old man with moderate mental retardation, multiple congenital anomalies and partial trisomy 7q21.2-->q22.1, as the unbalanced product of a familial balanced 7q/6q insertion translocation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of interstitial trisomy 7q21.2-->q22.1 reported. The syndrome is characterized by the presence of facial, oral, and digital anomalies: 1) macrocephaly with frontal bossing, hypertelorism, small palpebral fissures with downward slant; 2) lobulated tongue, multiple intrabuccal frenula, oligodontia and enamel hypoplasia; 3) cutaneous syndactyly of fingers II-III and III-IV, broad and short fingertips with fetal pads, broad thumbs, and halluces.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lukusa
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital of Leuven, Belgium
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Ozawa E, Noguchi S, Mizuno Y, Hagiwara Y, Yoshida M. From dystrophinopathy to sarcoglycanopathy: evolution of a concept of muscular dystrophy. Muscle Nerve 1998; 21:421-38. [PMID: 9533777 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4598(199804)21:4<421::aid-mus1>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies are collectively termed dystrophinopathy. Dystrophinopathy and severe childhood autosomal recessive muscular dystrophy (SCARMD) are clinically very similar and had not been distinguished in the early 20th century. SCARMD was first classified separately from dystrophinopathy due to differences in the mode of inheritance. Studies performed several years ago clarified some immunohistochemical and genetic characteristics of SCARMD, but many remained to be clarified. In 1994, the sarcoglycan complex was discovered among dystrophin-associated proteins. Subsequently, on the basis of our immunohistochemical findings which indicated that all components of the sarcoglycan complex are absent in SCARMD muscles, and the previous genetic findings, we proposed that a mutation of any one of the sarcoglycan genes leads to SCARMD. This hypothesis explained and predicted various characteristics of SCARMD at the molecular level, most of which have been verified by subsequent discoveries in our own as well as various other laboratories. SCARMD is now called sarcoglycanopathy, which is caused by a defect of any one of four different sarcoglycan genes, and thus far mutations in sarcoglycan genes have been documented in the SCARMD patients. In this review, the evolution of the concept of sarcoglycanopathy separate from that of dystrophinopathy is explained by comparing studies on these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ozawa
- National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
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Odent S, Le Marec B, Toutain A, David A, Vigneron J, Tr�guier C, Jouan H, Milon J, Fryns JP, Verloes A. Central nervous system malformations and early end-stage renal disease in oro-facio-digital syndrome type I: A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19980203)75:4<389::aid-ajmg8>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Ortiz-Lopez R, Li H, Su J, Goytia V, Towbin JA. Evidence for a dystrophin missense mutation as a cause of X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1997; 95:2434-40. [PMID: 9170407 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.95.10.2434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy (XLCM) has previously been shown to be due to mutations in the dystrophin gene, which is located at Xp21. Mutations in the 5' portion of the gene, including the muscle promoter, exon 1, and the exon 1-intron 1 splice site, have been reported previously. The purpose of this study was to analyze the originally described family with XLCM (and other) for dystrophin mutations. METHODS AND RESULTS Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify genomic DNA, and reverse-transcriptase PCR amplified cDNA from RNA obtained from heart and lymphoblastoid cell lines. Primers to the muscle promoter, brain promoter, and Purkinje cell promoter were designed, in addition to the exon 1 to exon 14 regions of dystrophin. Single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis was used for mutation detection, and DNA sequencing defined the mutation. Protein modeling was used for amino acid and secondary structure analysis. A missense mutation in exon 9 at nucleotide 1043 was identified that causes an alanine to be substituted for threonine, a highly conserved amino acid, at position 279 (T279A). This mutation results in a change in polarity in the evolutionarily conserved first hinge region (H1) of the protein and substitution of a beta-sheet for alpha-helix in this portion of the protein, destabilizing the protein. CONCLUSIONS A novel missense mutation in exon 9 of dystrophin causing an abnormality at H1 leads to the cardiospecific phenotype of XLCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ortiz-Lopez
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex. 77030, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- F R Dietz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City 52242, USA
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Abstract
In the last decade, our knowledge of human diseases genes has been growing rapidly as a result of the availability of resources and techniques for mapping and sequencing the human genome. New disease genes are now reported almost weekly. This review illustrates how the identification of genes involved in neuromuscular disorders has led to the characterization of not only novel genes, but also of a variety of different types of genetic mutation. These observations, which include high deletion frequencies, unstable tandem repeat sequences, genomic duplications and triplet repeat expansions, have facilitated the identification of similar types of mutation in other genetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nawrotzki
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, UK.
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