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Abstract
Background Duplications or deletions in the 12q13.13 region are rare. Only scattered cases with duplications and/or deletions in this region have been reported in the literature or in online databases. Owing to the limited number of patients with genomic alteration within this region and lack of systematic analysis of these patients, the common clinical manifestation of these patients has remained elusive. Case presentation Here we report an 802 kb duplication in the 12q13.13q13.13 region in a 14 year-old male who presented with dysmorphic features, developmental delay (DD), mild intellectual disability (ID) and mild deformity of digits. Comparing the phenotype of our patient with those of reported patients, we find that patients with the 12q13.13 duplication or the deletion share similar phenotypes, including dysmorphic facies, abnormal nails, intellectual disability, and deformity of digits or limbs. However, patients with the deletion appear to have more severe deformity of digits or limbs. Conclusions Deletion and duplication of the 12q13.13 region may represent novel contiguous gene alteration syndromes. All seven reported 12q13.13 deletions and three of four duplications are de novo and vary in size. Therefore, these genomic alterations are not due to non-allelic homologous recombination.
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Grill B, Murphey RK, Borgen MA. The PHR proteins: intracellular signaling hubs in neuronal development and axon degeneration. Neural Dev 2016; 11:8. [PMID: 27008623 PMCID: PMC4806438 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-016-0063-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, a coordinated and integrated series of events must be accomplished in order to generate functional neural circuits. Axons must navigate toward target cells, build synaptic connections, and terminate outgrowth. The PHR proteins (consisting of mammalian Phr1/MYCBP2, Drosophila Highwire and C. elegans RPM-1) function in each of these events in development. Here, we review PHR function across species, as well as the myriad of signaling pathways PHR proteins regulate. These findings collectively suggest that the PHR proteins are intracellular signaling hubs, a concept we explore in depth. Consistent with prominent developmental functions, genetic links have begun to emerge between PHR signaling networks and neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism, schizophrenia and intellectual disability. Finally, we discuss the recent and important finding that PHR proteins regulate axon degeneration, which has further heightened interest in this fascinating group of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brock Grill
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA.
| | - Rodney K Murphey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Melissa A Borgen
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
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Nevado J, Mergener R, Palomares-Bralo M, Souza KR, Vallespín E, Mena R, Martínez-Glez V, Mori MÁ, Santos F, García-Miñaur S, García-Santiago F, Mansilla E, Fernández L, de Torres ML, Riegel M, Lapunzina P. New microdeletion and microduplication syndromes: A comprehensive review. Genet Mol Biol 2014; 37:210-9. [PMID: 24764755 PMCID: PMC3983590 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572014000200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Several new microdeletion and microduplication syndromes are emerging as disorders that have been proven to cause multisystem pathologies frequently associated with intellectual disability (ID), multiple congenital anomalies (MCA), autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) and other phenotypic findings. In this paper, we review the "new" and emergent microdeletion and microduplication syndromes that have been described and recognized in recent years with the aim of summarizing their main characteristics and chromosomal regions involved. We decided to group them by genomic region and within these groupings have classified them into those that include ID, MCA, ASD or other findings. This review does not intend to be exhaustive but is rather a quick guide to help pediatricians, clinical geneticists, cytogeneticists and/or molecular geneticists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julián Nevado
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain . ; Section of Functional and Structural Genomics, Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular, Hospital Universitario la Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafaella Mergener
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre,RS, Brazil
| | - María Palomares-Bralo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain . ; Section of Functional and Structural Genomics, Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular, Hospital Universitario la Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Karen Regina Souza
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre,RS, Brazil
| | - Elena Vallespín
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain . ; Section of Functional and Structural Genomics, Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular, Hospital Universitario la Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Mena
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain . ; Section of Functional and Structural Genomics, Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular, Hospital Universitario la Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Martínez-Glez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain . ; Section of Functional and Structural Genomics, Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular, Hospital Universitario la Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Mori
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain . ; Section of Functional and Structural Genomics, Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular, Hospital Universitario la Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Santos
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain . ; Section of Clinical Genetics, Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular, Hospital Universitario la Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sixto García-Miñaur
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain . ; Section of Clinical Genetics, Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular, Hospital Universitario la Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fé García-Santiago
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain . ; Section of Cytogenetics, Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular, Hospital Universitario la Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Mansilla
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain . ; Section of Cytogenetics, Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular, Hospital Universitario la Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Fernández
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain . ; Section of Preanalytics, Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular, Hospital Universitario la Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luisa de Torres
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain . ; Section of Cytogenetics, Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular, Hospital Universitario la Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariluce Riegel
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre,RS, Brazil . ; Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Pablo Lapunzina
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain . ; Section of Clinical Genetics, Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular, Hospital Universitario la Paz, Madrid, Spain . ; Section of Molecular Endocrinology, Overgrowth Disordes Laboratory, Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular, Hospital Universitario la Paz, Madrid, Spain
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