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Heide S, Argilli E, Valence S, Boutaud L, Roux N, Mignot C, Nava C, Keren B, Giraudat K, Faudet A, Gerasimenko A, Garel C, Blondiaux E, Rastetter A, Grevent D, Le C, Mackenzie L, Richards L, Attié-Bitach T, Depienne C, Sherr E, Héron D. Loss-of-function variants in ZEB1 cause dominant anomalies of the corpus callosum with favourable cognitive prognosis. J Med Genet 2024; 61:244-249. [PMID: 37857482 DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2023-109293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neurodevelopmental prognosis of anomalies of the corpus callosum (ACC), one of the most frequent brain malformations, varies extremely, ranging from normal development to profound intellectual disability (ID). Numerous genes are known to cause syndromic ACC with ID, whereas the genetics of ACC without ID remains poorly deciphered. METHODS Through a collaborative work, we describe here ZEB1, a gene previously involved in an ophthalmological condition called type 3 posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy, as a new dominant gene of ACC. We report a series of nine individuals with ACC (including three fetuses terminated due to ACC) carrying a ZEB1 heterozygous loss-of-function (LoF) variant, identified by exome sequencing. RESULTS In five cases, the variant was inherited from a parent with a normal corpus callosum, which illustrates the incomplete penetrance of ACC in individuals with an LoF in ZEB1. All patients reported normal schooling and none of them had ID. Neuropsychological assessment in six patients showed either normal functioning or heterogeneous cognition. Moreover, two patients had a bicornuate uterus, three had a cardiovascular anomaly and four had macrocephaly at birth, which suggests a larger spectrum of malformations related to ZEB1. CONCLUSION This study shows ZEB1 LoF variants cause dominantly inherited ACC without ID and extends the extraocular phenotype related to this gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solveig Heide
- Department of Genetics and Referral Center for Intellectual disabilities of rare causes, AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, 75013, France, Paris, France
| | - Emanuela Argilli
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco Division of Hospital Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
- Institute of Human Genetics and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Stéphanie Valence
- Department of Neuropediatry & Referral Center for Intellectual disabilities of rare causes, AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Hopital Armand-Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - Lucile Boutaud
- Genomic medicine of rare diseases, UF MP5, Hopital universitaire Necker-enfants Malades, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Roux
- Genomic medicine of rare diseases, UF MP5, Hopital universitaire Necker-enfants Malades, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Mignot
- Department of Genetics and Referral Center for Intellectual disabilities of rare causes, AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, 75013, France, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Nava
- Department of Genetics, Unit of Developmental Genomics, AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Boris Keren
- Department of Genetics, Unit of Developmental Genomics, AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Kim Giraudat
- Department of Neuropediatry & Referral Center for Intellectual disabilities of rare causes, AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Hopital Armand-Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - Anne Faudet
- Department of Genetics and Referral Center for Intellectual disabilities of rare causes, AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, 75013, France, Paris, France
| | - Anna Gerasimenko
- Department of Genetics and Referral Center for Intellectual disabilities of rare causes, AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, 75013, France, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Garel
- Department of pediatric and prenatal imaging, Armand-Trousseau Hospital, Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Eleonore Blondiaux
- Department of pediatric and prenatal imaging, Armand-Trousseau Hospital, Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Agnès Rastetter
- Paris Brain Institute (ICM Institut du Cerveau), Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR S 1127, Paris, France
| | - David Grevent
- Radiology Department, Hopital universitaire Necker-enfants Malades, Paris, France
- EA fetus 7328 and LUMIERE Platform, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Carolyn Le
- Institute of Human Genetics and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Institute of Human Genetics and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lisa Mackenzie
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Linda Richards
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tania Attié-Bitach
- Genomic medicine of rare diseases, UF MP5, Hopital universitaire Necker-enfants Malades, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Christel Depienne
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen, Universitu Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Elliott Sherr
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco Division of Hospital Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
- Institute of Human Genetics and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Delphine Héron
- Department of Genetics and Referral Center for Intellectual disabilities of rare causes, AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, 75013, France, Paris, France
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Tsedilina TR, Sharova E, Iakovets V, Skorodumova LO. Systematic review of SLC4A11, ZEB1, LOXHD1, and AGBL1 variants in the development of Fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1153122. [PMID: 37441688 PMCID: PMC10333596 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1153122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The pathogenic role of variants in TCF4 and COL8A2 in causing Fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) is not controversial and has been confirmed by numerous studies. The causal role of other genes, SLC4A11, ZEB1, LOXHD1, and AGBL1, which have been reported to be associated with FECD, is more complicated and less obvious. We performed a systematic review of the variants in the above-mentioned genes in FECD cases, taking into account the currently available population frequency information, transcriptomic data, and the results of functional studies to assess their pathogenicity. Methods Search for articles published in 2005-2022 was performed manually between July 2022 and February 2023. We searched for original research articles in peer-reviewed journals, written in English. Variants in the genes of interest identified in patients with FECD were extracted for the analysis. We classified each presented variant by pathogenicity status according to the ACMG criteria implemented in the Varsome tool. Diagnosis, segregation data, presence of affected relatives, functional analysis results, and gene expression in the corneal endothelium were taken into account. Data on the expression of genes of interest in the corneal endothelium were extracted from articles in which transcriptome analysis was performed. The identification of at least one variant in a gene classified as pathogenic or significantly associated with FECD was required to confirm the causal role of the gene in FECD. Results The analysis included 34 articles with 102 unique ZEB1 variants, 20 articles with 64 SLC4A11 variants, six articles with 26 LOXHD1 variants, and five articles with four AGBL1 variants. Pathogenic status was confirmed for seven SLC4A11 variants found in FECD. No variants in ZEB1, LOXHD1, and AGBL1 genes were classified as pathogenic for FECD. According to the transcriptome data, AGBL1 and LOXHD1 were not expressed in the corneal endothelium. Functional evidence for the association of LOXHD1, and AGBL1 with FECD was conflicting. Conclusion Our analysis confirmed the causal role of SLC4A11 variants in the development of FECD. The causal role of ZEB1, LOXHD1, and AGBL1 variants in FECD has not been confirmed. Further evidence from familial cases and functional analysis is needed to confirm their causal roles in FECD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Romanovna Tsedilina
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Sharova
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valeriia Iakovets
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Liubov Olegovna Skorodumova
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
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Kannabiran C, Chaurasia S, Ramappa M, Mootha VV. Update on the genetics of corneal endothelial dystrophies. Indian J Ophthalmol 2022; 70:2239-2248. [PMID: 35791103 PMCID: PMC9426112 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_992_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Corneal endothelial dystrophies are a heterogeneous group of diseases with different modes of inheritance and genetic basis for each dystrophy. The genes associated with these diseases encode transcription factors, structural components of the stroma and Descemet membrane, cell transport proteins, and others. Congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy (CHED) is associated with mutations in two genes, OVOL2 and SLC4A11, for dominant and recessive forms of CHED, respectively. Mutations in three genes are known to cause posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy (PPCD). They are OVOL2 (PPCD1), ZEB1 (PPCD3), and GRHL1 (PPCD4). The PPCD2 locus involving the collagen gene COL8A2 on chromosome 1 is disputed due to insufficient evidence. Mutations in the COL8A2 gene are associated with early-onset Fuchs’ endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD). Several genes have been associated with the more common, late-onset FECD. Alterations in each of these genes occur in a fraction of patients, and the most prevalent genetic alteration in FECD patients across the world is a triplet repeat expansion in the TCF4 gene. Knowledge of the genetics of corneal endothelial dystrophies has considerably advanced within the last decade and has contributed to better diagnosis of these dystrophies as well as opened up the possibility of novel therapeutic approaches based on the molecular mechanisms involved. The functions of genes identified to date provide insights into the pathogenic mechanisms involved in each disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitra Kannabiran
- Kallam Anji Reddy Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Prof Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sunita Chaurasia
- Centre for Rare Eye Diseases and Ocular Genetics; The Cornea Institute; Jasti V Ramanamma Children's Eye Care Center, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Muralidhar Ramappa
- Centre for Rare Eye Diseases and Ocular Genetics; The Cornea Institute; Jasti V Ramanamma Children's Eye Care Center, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Dudakova L, Stranecky V, Piherova L, Palecek T, Pontikos N, Kmoch S, Skalicka P, Vaneckova M, Davidson AE, Liskova P. Non-Penetrance for Ocular Phenotype in Two Individuals Carrying Heterozygous Loss-of-Function ZEB1 Alleles. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050677. [PMID: 33946386 PMCID: PMC8146820 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
ZEB1 loss-of-function (LoF) alleles are known to cause a rare autosomal dominant disorder—posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy type 3 (PPCD3). To date, 50 pathogenic LoF variants have been identified as disease-causing and familial studies have indicated that the PPCD3 phenotype is penetrant in approximately 95% of carriers. In this study, we interrogated in-house exomes (n = 3616) and genomes (n = 88) for the presence of putative heterozygous LoF variants in ZEB1. Next, we performed detailed phenotyping in a father and his son who carried a novel LoF c.1279C>T; p.(Glu427*) variant in ZEB1 (NM_030751.6) absent from the gnomAD v.2.1.1 dataset. Ocular examination of the two subjects did not show any abnormalities characteristic of PPCD3. GnomAD (n = 141,456 subjects) was also interrogated for LoF ZEB1 variants, notably 8 distinct heterozygous changes presumed to lead to ZEB1 haploinsufficiency, not reported to be associated with PPCD3, have been identified. The NM_030751.6 transcript has a pLI score ≥ 0.99, indicating extreme intolerance to haploinsufficiency. In conclusion, ZEB1 LoF variants are present in a general population at an extremely low frequency. As PPCD3 can be asymptomatic, the true penetrance of ZEB1 LoF variants remains currently unknown but is likely to be lower than estimated by the familial led approaches adopted to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubica Dudakova
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 2, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.D.); (V.S.); (L.P.); (S.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Viktor Stranecky
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 2, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.D.); (V.S.); (L.P.); (S.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Lenka Piherova
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 2, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.D.); (V.S.); (L.P.); (S.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Tomas Palecek
- Second Department of Medicine—Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, U Nemocnice 2, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Nikolas Pontikos
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK; (N.P.); (A.E.D.)
| | - Stanislav Kmoch
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 2, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.D.); (V.S.); (L.P.); (S.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Pavlina Skalicka
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 2, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.D.); (V.S.); (L.P.); (S.K.); (P.S.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, U Nemocnice 2, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Manuela Vaneckova
- Department of Radiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Katerinska 30, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Alice E. Davidson
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK; (N.P.); (A.E.D.)
| | - Petra Liskova
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 2, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.D.); (V.S.); (L.P.); (S.K.); (P.S.)
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK; (N.P.); (A.E.D.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, U Nemocnice 2, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-22496-7139
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She Q, Fu F, Guo X, Tan W, Liao C. Genetic testing in fetuses with isolated agenesis of the corpus callosum. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2019; 34:2227-2234. [PMID: 31450992 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2019.1660769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objectives of this study were to explore genetics pathogenesis of isolated agenesis of corpus callosum (ACC) and assess the utility of chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) for genetic diagnosis of isolated ACC. METHODS We analyzed the genomes of 16 fetuses with isolated ACC using Afymetrix CytoScan HD arrays and conducted further bioinformatic analysis for one proband fetus with an abnormal copy number variation (CNV). RESULTS Of the 16 fetal samples examined, two (12.5%) had pathogenic CNVs and three (18.75%) had variants of unknown significance. Two cases, case 2 and case 9, were found to have pathogenic CNVs. Bioinformatic analyses indicated that the CNV of one fetus (case 9) contained 115 annotated coding genes, five of which (SLC6A5, BDNF, ELP4, PAX6, and SLC1A2) have been associated with neurodevelopment. Three of these genes (SLC1A2, BDNF, and PAX6) may play a key role in ACC development. GO cluster analysis of the implicated genes revealed strong representations of protein binding and metal ion binding functions. KEGG pathway analysis pointed to four pathways: longevity regulating pathway, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, cocaine addiction, and autophagy-animal. CONCLUSIONS BDNF, SLC1A2, and PAX6 may be involved in the development of isolated ACC. CMA is a feasible technology for prenatal diagnosis of isolated ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin She
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Prenatal Diagnostic Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China.,Prenatal Diagnostic Center, The Six Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Fang Fu
- Prenatal Diagnostic Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Guo
- Prenatal Diagnostic Center, The Six Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Weihe Tan
- Prenatal Diagnostic Center, The Six Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Can Liao
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Prenatal Diagnostic Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
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The utility of massively parallel sequencing for posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy type 3 molecular diagnosis. Exp Eye Res 2019; 182:160-166. [PMID: 30851240 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify the molecular genetic cause of disease in posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy (PPCD) probands of diverse origin and to assess the utility of massively parallel sequencing in the detection of ZEB1 mutations. We investigated a total of 12 families (five British, four Czech, one Slovak and two Swiss). Ten novel and two recurrent disease-causing mutations in ZEB1, were identified in probands by Sanger (n = 5), exome (n = 4) and genome (n = 3) sequencing. Sanger sequencing was used to confirm the mutations detected by massively parallel sequencing, and to perform segregation analysis. Genome sequencing revealed that one proband harboured a novel ∼0.34 Mb heterozygous de novo deletion spanning exons 1-7 and part of exon 8. Transcript analysis confirmed that the ZEB1 transcript is detectable in blood-derived RNA samples and that the disease-associated variant c.482-2A>G leads to aberrant pre-mRNA splicing. De novo mutations, which are a feature of PPCD3, were found in the current study with an incidence rate of at least 16.6%. In general, massively parallel sequencing is a time-efficient way to detect PPCD3-associated mutations and, importantly, genome sequencing enables the identification of full or partial heterozygous ZEB1 deletions that can evade detection by both Sanger and exome sequencing. These findings contribute to our understanding of PPCD3, for which currently, 49 pathogenic variants have been identified, all of which are predicted to be null alleles.
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Li X, Zhang Y, Wang L, Lin Y, Gao Z, Zhan X, Huang Y, Sun C, Wang D, Liang S, Wu L. Integrated Analysis of Brain Transcriptome Reveals Convergent Molecular Pathways in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:706. [PMID: 31649562 PMCID: PMC6795181 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a set of complex neurodevelopmental disorders with etiology that remains elusive. Although there is a mounting body of investigation in different brain regions related to ASD, our knowledge about the common and distinct perturb condition between them is at the threshold of accumulation. In this study, based on protein-protein interactions, post-mortem transcriptome analysis was performed with corpus callosum (CC) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) samples from ASD individuals and controls. Co-expression network analysis revealed that a total of seven (four for CC set, three for PFC set) core dysfunctional modules strongly enriched for known ASD-risk genes. Three quarters of them in CC set (M4, M6, M29) significantly enriched for genes annotated by genetically associated variants in our previous whole genome sequencing data. We further determined transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation subnetwork for each ASD-correlated module, including 47 pivot transcription factors, 130 pivot miRNAs, and 7 pivot lncRNAs. Moreover, there were significantly more interactions between CC-M4, -M6, and PFC-M2, mainly involved in synaptic functions and neuronal development. Our integrated multifactor analysis of ASD brain transcriptome profile illustrated underlying common and distinct molecular mechanisms and the module crosstalk between CC and PFC, helping to shed light on the molecular neuropathological underlying ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Li
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Province Key Laboratory of Children Development and Genetic Research, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yuncong Zhang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Luxi Wang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Province Key Laboratory of Children Development and Genetic Research, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yunqing Lin
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhaomin Gao
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Province Key Laboratory of Children Development and Genetic Research, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Province Key Laboratory of Children Development and Genetic Research, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Province Key Laboratory of Children Development and Genetic Research, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Caihong Sun
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Province Key Laboratory of Children Development and Genetic Research, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Dong Wang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Province Key Laboratory of Children Development and Genetic Research, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lijie Wu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Province Key Laboratory of Children Development and Genetic Research, Heilongjiang, China
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