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Móz LES, Martins RHG, Lapa RML, Villacis RAR, Dos Reis PP, Rogatto SR. DNA rare copy number alterations in Reinke’s Edema. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2022; 89:279-284. [PMID: 36243603 PMCID: PMC10071534 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Reinke's Edema (RE) is a laryngeal lesion related to excessive tobacco smoking, voice overuse, and laryngopharyngeal reflux. Although the risk of malignancy has been considered low in literature, RE is classified among precancerous lesions. OBJECTIVES We investigated DNA Copy Number Alterations (CNAs) in specimens of RE and its potential association with malignant progression. METHODS We used array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH, Agilent 4 × 180 K platform) to study eight RE cases. All patients were heavy tobacco users for at least 30 years, and none of them progressed to cancer in the follow-up (>8 years). Two RE presented mild dysplasia, one moderate dysplasia, and no histological alterations were found in the remaining five cases. CNAs were compared with the Database of Genomic Variants (DGV) and genes mapped on altered regions had their functions annotated. RESULTS Six of eight patients showed different rare copy number alterations on chromosomes 2q37.3, 4q13.1, 4q13.3, 7q11.22, 10p14, and 13q34. A gain of the whole chromosome 8 were detected in one case. Of interest, four of eight RE cases showed copy number imbalances involving genes previously described in several tumor types (RASA3, COL6A3, LINC00707, LINP1, SMR3A, and SMR3B). CONCLUSION The genomic imbalances herein found in RE have the potential to contribute to the phenotype but with limited or no risk of cancer. A long-term follow-up in a large series of patients could clarify the mechanisms involved in the malignant progression of RE. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Eduardo Silva Móz
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; São Camilo Oncologia
| | - Regina Helena Garcia Martins
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Especialidades Cirúrgicas e Anestesiologia, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
| | - Rainer Marco Lopez Lapa
- National University Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza of Amazonas, Institute of Livestock and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Chachapoyas, Peru
| | - Rolando André Rios Villacis
- Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Genética e Morfologia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Patricia Pintor Dos Reis
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Cirurgia e Ortopedia, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvia Regina Rogatto
- University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Department of Clinical Genetics, Vejle, Denmark; University of Southern Denmark, Institute of Regional Health Research, Odense, Denmark.
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Biel A, Castanza AS, Rutherford R, Fair SR, Chifamba L, Wester JC, Hester ME, Hevner RF. AUTS2 Syndrome: Molecular Mechanisms and Model Systems. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:858582. [PMID: 35431798 PMCID: PMC9008325 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.858582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
AUTS2 syndrome is a genetic disorder that causes intellectual disability, microcephaly, and other phenotypes. Syndrome severity is worse when mutations involve 3' regions (exons 9-19) of the AUTS2 gene. Human AUTS2 protein has two major isoforms, full-length (1259 aa) and C-terminal (711 aa), the latter produced from an alternative transcription start site in exon 9. Structurally, AUTS2 contains the putative "AUTS2 domain" (∼200 aa) conserved among AUTS2 and its ohnologs, fibrosin, and fibrosin-like-1. Also, AUTS2 contains extensive low-complexity sequences and intrinsically disordered regions, features typical of RNA-binding proteins. During development, AUTS2 is expressed by specific progenitor cell and neuron types, including pyramidal neurons and Purkinje cells. AUTS2 localizes mainly in cell nuclei, where it regulates transcription and RNA metabolism. Some studies have detected AUTS2 in neurites, where it may regulate cytoskeletal dynamics. Neurodevelopmental functions of AUTS2 have been studied in diverse model systems. In zebrafish, auts2a morphants displayed microcephaly. In mice, excision of different Auts2 exons (7, 8, or 15) caused distinct phenotypes, variously including neonatal breathing abnormalities, cerebellar hypoplasia, dentate gyrus hypoplasia, EEG abnormalities, and behavioral changes. In mouse embryonic stem cells, AUTS2 could promote or delay neuronal differentiation. Cerebral organoids, derived from an AUTS2 syndrome patient containing a pathogenic missense variant in exon 9, exhibited neocortical growth defects. Emerging technologies for analysis of human cerebral organoids will be increasingly useful for understanding mechanisms underlying AUTS2 syndrome. Questions for future research include whether AUTS2 binds RNA directly, how AUTS2 regulates neurogenesis, and how AUTS2 modulates neural circuit formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alecia Biel
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Anthony S. Castanza
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Ryan Rutherford
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Summer R. Fair
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Lincoln Chifamba
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jason C. Wester
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Mark E. Hester
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Robert F. Hevner
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
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Liu S, Aldinger KA, Cheng CV, Kiyama T, Dave M, McNamara HK, Zhao W, Stafford JM, Descostes N, Lee P, Caraffi SG, Ivanovski I, Errichiello E, Zweier C, Zuffardi O, Schneider M, Papavasiliou AS, Perry MS, Humberson J, Cho MT, Weber A, Swale A, Badea TC, Mao CA, Garavelli L, Dobyns WB, Reinberg D. NRF1 association with AUTS2-Polycomb mediates specific gene activation in the brain. Mol Cell 2021; 81:4663-4676.e8. [PMID: 34637754 PMCID: PMC8604784 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneous family of complexes comprising Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) is instrumental for establishing facultative heterochromatin that is repressive to transcription. However, two PRC1 species, ncPRC1.3 and ncPRC1.5, are known to comprise novel components, AUTS2, P300, and CK2, that convert this repressive function to that of transcription activation. Here, we report that individuals harboring mutations in the HX repeat domain of AUTS2 exhibit defects in AUTS2 and P300 interaction as well as a developmental disorder reflective of Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome, which is mainly associated with a heterozygous pathogenic variant in CREBBP/EP300. Moreover, the absence of AUTS2 or mutation in its HX repeat domain gives rise to misregulation of a subset of developmental genes and curtails motor neuron differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. The transcription factor nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) has a novel and integral role in this neurodevelopmental process, being required for ncPRC1.3 recruitment to chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanxiong Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Kimberly A Aldinger
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chi Vicky Cheng
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Takae Kiyama
- Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA; National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mitali Dave
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hanna K McNamara
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Wukui Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - James M Stafford
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Nicolas Descostes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Pedro Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Stefano G Caraffi
- Struttura Semplice Dipartimentale di Genetica Medica, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Ivan Ivanovski
- Struttura Semplice Dipartimentale di Genetica Medica, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy; Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Edoardo Errichiello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Christiane Zweier
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 10, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Department of Human Genetics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Orsetta Zuffardi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Michael Schneider
- Carle Physicians Group, Section of Neurology, St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - M Scott Perry
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Program, Jane and John Justin Neuroscience Center, Cook Children's Medical Center, Fort Worth, TX 76104, USA
| | - Jennifer Humberson
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia Children's Hospital, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | | | - Andrew Swale
- Liverpool Women's Hospital, Liverpool, UK; Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester, UK
| | - Tudor C Badea
- National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Research and Development Institute, Transilvania University of Brasov, School of Medicine, Brasov, Romania
| | - Chai-An Mao
- Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA; National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Livia Garavelli
- Struttura Semplice Dipartimentale di Genetica Medica, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - William B Dobyns
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pediatrics (Genetic Medicine), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Danny Reinberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
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Sanchez-Jimeno C, Blanco-Kelly F, López-Grondona F, Losada-Del Pozo R, Moreno B, Rodrigo-Moreno M, Martinez-Cayuelas E, Riveiro-Alvarez R, Fenollar-Cortés M, Ayuso C, Rodríguez de Alba M, Lorda-Sanchez I, Almoguera B. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity and Autism Spectrum Disorders as the Core Symptoms of AUTS2 Syndrome: Description of Five New Patients and Update of the Frequency of Manifestations and Genotype-Phenotype Correlation. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12091360. [PMID: 34573342 PMCID: PMC8471078 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency of AUTS2 has been associated with a syndromic form of neurodevelopmental delay characterized by intellectual disability, autistic features, and microcephaly, also known as AUTS2 syndrome. While the phenotype associated with large deletions and duplications of AUTS2 is well established, clinical features of patients harboring AUTS2 sequence variants have not been extensively described. In this study, we describe the phenotype of five new patients with AUTS2 pathogenic variants, three of them harboring loss-of-function sequence variants. The phenotype of the patients was characterized by attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or autistic features and mild global developmental delay (GDD) or intellectual disability (ID), all in 4/5 patients (80%), a frequency higher than previously reported for ADHD and autistic features. Microcephaly and short stature were found in 60% of the patients; and feeding difficulties, generalized hypotonia, and ptosis, were each found in 40%. We also provide the aggregated frequency of the 32 items included in the AUTS2 syndrome severity score (ASSS) in patients currently reported in the literature. The main characteristics of the syndrome are GDD/ID in 98% of patients, microcephaly in 65%, feeding difficulties in 62%, ADHD or hyperactivity in 54%, and autistic traits in 52%. Finally, using the location of 31 variants from the literature together with variants from the five patients, we found significantly higher ASSS values in patients with pathogenic variants affecting the 3′ end of the gene, confirming the genotype-phenotype correlation initially described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Sanchez-Jimeno
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, IIS–Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.S.-J.); (F.B.-K.); (F.L.-G.); (R.R.-A.); (C.A.); (M.R.d.A.); (I.L.-S.)
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fiona Blanco-Kelly
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, IIS–Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.S.-J.); (F.B.-K.); (F.L.-G.); (R.R.-A.); (C.A.); (M.R.d.A.); (I.L.-S.)
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fermina López-Grondona
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, IIS–Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.S.-J.); (F.B.-K.); (F.L.-G.); (R.R.-A.); (C.A.); (M.R.d.A.); (I.L.-S.)
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Losada-Del Pozo
- Department of Pediatrics, IIS–Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.L.-D.P.); (B.M.); (M.R.-M.); (E.M.-C.)
| | - Beatriz Moreno
- Department of Pediatrics, IIS–Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.L.-D.P.); (B.M.); (M.R.-M.); (E.M.-C.)
| | - María Rodrigo-Moreno
- Department of Pediatrics, IIS–Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.L.-D.P.); (B.M.); (M.R.-M.); (E.M.-C.)
| | - Elena Martinez-Cayuelas
- Department of Pediatrics, IIS–Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.L.-D.P.); (B.M.); (M.R.-M.); (E.M.-C.)
| | - Rosa Riveiro-Alvarez
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, IIS–Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.S.-J.); (F.B.-K.); (F.L.-G.); (R.R.-A.); (C.A.); (M.R.d.A.); (I.L.-S.)
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Fenollar-Cortés
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Clinical Analysis, Clínico San Carlos University Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- IIS-Clínico San Carlos University Hospital (IsISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Ayuso
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, IIS–Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.S.-J.); (F.B.-K.); (F.L.-G.); (R.R.-A.); (C.A.); (M.R.d.A.); (I.L.-S.)
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Rodríguez de Alba
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, IIS–Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.S.-J.); (F.B.-K.); (F.L.-G.); (R.R.-A.); (C.A.); (M.R.d.A.); (I.L.-S.)
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Lorda-Sanchez
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, IIS–Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.S.-J.); (F.B.-K.); (F.L.-G.); (R.R.-A.); (C.A.); (M.R.d.A.); (I.L.-S.)
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Berta Almoguera
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, IIS–Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.S.-J.); (F.B.-K.); (F.L.-G.); (R.R.-A.); (C.A.); (M.R.d.A.); (I.L.-S.)
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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