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Khaladkar SM, Jhala NA, Shukla A, Shah R, Durgi EC. Rhombencephalosynapsis: A Rare Hindbrain Malformation. Cureus 2024; 16:e65400. [PMID: 39184610 PMCID: PMC11344872 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.65400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Rhombencephalosynapsis (RES) is a rare condition found in the pediatric population. It occurs due to a fundamental failure of vermian differentiation caused by faulty gene expression in the earliest patterning areas of the brain between days 28 and 41 of gestation, resulting in a fused cerebellum. This report aims to discuss cases of this rare hindbrain malformation, identify its features on MRI, diagnose any associated anomalies, classify it based on severity, and study its syndromic associations. We report two rare cases of RES in patients presenting with complaints of ataxia, global motor developmental delay, hypotonia, and dysarthria, who underwent an MRI of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay M Khaladkar
- Radiodiagnosis, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, IND
| | - Neeha A Jhala
- Radiodiagnosis, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, IND
| | - Amanya Shukla
- Radiodiagnosis, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, IND
| | - Rohan Shah
- Radiodiagnosis, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, IND
| | - Eshan Chetan Durgi
- Radiodiagnosis, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, IND
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2
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Tiffany Cava Morden F, Xin Liang B, Nguyen L, Carrazana E, Ghaffari-Rafi A, Kai Liow K. Partial Rhombencephalosynapsis Presenting in an Adult with Cerebello-Trigeminal-Dermal Dysplasia. Epilepsy Behav Rep 2024; 27:100688. [PMID: 39050404 PMCID: PMC11268192 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebr.2024.100688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Gomez-Lopez-Hernandez syndrome (GLHS), also known as cerebello-trigeminal-dermal dysplasia, is a neurocutaneous disorder typically presenting in childhood. GLHS is characterized by rhombencephalosynapsis (RES) and partial alopecia, with or without trigeminal anesthesia. We describe a rare case of GLHS in a paucisymptomatic adult who presented with new-onset seizure-like activity. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed partial midline fusion of the cerebellar hemispheres, incomplete development of vermis, and slight medialization of the dentate nuclei: all consistent with the diagnosis of RES. Radiographic evidence combined with partial alopecia, truncal ataxia, and muscular hypotonia are suggestive GLHS diagnosis. Our report not only highlights the importance of maintaining GLHS on the differential for new-onset seizure-like activity, but also demonstrates how patients with GLHS may be minimally symptomatic and diagnosed in adulthood. Lay Summary The Gomez-Lopez-Hernandez syndrome (GLHS), or cerebellotrigeminal-dermal dysplasia, is a rare condition that affects both the nervous system and the skin. It involves abnormal development of the brain, partial alopecia [thinning of hair], and loss of sensation in the face. One specific brain malformation, called rhombencephalosynapsis (RES), results from abnormal formation of the cerebellum and is seen in GHLS.Both RES and GLHS present early in childhood, and cases presenting later in life are exceptionally rare. Here we describe a young adult with RES and GLHS whose normal development and mild clumsiness eluded recognition by doctors until early adulthood when she presented with a single seizure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bao Xin Liang
- University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Linda Nguyen
- University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Enrique Carrazana
- University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI, USA
- Hawaii Pacific Neuroscience, Honolulu, HI, USA
- Neurelis, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Arash Ghaffari-Rafi
- University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Department of Neurological Surgery, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Kore Kai Liow
- University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI, USA
- Hawaii Pacific Neuroscience, Honolulu, HI, USA
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Kunpalin Y, Miller E, Raghuram K, Shannon P, Fisher Y, Chau V, Toi A, Chitayat D, Blaser S, Shinar S. Associations and outcomes of prenatally detected rhombencephalosynapsis. Prenat Diagn 2024. [PMID: 38840304 DOI: 10.1002/pd.6620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the association between prenatal imaging and neurodevelopmental outcomes of fetuses with rhombencephalosynapsis (RES). STUDY DESIGN Thirty-four pregnancies complicated by RES were identified from our institutional databases based on US and/or MRI findings. Genetic testing results were gathered. In cases of termination of pregnancy, we studied the association between prenatal imaging and neuropathologic findings. For those who opted for expectant management, comprehensive developmental assessments and postnatal MRI imaging were evaluated. RESULTS Over one third of fetuses in our cohort had complete RES. Common intracranial anomalies identified were mesencephalosynapsis, aqueduct stenosis and diencephalosynapsis. The degree of RES was not associated with the frequency of additional central nervous system anomalies. MRI had a good correlation with neuropathologic findings with regard to the degree of RES, aqueduct stenosis and mesencephalosynapsis. Postmortem autopsy showed that one third of our cases had VACTERL-H and almost all of those had complete RES. All liveborn neonates(n = 6) had aqueduct stenosis requiring ventriculoperitoneal shunting within days of delivery (median 5 days). While a large proportion of prenatally suspected complete RES were found to have partial RES on postnatal imaging, prenatal diagnosis of aqueduct stenosis remained unchanged. All children that were at least 2 years old (n = 3) had global developmental delay. CONCLUSION Prenatal assessment of the RES severity is challenging and may be unreliable. Nevertheless, postnatal prognosis is poor for both complete and partial RES. Associated aqueductal stenosis, can be reliably assessed prenatally and this may contribute to worse postnatal prognosis than the degree of RES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yada Kunpalin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Fetal Medicine Unit, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elka Miller
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kamini Raghuram
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Paediatrics, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patrick Shannon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yael Fisher
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vann Chau
- Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ants Toi
- Departemnt of Medical Imaging, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Chitayat
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Obstsetrics and Gyneology, The Prenatal Diagnosis and Medical Genetics Program, Mount Sinai Hospital University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan Blaser
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shiri Shinar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Fetal Medicine Unit, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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4
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Moosavi A, Kanekar S. Congenital Malformations of Cerebellum. Clin Perinatol 2022; 49:603-621. [PMID: 36113925 DOI: 10.1016/j.clp.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Advances in pre and postnatal neuroimaging techniques, and molecular genetics have increased our understanding of the congenital malformation of the brain. Correct diagnosis of these malformations in regards to embryology, and molecular neurogenetics is of paramount importance to understand the inheritance pattern and risk of recurrence. Lesions detected on prenatal imaging require confirmation either with postnatal ultrasound and/or with MR imaging. With the advent of the faster (rapid) MRI techniques, which can be conducted without sedation, MRI is commonly used in the evaluation of congenital malformation of the brain. Based on neuroimaging pattern, the congenital malformations of the posterior fossa are classified into 4 main categories: (a) predominantly cerebellar, (b) cerebellar and brainstem, (c) predominantly brainstem, and (d) predominantly midbrain malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Moosavi
- Radiology Research, Division of Neuroradiology, Penn State Health, Penn State College of Medicine, Mail Code H066 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Sangam Kanekar
- Radiology Research, Division of Neuroradiology, Penn State Health, Penn State College of Medicine, Mail Code H066 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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Haldipur P, Millen KJ, Aldinger KA. Human Cerebellar Development and Transcriptomics: Implications for Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Annu Rev Neurosci 2022; 45:515-531. [PMID: 35440142 PMCID: PMC9271632 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-111020-091953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Developmental abnormalities of the cerebellum are among the most recognized structural brain malformations in human prenatal imaging. Yet reliable information regarding their cause in humans is sparse, and few outcome studies are available to inform prognosis. We know very little about human cerebellar development, in stark contrast to the wealth of knowledge from decades of research on cerebellar developmental biology of model organisms, especially mice. Recent studies show that multiple aspects of human cerebellar development significantly differ from mice and even rhesus macaques, a nonhuman primate. These discoveries challenge many current mouse-centric models of normal human cerebellar development and models regarding the pathogenesis of several neurodevelopmental phenotypes affecting the cerebellum, including Dandy-Walker malformation and medulloblastoma. Since we cannot model what we do not know, additional normative and pathological human developmental data are essential, and new models are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parthiv Haldipur
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA;
| | - Kathleen J Millen
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA; .,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kimberly A Aldinger
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA;
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6
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Congenital Brain Malformations: An Integrated Diagnostic Approach. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2022; 42:100973. [PMID: 35868725 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2022.100973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Congenital brain malformations are abnormalities present at birth that can result from developmental disruptions at various embryonic or fetal stages. The clinical presentation is nonspecific and can include developmental delay, hypotonia, and/or epilepsy. An informed combination of imaging and genetic testing enables early and accurate diagnosis and management planning. In this article, we provide a streamlined approach to radiologic phenotyping and genetic evaluation of brain malformations. We will review the clinical workflow for brain imaging and genetic testing with up-to-date ontologies and literature references. The organization of this article introduces a streamlined approach for imaging-based etiologic classification into malformative, destructive, and migrational abnormalities. Specific radiologic ontologies are then discussed in detail, with correlation of key neuroimaging features to embryology and molecular pathogenesis.
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Coolen M, Altin N, Rajamani K, Pereira E, Siquier-Pernet K, Puig Lombardi E, Moreno N, Barcia G, Yvert M, Laquerrière A, Pouliet A, Nitschké P, Boddaert N, Rausell A, Razavi F, Afenjar A, Billette de Villemeur T, Al-Maawali A, Al-Thihli K, Baptista J, Beleza-Meireles A, Garel C, Legendre M, Gelot A, Burglen L, Moutton S, Cantagrel V. Recessive PRDM13 mutations cause fatal perinatal brainstem dysfunction with cerebellar hypoplasia and disrupt Purkinje cell differentiation. Am J Hum Genet 2022; 109:909-927. [PMID: 35390279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2022.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pontocerebellar hypoplasias (PCHs) are congenital disorders characterized by hypoplasia or early atrophy of the cerebellum and brainstem, leading to a very limited motor and cognitive development. Although over 20 genes have been shown to be mutated in PCHs, a large proportion of affected individuals remains undiagnosed. We describe four families with children presenting with severe neonatal brainstem dysfunction and pronounced deficits in cognitive and motor development associated with four different bi-allelic mutations in PRDM13, including homozygous truncating variants in the most severely affected individuals. Brain MRI and fetopathological examination revealed a PCH-like phenotype, associated with major hypoplasia of inferior olive nuclei and dysplasia of the dentate nucleus. Notably, histopathological examinations highlighted a sparse and disorganized Purkinje cell layer in the cerebellum. PRDM13 encodes a transcriptional repressor known to be critical for neuronal subtypes specification in the mouse retina and spinal cord but had not been implicated, so far, in hindbrain development. snRNA-seq data mining and in situ hybridization in humans show that PRDM13 is expressed at early stages in the progenitors of the cerebellar ventricular zone, which gives rise to cerebellar GABAergic neurons, including Purkinje cells. We also show that loss of function of prdm13 in zebrafish leads to a reduction in Purkinje cells numbers and a complete absence of the inferior olive nuclei. Altogether our data identified bi-allelic mutations in PRDM13 as causing a olivopontocerebellar hypoplasia syndrome and suggest that early deregulations of the transcriptional control of neuronal fate specification could contribute to a significant number of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Coolen
- Université Paris Cité, Developmental Brain Disorders Laboratory, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris 75015, France.
| | - Nami Altin
- Université Paris Cité, Developmental Brain Disorders Laboratory, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris 75015, France
| | - Karthyayani Rajamani
- Université Paris Cité, Developmental Brain Disorders Laboratory, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris 75015, France
| | - Eva Pereira
- Université Paris Cité, Developmental Brain Disorders Laboratory, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris 75015, France
| | - Karine Siquier-Pernet
- Université Paris Cité, Developmental Brain Disorders Laboratory, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris 75015, France
| | - Emilia Puig Lombardi
- Université Paris Cité, Bioinformatics Core Facility, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris 75015, France
| | - Nadjeda Moreno
- HDBR Developmental Biology and Cancer, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Giulia Barcia
- Université Paris Cité, Developmental Brain Disorders Laboratory, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris 75015, France; Département de Génétique Médicale, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris 75015, France
| | - Marianne Yvert
- Centre Pluridisciplinaire de Diagnostic Prénatal, Pôle Mère Enfant, Maison de Santé Protestante Bordeaux Bagatelle, Talence 33400, France
| | - Annie Laquerrière
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1245; Rouen University Hospital, Department of Pathology, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen 76183, France
| | - Aurore Pouliet
- Université Paris Cité, Genomics Platform, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris 75015, France
| | - Patrick Nitschké
- Université Paris Cité, Bioinformatics Core Facility, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris 75015, France
| | - Nathalie Boddaert
- Département de Radiologie Pédiatrique, INSERM UMR 1163 and INSERM U1299, Institut Imagine, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris 75015, France
| | - Antonio Rausell
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR1163, Imagine Institute, Clinical Bioinformatics Laboratory and Molecular Genetics Service, Service de Médecine Génomique des Maladies Rares, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris 75015, France
| | - Féréchté Razavi
- Unité d'Embryofœtopathologie, Service d'Histologie-Embryologie-Cytogénétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris 75015, France
| | - Alexandra Afenjar
- Centre de Référence des Malformations et Maladies Congénitales du Cervelet, Département de Génétique, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Trousseau, Paris 75012, France
| | - Thierry Billette de Villemeur
- Sorbonne Université, Service de Neuropédiatrie - Pathologie du Développement, Centre de Référence Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares et Polyhandicap, Hôpital Trousseau AP-HP, Paris 75012, France
| | - Almundher Al-Maawali
- Department of Genetics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman; Genetic and Developmental Medicine Clinic, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat 123, Oman
| | - Khalid Al-Thihli
- Department of Genetics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman; Genetic and Developmental Medicine Clinic, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat 123, Oman
| | - Julia Baptista
- Exeter Genomics Laboratory, Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK; Peninsula Medical School, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL6 8BT, UK
| | - Ana Beleza-Meireles
- Clinical Genetics Department, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston, Bristol BS1 3NU, UK
| | - Catherine Garel
- Service de Radiologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, Médecine Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Paris 75012, France
| | - Marine Legendre
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU Bordeaux, Pellegrin Hospital, Bordeaux 33300, France
| | - Antoinette Gelot
- Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Trousseau Hospital, AP-HP, Paris 75012, France; INMED, Aix-Marseille University, INSERM UMR 1249, Marseille 13009, France
| | - Lydie Burglen
- Université Paris Cité, Developmental Brain Disorders Laboratory, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris 75015, France; Centre de Référence des Malformations et Maladies Congénitales du Cervelet, Département de Génétique, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Trousseau, Paris 75012, France
| | - Sébastien Moutton
- Centre Pluridisciplinaire de Diagnostic Prénatal, Pôle Mère Enfant, Maison de Santé Protestante Bordeaux Bagatelle, Talence 33400, France
| | - Vincent Cantagrel
- Université Paris Cité, Developmental Brain Disorders Laboratory, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris 75015, France.
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8
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Fouda MA, Kim TY, Cohen AR. Rhomboencephalosynapsis: Review of the literature. World Neurosurg 2021; 159:48-53. [PMID: 34954057 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Rhombencephalosynapsis is a rare congenital anomaly, characterized by partial or total agenesis of the cerebellar vermis with midline fusion of the cerebellar hemispheres, dentate nuclei, and the superior cerebellar peduncles, creating the distinctive Keyhole appearance of the fourth ventricle. Rhombencephalosynapsis can be isolated or can occur in association with other congenital anomalies and syndromes such as Gómez-López-Hernández Syndrome (GLHS) or VACTERL; vertebral anomalies (V), anal atresia (A), cardiovascular defects (C), esophageal atresia and/or tracheo-esophageal fistula (TE), renal (R) and limb/radial (L) anomalies. Recent advances in prenatal imaging have resulted in an increasing rate of prenatal diagnosis of abnormalities of the posterior fossa including Rhombencephalosynapsis. Patients with rhombencephalosynapsis may present with motor developmental delay, ataxia, swallowing difficulties, muscular hypotonia, spastic quadriparesis, abnormal eye movements and a characteristic "figure-of-eight" head shaking. Cognitive outcome varies from severe intellectual disability to normal intellectual function. Rhombencephalosynapsis with VACTERL is often associated with severe cognitive disabilities, whereas patients with GLHS may have better cognitive function. The most common associated findings with rhombencephalosynapsis include hydrocephalus, mesencephalosynapsis, holoprosencephaly, pontocerebellar hypoplasia, corpus callosum dysgenesis and absence of septum pellucidum. Patients can be categorized into four groups: (1) Rhombencephalosynapsis associated with Gómez-López-Hernández syndrome; (2) Rhombencephalosynapsis with VACTERL; (3) Rhombencephalosynapsis with atypical holoprosencephaly, and (4) isolated rhomboencephalosynapsis. The etiology of rhombencephalosynapsis is unknown. Here, we discuss several hypotheses about its etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Fouda
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
| | - Timothy Y Kim
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Alan R Cohen
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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9
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Choudhary N, Prabhakar A, Bhatia V, Gupta PC. Gomez-López-Hernandez syndrome: the triad of cerebello-trigemino-dermal dysplasia. BMJ Case Rep 2021; 14:e246189. [PMID: 34667053 PMCID: PMC8527131 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-246189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Neha Choudhary
- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anuj Prabhakar
- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vikas Bhatia
- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Parul Chawla Gupta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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10
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Gburek-Augustat J, Schoene-Bake JC, Bültmann E, Haack T, Buchert R, Synofzik M, Biskup S, Feuerhake F, Sorge I, Hartmann H. Pitfalls in Genetic Diagnostics: Why Phenotyping is Essential. Neuropediatrics 2021; 52:274-283. [PMID: 33791999 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1726306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
New genetic testing technologies have revolutionized medicine within the past years. It is foreseeable that the development will continue with the introduction of new techniques. Nevertheless, despite improved technology, an exact clinical description of the phenotype is still necessary and it is important to critically question findings, both before initiating genetic testing and when interpreting the results. We present four brief case vignettes to point out difficulties associated with correctly interpreting genetic findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Gburek-Augustat
- Division of Neuropediatrics, University Hospital, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Leipzig, Germany.,Clinic for Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Neuropediatrics, Developmental Neurology, Social Paediatrics, University Children's Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jan-Christoph Schoene-Bake
- Clinic for Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Gemeinschaftspraxis fuer Humangenetik, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eva Bültmann
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias Haack
- Department of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, Rare Disease Center Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rebecca Buchert
- Department of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, Rare Disease Center Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Saskia Biskup
- CeGaT GmbH, Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Ina Sorge
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hans Hartmann
- Clinic for Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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11
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Sánchez-Villalobos JM, Torres-Perales AM, Serrano-Velasco L, Pérez-Vicente JA. Adult rhombencephalosynapsis: an unusual presentation of an infrequent entity. NEUROLOGÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2021; 36:628-630. [PMID: 34238715 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - A M Torres-Perales
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Santa Lucía, Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
| | - L Serrano-Velasco
- Servicio de Radiodiagnóstico, Hospital Universitario Santa Lucía, Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
| | - J A Pérez-Vicente
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Santa Lucía, Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
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12
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Innes AM, Lynch DC. Fifty years of recognizable patterns of human malformation: Insights and opportunities. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 185:2653-2669. [PMID: 33951288 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Now in its 7th edition, Smith's Recognizable Patterns of Human Malformation was first published in 1970. This 1st edition comprised 135 "dysmorphic syndromes of multiple primary defects" and 12 "single syndromic malformations resulting in secondary defects." Of the former, other than a few chromosomal and environmental disorders, most were heritable conditions of then unknown etiology. In 2021, the majority of these conditions are now "solved," a notable exception is Hallermann-Streiff syndrome. The "solved" conditions were typically clinically delineated decades prior to understanding the underlying etiology, which rarely required recent technologies such as exome sequencing (ES) to elucidate. The 7th edition includes nearly 300 syndromes, sequences, and associations. An increasing number of conditions first appearing in the latest editions are sporadic, with many solved using either array CGH or ES. We have reviewed all syndromes that have appeared in "Smith's" with a focus on inheritance, heterogeneity, and year and method of etiologic discovery. Several themes emerge. Genetic heterogeneity and pleiotropy of genes are frequent. Several of the currently "unresolved" syndromes are clinically diverse such as Dubowitz syndrome. Multiple recurrent constellations of embryonic malformations, with VACTERL association as a paradigm, are increasingly likely to have a shared pathogenesis requiring further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Micheil Innes
- Department of Medical Genetics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Danielle C Lynch
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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13
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Barker MS, Knight JL, Dean RJ, Mandelstam S, Richards LJ, Robinson GA. Verbal Adynamia and Conceptualization in Partial Rhombencephalosynapsis and Corpus Callosum Dysgenesis. Cogn Behav Neurol 2021; 34:38-52. [PMID: 33652468 DOI: 10.1097/wnn.0000000000000261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Verbal adynamia is characterized by markedly reduced spontaneous speech that is not attributable to a core language deficit such as impaired naming, reading, repetition, or comprehension. In some cases, verbal adynamia is severe enough to be considered dynamic aphasia. We report the case of a 40-year-old, left-handed, male native English speaker who presented with partial rhombencephalosynapsis, corpus callosum dysgenesis, and a language profile that is consistent with verbal adynamia, or subclinical dynamic aphasia, possibly underpinned by difficulties selecting and generating ideas for expression. This case is only the second investigation of dynamic aphasia in an individual with a congenital brain malformation. It is also the first detailed neuropsychological report of an adult with partial rhombencephalosynapsis and corpus callosum dysgenesis, and the only known case of superior intellectual abilities in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan S Barker
- Neuropsychology Research Unit, School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
- Taub Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Jacquelyn L Knight
- Neuropsychology Research Unit, School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ryan J Dean
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Simone Mandelstam
- Department of Radiology, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Linda J Richards
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gail A Robinson
- Neuropsychology Research Unit, School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
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Abstract
Cerebellar hypoplasia (CH) refers to a cerebellum of reduced volume with preserved shape. CH is associated with a broad heterogeneity in neuroradiologic features, etiologies, clinical characteristics, and neurodevelopmental outcomes, challenging physicians evaluating children with CH. Traditionally, neuroimaging has been a key tool to categorize CH based on the pattern of cerebellar involvement (e.g., hypoplasia of cerebellar vermis only vs. hypoplasia of both the vermis and cerebellar hemispheres) and the presence of associated brainstem and cerebral anomalies. With the advances in genetic technologies of the recent decade, many novel CH genes have been identified, and consequently, a constant updating of the literature and revision of the classification of cerebellar malformations are needed. Here, we review the current literature on CH. We propose a systematic approach to recognize specific neuroimaging patterns associated with CH, based on whether the CH is isolated or associated with posterior cerebrospinal fluid anomalies, specific brainstem or cerebellar malformations, brainstem hypoplasia with or without cortical migration anomalies, or dysplasia. The CH radiologic pattern and clinical assessment will allow the clinician to guide his investigations and genetic testing, give a more precise diagnosis, screen for associated comorbidities, and improve prognostication of associated neurodevelopmental outcomes.
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Perrone E, Perez ABA, D'Almeida V, de Mello CB, Jacobina MAA, Loureiro RM, Burlin S, Migliavacca M, do Amaral Virmond L, Graziadio C, Pedroso JL, Mendes EL, Gomy I, de Macena Sobreira NL. Clinical and molecular evaluation of 13 Brazilian patients with Gomez-López-Hernández syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2020; 185:1047-1058. [PMID: 33381921 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We aim to characterize patients with Gomez-López-Hernández syndrome (GLHS) clinically and to investigate them molecularly. A clinical protocol, including a morphological and neuropsychological assessment, was applied to 13 patients with GLHS. Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array and whole-exome sequencing were undertaken; magnetic resonance imaging was performed in 12 patients, including high-resolution, heavily T2-weighted sequences (HRT2) in 6 patients to analyze the trigeminal nerves. All patients presented alopecia; two did not present rhombencephalosynapsis (RES); trigeminal anesthesia was present in 5 of the 11 patients (45.4%); brachycephaly/brachyturricephaly and mid-face retrusion were found in 84.6 and 92.3% of the patients, respectively. One patient had intellectual disability. HRT2 sequences showed trigeminal nerve hypoplasia in four of the six patients; all four had clinical signs of trigeminal anesthesia. No common candidate gene was found to explain GLHS phenotype. RES does not seem to be an obligatory finding in respect of GLHS diagnosis. We propose that a diagnosis of GLHS should be considered in patients with at least two of the following criteria: focal non-scarring alopecia, rhombencephalosynapsis, craniofacial anomalies (brachyturrycephaly, brachycephaly or mid-face retrusion), trigeminal anesthesia or anatomic abnormalities of the trigeminal nerve. Studies focusing on germline whole genome sequencing or DNA and/or RNA sequencing of the alopecia tissue may be the next step for the better understanding of GLHS etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Perrone
- Clinical Genetics Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Vânia D'Almeida
- Psychobiology Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rafael Maffei Loureiro
- Department of Radiology, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stênio Burlin
- Department of Radiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luiza do Amaral Virmond
- Clinical Genetics Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Graziadio
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA) and Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa de Porto Alegre (CHSCPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - José Luiz Pedroso
- Ataxia Unit, Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Israel Gomy
- Departament of Pediatrics, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Nara Lygia de Macena Sobreira
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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16
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Sánchez-Villalobos JM, Torres-Perales AM, Serrano-Velasco L, Pérez-Vicente JA. Adult rhombencephalosynapsis: An unusual presentation of an infrequent entity. Neurologia 2020; 36:S0213-4853(20)30302-9. [PMID: 33160728 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - A M Torres-Perales
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Santa Lucía, Cartagena, Murcia, España
| | - L Serrano-Velasco
- Servicio de Radiodiagnóstico, Hospital Universitario Santa Lucía, Cartagena, Murcia, España
| | - J A Pérez-Vicente
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Santa Lucía, Cartagena, Murcia, España
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17
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Bonnetain MF, Rougeot-Jung C, Sarret C, Lion-François L, Revol O, Peyric E, Velazquez-Dominguez J, Miret A, Rossi M, Massoud M, Laurichesse-Delmas H, Guibaud L, des Portes V. Normal intellectual skills in patients with Rhombencephalosynapsis. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2020; 29:92-100. [PMID: 33046393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Rhombencephalosynapsis (RES) is a very rare cerebellar malformation. Neurodevelopmental outcome of apparently isolated RES remains poorly documented and standardized cognitive assessment, reported in only nine published cases so far, is lacking. Prenatal counselling is challenging considering the uncertain prognosis of isolated RES. The aim of this study was to focus on cognitive and motor outcome of isolated RES with a clinical description of six new cases and a detailed review of the literature. METHODS A single-centre retrospective study of all RES patients over a 15-year period. Ataxia and fine motor skills were scored using a five-grade scale, according to the degree of disturbance of daily living. Intelligence Quotient (IQ) was established according to age-related Weschler Intelligence Scales. A systematic literature review included published cases with relevant outcome data. RESULTS Six new cases of apparently isolated RES were reported, including three diagnosed in prenatal settings. The onset age for walking was delayed in four patients. Three patients had head shaking and three had a strabismus. One patient had a mild motor disability, one had subtle ataxia that did not impair daily life and four patients had a normal neurological examination at the last visit. Intellectual abilities were normal in all patients (full IQ score from 90 to 142), although three had ADHD. All received standard schooling. Based on these six new cases, as well as cases from 12 publications in the literature, a total of 28 patients with non-syndromic RES were analysed. Concerning motor outcome, 72% had no complaint or minimal impairment, 16% moderate and 12% severe impairment. Concerning cognitive outcome, 68% had normal cognitive skills, 18% borderline intellectual functioning and 14% moderate to severe disability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christelle Rougeot-Jung
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Competence Centre for Cerebellar Malformations, Lyon University Hospital, F-69677, Bron, France
| | - Catherine Sarret
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, CEMC Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Laurence Lion-François
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Competence Centre for Cerebellar Malformations, Lyon University Hospital, F-69677, Bron, France
| | - Olivier Revol
- Department of Psychopathology, Lyon University Hospital, F-69677, Bron, France
| | - Emeline Peyric
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Competence Centre for Cerebellar Malformations, Lyon University Hospital, F-69677, Bron, France
| | - Juan Velazquez-Dominguez
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Competence Centre for Cerebellar Malformations, Lyon University Hospital, F-69677, Bron, France
| | - Anne Miret
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, CEMC Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Massimiliano Rossi
- Genetics Department, Referral Centre for Developmental Abnormalities, Lyon University Hospital, And INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre, GENDEV Team, Lyon, France; University Lyon 1, F-69008, Lyon, France
| | - Mona Massoud
- Department of Obstetrics, Lyon University Hospital, F-69677, Bron, France
| | - Hélène Laurichesse-Delmas
- Department of Obstetrics, CEMC Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Laurent Guibaud
- Department of Pediatric Radiology and Fetal Medicine, Lyon University Hospital, F-69677, Bron, France; University Lyon 1, F-69008, Lyon, France
| | - Vincent des Portes
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Competence Centre for Cerebellar Malformations, Lyon University Hospital, F-69677, Bron, France; University Lyon 1, F-69008, Lyon, France.
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18
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Mak CCY, Doherty D, Lin AE, Vegas N, Cho MT, Viot G, Dimartino C, Weisfeld-Adams JD, Lessel D, Joss S, Li C, Gonzaga-Jauregui C, Zarate YA, Ehmke N, Horn D, Troyer C, Kant SG, Lee Y, Ishak GE, Leung G, Barone Pritchard A, Yang S, Bend EG, Filippini F, Roadhouse C, Lebrun N, Mehaffey MG, Martin PM, Apple B, Millan F, Puk O, Hoffer MJV, Henderson LB, McGowan R, Wentzensen IM, Pei S, Zahir FR, Yu M, Gibson WT, Seman A, Steeves M, Murrell JR, Luettgen S, Francisco E, Strom TM, Amlie-Wolf L, Kaindl AM, Wilson WG, Halbach S, Basel-Salmon L, Lev-El N, Denecke J, Vissers LELM, Radtke K, Chelly J, Zackai E, Friedman JM, Bamshad MJ, Nickerson DA, Reid RR, Devriendt K, Chae JH, Stolerman E, McDougall C, Powis Z, Bienvenu T, Tan TY, Orenstein N, Dobyns WB, Shieh JT, Choi M, Waggoner D, Gripp KW, Parker MJ, Stoler J, Lyonnet S, Cormier-Daire V, Viskochil D, Hoffman TL, Amiel J, Chung BHY, Gordon CT. MN1 C-terminal truncation syndrome is a novel neurodevelopmental and craniofacial disorder with partial rhombencephalosynapsis. Brain 2020; 143:55-68. [PMID: 31834374 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MN1 encodes a transcriptional co-regulator without homology to other proteins, previously implicated in acute myeloid leukaemia and development of the palate. Large deletions encompassing MN1 have been reported in individuals with variable neurodevelopmental anomalies and non-specific facial features. We identified a cluster of de novo truncating mutations in MN1 in a cohort of 23 individuals with strikingly similar dysmorphic facial features, especially midface hypoplasia, and intellectual disability with severe expressive language delay. Imaging revealed an atypical form of rhombencephalosynapsis, a distinctive brain malformation characterized by partial or complete loss of the cerebellar vermis with fusion of the cerebellar hemispheres, in 8/10 individuals. Rhombencephalosynapsis has no previously known definitive genetic or environmental causes. Other frequent features included perisylvian polymicrogyria, abnormal posterior clinoid processes and persistent trigeminal artery. MN1 is encoded by only two exons. All mutations, including the recurrent variant p.Arg1295* observed in 8/21 probands, fall in the terminal exon or the extreme 3' region of exon 1, and are therefore predicted to result in escape from nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. This was confirmed in fibroblasts from three individuals. We propose that the condition described here, MN1 C-terminal truncation (MCTT) syndrome, is not due to MN1 haploinsufficiency but rather is the result of dominantly acting C-terminally truncated MN1 protein. Our data show that MN1 plays a critical role in human craniofacial and brain development, and opens the door to understanding the biological mechanisms underlying rhombencephalosynapsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Y Mak
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Dan Doherty
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Angela E Lin
- Medical Genetics, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nancy Vegas
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Human Malformation, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | | | - Géraldine Viot
- Gynécologie Obstétrique, Hôpital Cochin, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre (HUPC), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Clémantine Dimartino
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Human Malformation, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - James D Weisfeld-Adams
- Section of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado-Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Davor Lessel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Shelagh Joss
- West of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Chumei Li
- McMaster University Medical Center, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Yuri A Zarate
- Section of Genetics and Metabolism, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Nadja Ehmke
- Institute for Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Denise Horn
- Institute for Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Caitlin Troyer
- Pediatrics and Medical Genetics, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Sarina G Kant
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Youngha Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gisele E Ishak
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gordon Leung
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | | | | | - Eric G Bend
- Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC, USA.,PreventionGenetics, Marshfield, WI, USA
| | - Francesca Filippini
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Human Malformation, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | | | - Nicolas Lebrun
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | | | - Pierre-Marie Martin
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Apple
- Section of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado-Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Oliver Puk
- Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mariette J V Hoffer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ruth McGowan
- West of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Steven Pei
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Farah R Zahir
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mullin Yu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - William T Gibson
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ann Seman
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marcie Steeves
- Medical Genetics, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jill R Murrell
- Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sabine Luettgen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Tim M Strom
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Louise Amlie-Wolf
- Division of Medical Genetics, A I duPont Hospital for Children/Nemours, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Angela M Kaindl
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Pediatric Neurology and Center for Chronically Sick Children, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - William G Wilson
- Pediatrics and Medical Genetics, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Sara Halbach
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lina Basel-Salmon
- Raphael Recanati Genetic Institute, Rabin Medical Center-Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel.,Pediatric Genetics Clinic, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Noa Lev-El
- Raphael Recanati Genetic Institute, Rabin Medical Center-Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Jonas Denecke
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lisenka E L M Vissers
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kelly Radtke
- Clinical Genomics Department, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, CA, USA
| | - Jamel Chelly
- Laboratoire de Diagnostic Génétique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg, France.,Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM U964, CNRS UMR7104, Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Elaine Zackai
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jan M Friedman
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michael J Bamshad
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,University of Washington Center for Mendelian Genomics, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Deborah A Nickerson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,University of Washington Center for Mendelian Genomics, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Russell R Reid
- Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Koenraad Devriendt
- Department of Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jong-Hee Chae
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Carey McDougall
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zöe Powis
- Clinical Genomics Department, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, CA, USA
| | - Thierry Bienvenu
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Génétique et Biologie Moléculaires, Hôpital Cochin, HUPC, AP-HP, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Tiong Y Tan
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3052, Australia
| | - Naama Orenstein
- Pediatric Genetics Clinic, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - William B Dobyns
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joseph T Shieh
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Murim Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Darrel Waggoner
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Karen W Gripp
- Division of Medical Genetics, A I duPont Hospital for Children/Nemours, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Michael J Parker
- Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield S10 2TH, UK
| | - Joan Stoler
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stanislas Lyonnet
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Human Malformation, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Cormier-Daire
- Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, 75015 Paris, France
| | - David Viskochil
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Trevor L Hoffman
- Southern California Kaiser Permanente Medical Group, Anaheim, CA, USA
| | - Jeanne Amiel
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Human Malformation, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Brian H Y Chung
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Christopher T Gordon
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Human Malformation, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
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Perrone E, D’Almeida V, de Macena Sobreira NL, de Mello CB, de Oliveira AC, Burlin S, de Faria Soares MDF, Pinho Cernach MCS, Alvarez Perez AB. Gomez-López-Hernández syndrome: A case report with clinical and molecular evaluation and literature review. Am J Med Genet A 2020; 182:1761-1766. [PMID: 32302043 PMCID: PMC8988015 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Gomez-López-Hernández syndrome (GLHS) is characterized by rhombencephalosynapsis (RES), alopecia, trigeminal anesthesia and a distinctive phenotype, including brachyturricephaly. It has been suggested that GLHS should be considered as part of the spectrum of RES-associated conditions that include alopecia, trigeminal anesthesia, and craniofacial anomalies, rather than a distinct entity. To the best of our knowledge, 57 patients with GLHS have been described. Despite its first description in 1979, the etiology of this syndrome remains unknown. Here, we describe, to our knowledge, the first case of a patient with GLHS who was molecularly evaluated and had been prenatally exposed to misoprostol. We also reviewed the clinical and morphological features of the patients described to date to better delineate the phenotype and focus on any evidence for adverse pregnancy outcomes or exposure, including teratogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Perrone
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vânia D’Almeida
- Department of Pediatrics and Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Stênio Burlin
- Department of Radiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Diagnosis of rhomboencephalosynapsis by MRI in a 5-year-old child. Radiol Case Rep 2020; 15:867-870. [PMID: 32382369 PMCID: PMC7200622 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2020.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhombencephalosynapsis is a rare defect in the development of the cerebellum, characterized by partial or total agenesis of the vermis, with fusion of the cerebellar hemispheres in the midline. It is usually related to Gómez-López-Hernández Syndrome (cerebellar-trigeminal dermal dysplasia) and VACTERL association association (vertebral defects, vascular anomalies, anal atresia, cardiac anomalies, tracheoesophageal fistula with esophageal atresia, renal dysplasia and limb anomalies). A 5-year-old female patient with spastic cerebral palsy and hydrocephalus presented here, neuroimages documented the next features: absence of cerebellar vermis, periventricular leukomalacia, cerebellar tonsils descent and rhombencephalosynapsis. Other important imaging findings and associations in these cases are discussed.
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Boycott KM, Dyment DA, Innes AM. Unsolved recognizable patterns of human malformation: Challenges and opportunities. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2019; 178:382-386. [PMID: 30580485 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Due to the efforts of the clinical and scientific communities and boosted by recent advances in genetic technologies, we now understand the molecular mechanisms underlying most of the frequent and recognizable human malformation syndromes. However, some well-established human malformation syndromes remain without a molecular diagnosis despite intensive investigation. This issue of Seminars mines the phenotypic entries in OMIM and estimates that of the documented 2,034 unsolved entries likely to represent a rare genetic disease, only 160 are well-established and possibly amenable to investigation. This issue also reviews well-characterized and extensively investigated human malformation syndromes and associations that remain unsolved, including the following: Dubowitz syndrome (MIM 223370%), Hallermann-Streiff syndrome (MIM 234100%), PHACE syndrome (MIM 606519), Oculocerebrocutaneous syndrome (MIM 164180), Aicardi syndrome (MIM 304050%), Gomez-Lopez-Hernandez syndrome and Rhombencephalosynapsis (MIM 601853%), VACTERL (MIM 192350%), and Nablus syndrome (MIM #608156). Possible explanations for their intractability to molecular diagnosis are explored, including genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity, mosaicism, epigenetics, gene-environment interactions, and other non-Mendelian contributions. Finally, this issue of Seminars presents a path forward for these unsolved rare conditions and suggests a renewed focus on solving amendable OMIM disorders. It is clear that the way forward will require new technologies, global cooperation, and data sharing; these will also be necessary to help reach the vision of the International Rare Diseases Research Consortium (IRDiRC), that is to enable all people living with a rare disease to receive an accurate diagnosis, care and available therapy within 1 year of coming to medical attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kym M Boycott
- CHEO Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - David A Dyment
- CHEO Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Micheil Innes
- Department of Medical Genetics and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Moreno-Salinas AL, Avila-Zozaya M, Ugalde-Silva P, Hernández-Guzmán DA, Missirlis F, Boucard AA. Latrophilins: A Neuro-Centric View of an Evolutionary Conserved Adhesion G Protein-Coupled Receptor Subfamily. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:700. [PMID: 31354411 PMCID: PMC6629964 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The adhesion G protein-coupled receptors latrophilins have been in the limelight for more than 20 years since their discovery as calcium-independent receptors for α-latrotoxin, a spider venom toxin with potent activity directed at neurotransmitter release from a variety of synapse types. Latrophilins are highly expressed in the nervous system. Although a substantial amount of studies has been conducted to describe the role of latrophilins in the toxin-mediated action, the recent identification of endogenous ligands for these receptors helped confirm their function as mediators of adhesion events. Here we hypothesize a role for latrophilins in inter-neuronal contacts and the formation of neuronal networks and we review the most recent information on their role in neurons. We explore molecular, cellular and behavioral aspects related to latrophilin adhesion function in mice, zebrafish, Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans, in physiological and pathophysiological conditions, including autism spectrum, bipolar, attention deficit and hyperactivity and substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L. Moreno-Salinas
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Monserrat Avila-Zozaya
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paul Ugalde-Silva
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - David A. Hernández-Guzmán
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fanis Missirlis
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Antony A. Boucard
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
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