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Sariyati NH, Abdul-Latiff MAB, Aifat NR, Mohd-Ridwan AR, Osman NA, Karuppannan KV, Chan E, Md-Zain BM. Molecular phylogeny confirms the subspecies delineation of the Malayan Siamang ( Symphalangussyndactyluscontinentis) and the Sumatran Siamang ( Symphalangussyndactylussyndactylus) based on the hypervariable region of mitochondrial DNA. Biodivers Data J 2024; 12:e120314. [PMID: 38707255 PMCID: PMC11069032 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.12.e120314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Siamangs (Symphalangussyndactylus) are native to Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and southern Thailand and their taxonomical classification at subspecies level remains unclear. Morphologically, two subspecies were proposed as early as 1908 by Thomas namely Symphalangus s.syndactylus and Symphalanguss.continentis. Thus, this study aims to clarify the Siamang subspecies status, based on mtDNA D-loop sequences. Faecal samples were collected from wild Siamang populations at different localities in Peninsular Malaysia. A 600-bp sequence of the mitochondrial D-loop region was amplified from faecal DNA extracts and analysed along with GenBank sequences representing Symphalangus sp., Nomascus sp., Hylobates sp., Hoolock sp. and outgroups (Pongopygmaeus, Macacafascicularis and Papiopapio). The molecular phylogenetic analysis in this study revealed two distinct clades formed by S.s.syndactylus and S.s.continentis which supports the previous morphological delineation of the existence of two subspecies. Biogeographical analysis indicated that the Sumatran population lineage was split from the Peninsular Malaysian population lineage and a diversification occurrred in the Pliocene era (~ 3.12 MYA) through southward expansion. This postulation was supported by the molecular clock, which illustrated that the Peninsular Malaysian population (~ 1.92 MYA) diverged earlier than the Sumatran population (~ 1.85 MYA). This is the first study to use a molecular approach to validate the subspecies statuses of S.s.syndactylus and S.s.continentis. This finding will be useful for conservation management, for example, during Siamang translocation and investigations into illegal pet trade and forensics involving Malayan and Sumatran Siamangs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Hartini Sariyati
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (Pagoh Campus), 84600, Muar, Johor, MalaysiaFaculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (Pagoh Campus)84600, Muar, JohorMalaysia
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600Bangi, SelangorMalaysia
| | - Muhammad Abu Bakar Abdul-Latiff
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (Pagoh Campus), 84600, Muar, Johor, MalaysiaFaculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (Pagoh Campus)84600, Muar, JohorMalaysia
| | - Nor Rahman Aifat
- Faculty of Tropical Forestry, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, MalaysiaFaculty of Tropical Forestry, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400Kota Kinabalu, SabahMalaysia
| | - Abd Rahman Mohd-Ridwan
- Centre for Pre-University Studies, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, MalaysiaCentre for Pre-University Studies, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300Kota Samarahan, SarawakMalaysia
| | - Nur Azimah Osman
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi Mara Negeri Sembilan, 72000, Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan, MalaysiaFaculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi Mara Negeri Sembilan, 72000Kuala Pilah, Negeri SembilanMalaysia
| | - Kayal Vizi Karuppannan
- National Wildlife Forensic Laboratory (NWFL), Department of Wildlife and National Parks (PERHILITAN), 56100, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaNational Wildlife Forensic Laboratory (NWFL), Department of Wildlife and National Parks (PERHILITAN), 56100Kuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Eddie Chan
- Genting Nature Adventure, Resorts World Awana Hotel, 69000, Genting Highlands, Pahang, MalaysiaGenting Nature Adventure, Resorts World Awana Hotel69000, Genting Highlands, PahangMalaysia
| | - Badrul Munir Md-Zain
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600Bangi, SelangorMalaysia
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Fan PF, He K, Chen X, Ortiz A, Zhang B, Zhao C, Li YQ, Zhang HB, Kimock C, Wang WZ, Groves C, Turvey ST, Roos C, Helgen KM, Jiang XL. Description of a new species of Hoolock
gibbon (Primates: Hylobatidae) based on integrative taxonomy. Am J Primatol 2017; 79. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Fan
- School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research; Dali University; Dali China
| | - Kai He
- Kunming Institute of Zoology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming China
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology; National Museum of Natural History; Smithsonian Institution; Washington, D.C
- The Kyoto University Museum; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Xing Chen
- Kunming Institute of Zoology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming China
| | - Alejandra Ortiz
- Department of Anthropology; Center for the Study of Human Origins; New York University; New York
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP); New York
- Institute of Human Origins; School of Human Evolution and Social Change; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona
| | - Bin Zhang
- Kunming Institute of Zoology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming China
| | - Chao Zhao
- Cloud Mountain Conservation; Dali China
| | | | | | - Clare Kimock
- Department of Anthropology; Center for the Study of Human Origins; New York University; New York
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP); New York
| | - Wen-Zhi Wang
- Kunming Institute of Zoology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming China
| | - Colin Groves
- School of Archaeology and Anthropology; Australian National University; Acton Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | | | - Christian Roos
- Gene Bank of Primates and Primate Genetics Laboratory; German Primate Center; Leibniz Institute for Primate Research; Göttingen Germany
| | - Kristofer M. Helgen
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology; National Museum of Natural History; Smithsonian Institution; Washington, D.C
| | - Xue-Long Jiang
- Kunming Institute of Zoology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming China
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Roos C. Phylogeny and Classification of Gibbons (Hylobatidae). DEVELOPMENTS IN PRIMATOLOGY: PROGRESS AND PROSPECTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-5614-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Harrison T. The Fossil Record and Evolutionary History of Hylobatids. DEVELOPMENTS IN PRIMATOLOGY: PROGRESS AND PROSPECTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-5614-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Ortiz A, Pilbrow V, Villamil CI, Korsgaard JG, Bailey SE, Harrison T. The Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Affinities of Bunopithecus sericus, a Fossil Hylobatid from the Pleistocene of China. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131206. [PMID: 26154175 PMCID: PMC4495929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fossil hylobatids are rare, but are known from late Miocene and Pleistocene sites throughout East Asia. The best-known fossil hylobatid from the Pleistocene of China is a left mandibular fragment with M2-3 (AMNH 18534), recovered from a pit deposit near the village of Yanjinggou in Wanzhou District, Chongqing Province. Matthew and Granger described this specimen in 1923 as a new genus and species, Bunopithecus sericus. Establishing the age of Bunopithecus has proved difficult because the Yanjinggou collection represents a mixed fauna of different ages, but it likely comes from early or middle Pleistocene deposits. Although the Bunopithecus specimen has featured prominently in discussions of hylobatid evolution and nomenclature, its systematic status has never been satisfactorily resolved. The present study reexamines the taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships of Bunopithecus by carrying out a detailed comparative morphometric study of its lower molars in relation to a large sample of modern hylobatids. Our results show that differences in M2 and M3 discriminate extant hylobatids fairly well, at least at the generic level, and that AMNH 18534 is not attributable to Hylobates, Nomascus or Symphalangus. Support for a close relationship between Bunopithecus and Hoolock is more equivocal. In most multivariate analyses, Bunopithecus presents a unique morphological pattern that falls outside the range of variation of any hylobatid taxon, although its distance from the cluster represented by extant hoolocks is relatively small. Our results support the generic distinction of Bunopithecus, which most likely represents an extinct crown hylobatid, and one that may possibly represent the sister taxon to Hoolock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Ortiz
- Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Varsha Pilbrow
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Catalina I. Villamil
- Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jessica G. Korsgaard
- Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Shara E. Bailey
- Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Terry Harrison
- Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, New York, United States of America
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Zihlman AL, Mootnick AR, Underwood CE. Anatomical Contributions to Hylobatid Taxonomy and Adaptation. INT J PRIMATOL 2011; 32:865-877. [PMID: 21892236 PMCID: PMC3139862 DOI: 10.1007/s10764-011-9506-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Compared with the great apes, the small-bodied hylobatids were treated historically as a relatively uniform group with 2 genera, Hylobates and the larger-bodied Symphalangus. Four genera are now recognized, each with a different chromosome number: Hoolock (hoolock) (38), Hylobates (44), Nomascus (crested gibbon) (52), and Symphalangus (siamang) (50). Previous morphological studies based on relative bone lengths, e.g., intermembral indices; molar tooth sizes; and body masses did not distinguish the 4 genera from each other. We applied quantitative anatomical methods to test the hypothesis that each genus can be differentiated from the others using the relative distribution of body mass to the forelimbs and hind limbs. Based on dissections of 13 hylobatids from captive facilities, our findings demonstrate that each of the 4 genera has a distinct pattern of body mass distribution. For example, the adult Hoolock has limb proportions of nearly equal mass, a pattern that differentiates it from species in the genus Hylobates, e.g., H. lar (lar gibbon), H. moloch (Javan gibbon), H. pileatus (pileated gibbon), Nomascus, and Symphalangus. Hylobates is distinct in having heavy hind limbs. Although Symphalangus has been treated as a scaled up version of Hylobates, its forelimb exceeds its hind limb mass, an unusual primate pattern otherwise found only in orangutans. This research provides new information on whole body anatomy and adds to the genetic, ecological, and behavioral evidence for clarifying the taxonomy of the hylobatids. The research also underscores the important contribution of studies on rare species in captivity.
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Evolution of the Muscles of Facial Expression in a Monogamous Ape: Evaluating the Relative Influences of Ecological and Phylogenetic Factors in Hylobatids. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2011; 294:645-63. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.21355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Monda K, Simmons RE, Kressirer P, Su B, Woodruff DS. Mitochondrial DNA hypervariable region-1 sequence variation and phylogeny of the concolor gibbons, Nomascus. Am J Primatol 2007; 69:1285-306. [PMID: 17455231 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The still little known concolor gibbons are represented by 14 taxa (five species, nine subspecies) distributed parapatrically in China, Myanmar, Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. To set the stage for a phylogeographic study of the genus we examined DNA sequences from the highly variable mitochondrial hypervariable region-1 (HVR-1 or control region) in 51 animals, mostly of unknown geographic provenance. We developed gibbon-specific primers to amplify mtDNA noninvasively and obtained >477 bp sequences from 38 gibbons in North American and European zoos and >159 bp sequences from ten Chinese museum skins. In hindsight, we believe these animals represent eight of the nine nominal subspecies and four of the five nominal species. Bayesian, maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony haplotype network analyses gave concordant results and show Nomascus to be monophyletic. Significant intraspecific variation within N. leucogenys (17 haplotypes) is comparable with that reported earlier in Hylobates lar and less than half the known interspecific pairwise distances in gibbons. Sequence data support the recognition of five species (concolor, leucogenys, nasutus, gabriellae and probably hainanus) and suggest that nasutus is the oldest and leucogenys, the youngest taxon. In contrast, the subspecies N. c. furvogaster, N. c. jingdongensis, and N. leucogenys siki, are not recognizable at this otherwise informative genetic locus. These results show that HVR-1 sequence is variable enough to define evolutionarily significant units in Nomascus and, if coupled with multilocus microsatellite or SNP genotyping, more than adequate to characterize their phylogeographic history. There is an urgent need to obtain DNA from gibbons of known geographic provenance before they are extirpated to facilitate the conservation genetic management of the surviving animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keri Monda
- Ecology, Behavior & Evolution Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116, USA
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Mootnick AR. Gibbon (Hylobatidae) Species Identification Recommended for Rescue or Breeding Centers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1896/0898-6207.21.1.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Choudhury A. The Distribution and Status of Hoolock Gibbon, Hoolock hoolock, in Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Nagaland in Northeast India. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1896/0898-6207.20.1.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Takacs Z, Morales JC, Geissmann T, Melnick DJ. A complete species-level phylogeny of the Hylobatidae based on mitochondrial ND3–ND4 gene sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2005; 36:456-67. [PMID: 15950493 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2004] [Revised: 03/24/2005] [Accepted: 03/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The Hylobatidae (gibbons) are among the most endangered primates and their evolutionary history and systematics remain largely unresolved. We have investigated the species-level phylogenetic relationships among hylobatids using 1257 bases representing all species and an expanded data set of up to 2243 bases for select species from the mitochondrial ND3-ND4 region. Sequences were obtained from 34 individuals originating from all 12 recognized extant gibbon species. These data strongly support each of the four previously recognized clades or genera of gibbons, Nomascus, Bunopithecus, Symphalangus, and Hylobates, as monophyletic groups. Among these clades, there is some support for either Bunopithecus or Nomascus as the most basal, while in all analyses Hylobates appears to be the most recently derived. Within Nomascus, Nomascus sp. cf. nasutus is the most basal, followed by N. concolor, and then a clade of N. leucogenys and N. gabriellae. Within Hylobates, H. pileatus is the most basal, while H. moloch and H. klossii clearly, and H. agilis and H. muelleri likely form two more derived monophyletic clades. The segregation of H. klossii from other Hylobates species is not supported by this study. The present data are (1) consistent with the division of Hylobatidae into four distinct clades, (2) provide the first genetic evidence for all the species relationships within Nomascus, and (3) call for a revision of the current relationships among the species within Hylobates. We propose a phylogenetic tree as a working hypothesis against which intergeneric and interspecific relationships can be tested with additional genetic, morphological, and behavioral data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Takacs
- Center for Environmental Research and Conservation, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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Godfrey L, Marks J. The nature and origins of primate species. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.1330340605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
We describe DNA sequences for the mitochondrial control region and phenylalanine-tRNA from the four extant gibbon subgenera. In contrast to earlier studies on gibbon phylogeny that used other parts of the mtDNA, the control region depicts the crested gibbons (Nomascus) as the most basal group of the Hylobatidae, followed by Symphalangus, with Bunopithecus and Hylobates as the last to diverge. Our data show that the molecular distances among the four gibbon subgenera are in the same range as those between Homo and Pan, or even higher. As a consequence of these findings, we propose to raise all four gibbon subgenera to genus rank.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Roos
- AG Primatengenetik, Deutsches Primatenzentrum, Kellnerweg 4, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
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Houle A. The role of phylogeny and behavioral competition in the evolution of coexistence among primates. CAN J ZOOL 1997. [DOI: 10.1139/z97-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
No analysis of coexistence among primates has ever considered phylogenetic distances and behavioral competition. The present model proposes that high levels of behavioral competition strongly incite divergence of the respective positions of sympatric species in niches, especially when these species are closely related. This divergence is then reflected in the morphologies of coexisting species (individuals exploit new dimensions of niches and their associated morphologies are selected for) and consequently in their phylogenetic distances. Sister species (defined here as those from the same subgenus or same species group) are phylogenetically closer than kin species (of the same genus but different subgenera or species groups). Accordingly, if a minimum phylogenetic distance is a condition of stable coexistence, then kin (and higher ranking) species, but not sister species, are expected to coexist in ecological communities. Moreover, the intensity of behavioral competition among coexisting species should be inversely proportional to phylogenetic distance. (Taxa are said to have high levels of behavioral competition if they display high rates of aggressive behaviors and simultaneous low rates of grooming behaviors.) To test these hypotheses, 41 ecological communities were reviewed. The conclusions are that (i) primate sister species do coexist, but very exceptionally compared with kin species (Wilcoxon's signed ranks test, p < 0.0001), suggesting that coexistence is possible provided a minimum phylogenetic distance is respected; (ii) there is a negative relationship between taxonomic distance and the rate of aggression among sympatric primates (p = 0.04) and a positive relationship between this distance and the rate of interspecific grooming behaviors (p = 0.028), supporting the hypothesis that stable coexistence is possible if sympatric species reduce and maintain low levels of behavioral competition.
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Hayashi S, Hayasaka K, Takenaka O, Horai S. Molecular phylogeny of gibbons inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences: Preliminary report. J Mol Evol 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01215183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Garza JC, Woodruff DS. A phylogenetic study of the gibbons (Hylobates) using DNA obtained noninvasively from hair. Mol Phylogenet Evol 1992; 1:202-10. [PMID: 1342936 DOI: 10.1016/1055-7903(92)90016-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Variation in a 252-nucleotide segment of the cytochrome b gene from 26 gibbons is described. DNA was extracted from hair, amplified, and directly sequenced. These sequences represent seven of the nine nominal species and three of the four hylobatid subgenera. Variation was observed at 55 sites, 42 of which are phylogenetically informative. Levels of transitional and transversional divergence between the taxa are similar to those reported for homologous mtDNA sequences in other mammals. Parsimony, maximum likelihood, and bootstrap analyses (1) support some traditional phylogenetic hypotheses (monophyly of the concolor gibbons), (2) suggest previously unrecognized affinities between the lar species group and Hylobates klossi and between H. lar and H. agilis unko, and (3) show that this segment does not contain information sufficient for completely resolving gibbon relationships at the subgeneric level. The study demonstrates the great potential of noninvasive DNA sampling for phylogenetic analyses of mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Garza
- Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0116
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Ma S, Wang Y, Poirier FE. Taxonomy, distribution, and status of gibbons (Hylobates) in Southern China and adjacent areas. Primates 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02381129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Southeast Asian Primates. Primates 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4612-4918-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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