1
|
da Rocha DG, Kaefer IL. What has become of the refugia hypothesis to explain biological diversity in Amazonia? Ecol Evol 2019; 9:4302-4309. [PMID: 31016006 PMCID: PMC6468052 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatial distribution of biodiversity and related processes is the core of Biogeography. Amazonia is the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of diversity to several Neotropical regions. The origins of such diversity continue to be an unresolved question in evolutionary biology. Among many competing hypotheses to explain the evolution of the Amazonian biodiversity, one stands out as the most influential: the refugia hypothesis by Jürgen Haffer. Here, we provide a chronological overview on how the refugia hypothesis evolved over the decades and how the criticism from different fields affected its acceptance. We conclude that the refugia hypothesis alone cannot explain the diversification of the complex Amazonian diversity, and perhaps it was not the most important diversification mechanism. However, the debate provoked by refugia has produced a great amount of knowledge on Amazonian climatic, geological, and evolutionary processes, as well as on species distributions, movements, and history.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gomes da Rocha
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, Graduate Group in EcologyUniversity of California, DavisDavisCalifornia
- Grupo de Ecologia e Conservação de Felinos na AmazôniaInstituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável MamirauáTeféBrazil
| | - Igor L. Kaefer
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do AmazonasManausBrazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nunes AV, Koroiva R, Gomes Vanessa GN, Orsini VS. Distribution extension of Ateles chamek (Humboldt 1812) in the southwestern Brazilian Amazon: identification by visual evidence and fecal DNA. MAMMALIA 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2016-0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
One group of Ateles chamek (Humboldt 1812) was observed during 12 days in the Vila Bela da Santíssima Trindade municipality, in the state of Mato Grosso. During that time fecal samples (n=10) were collected and molecular sequencing was used to confirm species identification. The results suggest that the particular pattern of facial hair color observed in this group may be used for differentiation from other sub-populations; however, a deeper study is required for confirmation of these results. This record represents the most southwestern observation of this species, and increases the geographic distribution of A. chamek for about 16 km into the southern Brazilian Amazon. Taking into consideration the threatened status of this species of monkey, and that this region is under constant intensive deforestation, it is important to highlight that ecological studies and conservation activities require urgent development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- André Valle Nunes
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação , Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Costa e Silva, s/n, Cidade Universitária , 79070-900, Campo Grande , Mato Grosso do Sul , Brazil
| | - Ricardo Koroiva
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação , Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Costa e Silva, s/n, Cidade Universitária , 79070-900, Campo Grande , Mato Grosso do Sul , Brazil
| | - Gabrielle Nóbrega Gomes Vanessa
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação , Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Costa e Silva, s/n, Cidade Universitária , 79070-900, Campo Grande , Mato Grosso do Sul , Brazil
| | - Vinícius Santana Orsini
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia de Vertebrados, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais , Av. Dom José Gaspar , 30535-610, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais , Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Morales-Jimenez AL, Cortés-Ortiz L, Di Fiore A. Phylogenetic relationships of Mesoamerican spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi): Molecular evidence suggests the need for a revised taxonomy. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2015; 82 Pt B:484-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
4
|
Morales-Jimenez AL, Disotell T, Di Fiore A. Revisiting the phylogenetic relationships, biogeography, and taxonomy of spider monkeys (genus Ateles) in light of new molecular data. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2014; 82 Pt B:467-83. [PMID: 25451801 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Spider monkeys (Ateles) are one of the most endangered groups of primates in the Neotropics. The genus is widely distributed from Mexico to the north of Bolivia and includes many morphologically distinct forms in terms of pelage color and patterning. The taxonomy, phylogenetic relationships, and biogeographic history of the genus have been subject to much debate, making scientific communication difficult and creating challenges for conservation actions. We extracted DNA from samples of all currently recognized species of spider monkeys collected from across the geographic range of the genus, sequenced ∼3.5 kilobases of coding sequence from the mitochondrial genome, and used this large dataset to (a) infer the phylogenetic relationships among the different forms of spider monkeys, (b) evaluate whether currently recognized species of spider monkeys form reciprocally monophyletic groups that are concordant with contemporary classifications, and (c) estimate divergence dates among the different lineages of Ateles. We found that all proposed species of spider monkeys for which we have samples from multiple localities indeed appear to form monophyletic groups. However, in contrast to previous studies, several of our analyses robustly inferred Ateles marginatus from northeast Brazil as the sister taxon to all other spider monkeys. A Bayesian dating analysis suggests that the most recent common ancestor of extant Ateles dates to ∼6.7 Ma, in the late Miocene, and most species-level splits within the genus took place in the late Pliocene, suggesting that the modern diversity in spider monkeys cannot be explained principally by isolation and divergence of populations in forest refugia during the Pleistocene. Based on our new phylogenetic inference and dating analysis, we propose a revised biogeographic scenario for the evolution of this genus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Lucia Morales-Jimenez
- Center for the Study of Human Origins, New York University, Department of Anthropology, 25 Waverly Place, New York, NY 10003, United States; Fundación Biodiversa Colombia, Cra. 22 # 41 - 80, Apto. 401, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia.
| | - Todd Disotell
- Center for the Study of Human Origins, New York University, Department of Anthropology, 25 Waverly Place, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Anthony Di Fiore
- Center for the Study of Human Origins, New York University, Department of Anthropology, 25 Waverly Place, New York, NY 10003, United States; University of Texas at Austin, Primate Molecular Ecology and Evolution Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, 2201 Speedway Stop C3200, Austin, TX 78712, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Intra and Interspecific Variation in Cranial Morphology on the Southernmost Distributed Cebus (Platyrrhini, Primates) Species. J MAMM EVOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-013-9249-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
6
|
|
7
|
Aquino R, Cornejo FM, Pezo E, Heymann EW. Distribution and abundance of white-fronted spider monkeys, Ateles belzebuth (Atelidae), and threats to their survival in Peruvian Amazonia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 84:1-10. [PMID: 23296267 DOI: 10.1159/000345549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The white-fronted spider monkey, Ateles belzebuth, is listed as 'Endangered' according to the IUCN classification. In Peru it is found in the departments of Loreto, San Martín, Amazonas and Cajamarca, but detailed data on its geographic distribution, population densities and conservation status are scarce. In order to obtain such information, we conducted transect censuses on the Río Aushiri and Río San Antonio (right bank of Río Napo), and between the Río Curaray and the Río Arabela and Río Nashiño, respectively, and made additional explorations on the northern and southern banks of the Río Marañón. We obtained 48 sightings along 761 km of census transect. Group size and population densities were lower in an area with high hunting pressure compared to areas with medium or low hunting pressure. Besides hunting, increasing deforestation is a major threat to the survival of A. belzebuth in Peruvian Amazonia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rolando Aquino
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Lima
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rylands AB, Mittermeier RA, Silva JS. Neotropical primates: taxonomy and recently described species and subspecies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1090.2011.00152.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. B. Rylands
- Conservation International; 2011 Crystal Drive; Arlington; Virginia; 22202; USA
| | - R. A. Mittermeier
- Conservation International; 2011 Crystal Drive; Arlington; Virginia; 22202; USA
| | - J. S. Silva
- Coordenação de Zoologia; Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi; Caixa Postal 399; Belém; Pará; 66040-170; Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Voss RS, Fleck DW. Mammalian Diversity and Matses Ethnomammalogy in Amazonian Peru Part 1: Primates. BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 2011. [DOI: 10.1206/351.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
10
|
Silva JMCD, Oren DC. Application of parsimony analysis of endemicity in Amazonian biogeography: an example with primates. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1996.tb01475.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
11
|
Rylands AB. Primate Genetics — Is Taxonomy a Trivial Pursuit? Review ofPrimate Cytogenetics, edited by Stefan Müller, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany. S. Karger, Basel, Switzerland. 268pp. ISSN: 1424–8581. 111 Figures, 56 Tables. Hardcover: 122.00 Swiss francs, Eur87.00, US$ 111.00. 2005. A reprint ofCytogenetic and Genome Research, Volume 108(1–3). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1896/052.022.0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
12
|
Godfrey L, Marks J. The nature and origins of primate species. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.1330340605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
13
|
de Oliveira EHC, Neusser M, Pieczarka JC, Nagamachi C, Sbalqueiro IJ, Müller S. Phylogenetic inferences of Atelinae (Platyrrhini) based on multi-directional chromosome painting in Brachyteles arachnoides, Ateles paniscus paniscus and Ateles b. marginatus. Cytogenet Genome Res 2005; 108:183-90. [PMID: 15545728 DOI: 10.1159/000080814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2003] [Accepted: 12/24/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed multi-directional chromosome painting in a comparative cytogenetic study of the three Atelinae species Brachyteles arachnoides, Ateles paniscus paniscus and Ateles belzebuth marginatus, in order to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships within this Platyrrhini subfamily. Comparative chromosome maps between these species were established by multi-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) employing human, Saguinus oedipus and Lagothrix lagothricha chromosome-specific probes. The three species included in this study and four previously analyzed species from all four Atelinae genera were subjected to a phylogenetic analysis on the basis of a data matrix comprised of 82 discrete chromosome characters. The results confirmed that Atelinae represent a monophyletic clade with a putative ancestral karyotype of 2n = 62 chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed an evolutionary branching sequence [Alouatta [Brachyteles [Lagothrix and Ateles]]] in Atelinae and [Ateles belzebuth marginatus [Ateles paniscus paniscus [Ateles belzebuth hybridus and Ateles geoffroyi]]] in genus Ateles. The chromosomal data support a re-evaluation of the taxonomic status of Ateles b. hybridus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E H C de Oliveira
- Institut für Anthropologie und Humangenetik, Department Biologie II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nieves M, Ascunce MS, Rahn MI, Mudry MD. Phylogenetic relationships among some Ateles species: the use of chromosomic and molecular characters. Primates 2005; 46:155-64. [PMID: 15657638 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-004-0120-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2003] [Accepted: 09/23/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
As with most platyrrhines, the systematics of Ateles is under discussion. In order to help clarify its systematic, we employed chromosomic and molecular characters to analyze the phylogenetic relationship among some species of the genus Ateles. Chromosomic studies were conducted on 14 atelid specimens: eight Ateles from A. paniscus, A. chamek, A. belzebuth and A. geoffroyi, and six Alouatta caraya. Ateles paniscus showed 2N=32, whereas A. chamek, A. belzebuth and A. geoffroyi presented 2N=34, XX/XY (with a submetacentric X and a variable Y) corroborated by male meiosis. Nucleotide sequence variation at the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit II gene (COII) was analyzed in ten New World monkey specimens. Parsimony trees showed consistent phylogenetic relationships using both chromosomic forms and mitochondrial COII gene sequences as characters. Particularly, chromosomic phylogenies showed A. hybridus as a divergent taxon from the remaining group, whereas A. chamek, A. belzebuth and A. marginatus form an unresolved clade with A. geoffroyi as sister group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Nieves
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva, Dept. de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Collins AC. Atelinae phylogenetic relationships: The trichotomy revived? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2004; 124:285-96. [PMID: 15252858 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.10358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This research examines phylogenetic relationships between members of the Atelinae subfamily (Alouatta, Ateles, Brachyteles, and Lagothrix), based on analysis of three genetic regions. Two loci, cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (COII) and the hypervariable I portion of the control region, are part of the mitochondrial genome. The other is a single-copy nuclear gene, Aldolase A Intron V. Analysis of these genetic regions provides support for tribe Alouattini containing the Alouatta species, while tribe Atelini contains the other three genera. However, these three genetic regions produce conflicting results for relationships among tribe Atelini members. Previous genetic studies supported grouping Brachyteles with Lagothrix, leaving Ateles in a separate subclade. The present data sets vary based on the genetic region analyzed and method of analysis suggesting all possible cladistic relationships. These results are more consistent with investigations of morphology and behavior among these primates. The primary cause of discrepancy between this study and previous genetic studies is postulated to reside in increased sampling in the present study of genetic variation among members of the Atelinae, specifically Ateles. The present study utilized samples of Ateles from all postulated species for this genetically variable primate, while previous studies used only one or two species of Ateles. This paper demonstrates that shifting relationships are produced when different species of Ateles are used to reconstruct phylogenies. This research concludes that a trichotomy should still be supported between members of tribe Atelini until further analyses, which include additional Atelinae haplotypes are conducted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A C Collins
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Symula R, Schulte R, Summers K. Molecular systematics and phylogeography of Amazonian poison frogs of the genus Dendrobates. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2003; 26:452-75. [PMID: 12644404 DOI: 10.1016/s1055-7903(02)00367-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The study of Amazonian biodiversity requires detailed knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships of closely related taxa distributed across Amazonia. The Amazonian poison frogs of the genus Dendrobates have undergone many taxonomic revisions, but the phylogenetic relationships within this group remain poorly understood. Most previous classifications were based on morphology and skin toxin analyses, with limited use of DNA sequence data. Using mtDNA sequence data from four gene regions (cytochrome b, cytochrome oxidase I, 16S rRNA, and 12S rRNA), we present a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the evolutionary relationships within a representative group of Amazonian Dendrobates. We use the resulting phylogenetic hypothesis to investigate different biogeographic hypotheses concerning genetic divergence and species diversity in Amazonia. The results of the analysis support the presence of ancient paleogeographic barriers to gene flow between eastern and western Amazonia, and indicate substantial genetic divergence between species found in the northern and southern regions of western Amazonia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Symula
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Marroig G, Cheverud JM. A comparison of phenotypic variation and covariation patterns and the role of phylogeny, ecology, and ontogeny during cranial evolution of new world monkeys. Evolution 2001; 55:2576-600. [PMID: 11831671 DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00770.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Similarity of genetic and phenotypic variation patterns among populations is important for making quantitative inferences about past evolutionary forces acting to differentiate populations and for evaluating the evolution of relationships among traits in response to new functional and developmental relationships. Here, phenotypic co variance and correlation structure is compared among Platyrrhine Neotropical primates. Comparisons range from among species within a genus to the superfamily level. Matrix correlation followed by Mantel's test and vector correlation among responses to random natural selection vectors (random skewers) were used to compare correlation and variance/covariance matrices of 39 skull traits. Sampling errors involved in matrix estimates were taken into account in comparisons using matrix repeatability to set upper limits for each pairwise comparison. Results indicate that covariance structure is not strictly constant but that the amount of variance pattern divergence observed among taxa is generally low and not associated with taxonomic distance. Specific instances of divergence are identified. There is no correlation between the amount of divergence in covariance patterns among the 16 genera and their phylogenetic distance derived from a conjoint analysis of four already published nuclear gene datasets. In contrast, there is a significant correlation between phylogenetic distance and morphological distance (Mahalanobis distance among genus centroids). This result indicates that while the phenotypic means were evolving during the last 30 millions years of New World monkey evolution, phenotypic covariance structures of Neotropical primate skulls have remained relatively consistent. Neotropical primates can be divided into four major groups based on their feeding habits (fruit-leaves, seed-fruits, insect-fruits, and gum-insect-fruits). Differences in phenotypic covariance structure are correlated with differences in feeding habits, indicating that to some extent changes in interrelationships among skull traits are associated with changes in feeding habits. Finally, common patterns and levels of morphological integration are found among Platyrrhine primates, suggesting that functional/developmental integration could be one major factor keeping covariance structure relatively stable during evolutionary diversification of South American monkeys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Marroig
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
|
19
|
Abstract
Phylogenetic relationships based on DNA sequence variation for the aldolase A intron V nuclear genomic region were evaluated and compared to phylogenies based on mitochondrial DNA sequence variation among spider monkeys (Ateles). Samples of Ateles ranging from Central America throughout the Amazon Basin were sequenced to determine phylogenetic relationships among geographically widely distributed populations. Analysis of nuclear DNA sequences using parsimony, maximum-likelihood, and genetic distance analyses produced similar phylogenies. Four previously proposed monophyletic species of spider monkeys were: (1) Ateles paniscus, composed of haplotypes from the northeastern Amazon Basin; (2) A. belzebuth, found in the western and southern Amazon Basin; (3) A. hybridus, located primarily along the Magdalena River valley of Colombia; and (4) A. geoffroyi, including all haplotypes found in the Choco region of South America and throughout Central America. The nuclear phylograms were analyzed based on associated bootstrap support and confidence probabilities. Support from the nuclear DNA genome was less robust than support from the mitochondrial DNA data, most likely due to a level of sequence variation, which was 90% less than that of the mitochondrial DNA genome. Nuclear DNA congruencies with mitochondrial DNA-based phylogenies, as supported by the incongruence length difference and winning sites tests, provide further support for the suggested revisions in Ateles taxonomy that are contradictory to long-held taxonomies based on pelage variation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A C Collins
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin, 5240 Social Sciences Building, 1180 Observatory Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Marroig G, Cheverud JM. A COMPARISON OF PHENOTYPIC VARIATION AND COVARIATION PATTERNS AND THE ROLE OF PHYLOGENY, ECOLOGY, AND ONTOGENY DURING CRANIAL EVOLUTION OF NEW WORLD MONKEYS. Evolution 2001. [DOI: 10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055[2576:acopva]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
21
|
Medeiros MA, Barros RM, Pieczarka JC, Nagamachi CY, Ponsa M, Garcia M, Garcia F, Egozcue J. Radiation and speciation of spider monkeys, genus Ateles, from the cytogenetic viewpoint. Am J Primatol 2000; 42:167-78. [PMID: 9209583 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2345(1997)42:3<167::aid-ajp1>3.0.co;2-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The chromosomes of 22 animals of four subspecies of the genes Ateles (A. paniscus paniscus, A. p. chamek, A. belzebuth hybridus, and A. b. marginatus) were compared using G/C banding and NOR (nucleolar organizer region) staining methods. The cytogenetic data of Ateles in the literature were also used to clarify the phylogenetic relationships of the species and subspecies and to infer the routes of radiation and speciation of these taxa. Chromosomes 6 and 7 that showed more informative geographic variation and the apomorphic form 4/12, exclusively in A. p. paniscus, are the keys for understanding the evolution, radiation, and specification of the Ateles taxa. The ancestral populations of the genus originated in the southwestern Amazon Basin (the occurrence area of A. paniscus chamek) and spread in the Amazon Basin and westward, crossing the Andes and colonizing Central America and northwesternmost regions of South America. The evolutionary history of the northern South American taxa is interpreted using the model of biogeographical evolution postulated by Haffer [Science 185:131-137, 1969]. Ateles paniscus paniscus is the genetically most differentiated form and probably derives from A. belzebuth hybridus. Based on the karyotype differences, the populations of Ateles can be divided into four different groups. These findings indicate the necessity of a more coherent taxonomic arrangement for the taxa of Ateles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Medeiros
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Carrying behaviour in captive and wild marmosets (Callithrix jacchus): A comparison between two colonies and a field site. Primates 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02381861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
23
|
|
24
|
Abstract
This paper presents an estimate of the phylogeny of all 203 species of primate. The composite tree is derived by applying a parsimony algorithm to over a hundred previous estimates, and is well resolved, containing 160 nodes. The ages of over half the clades in the tree have been estimated from information in the literature. Bootstrapping has been used to indicate the degree of certainty associated with each clade. The tree will be a useful framework for comparative biologists and shows which areas of primate phylogeny are still only sketchily known.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Purvis
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Jungers WL, Falsetti AB, Wall CE. Shape, relative size, and size-adjustments in morphometrics. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.1330380608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 549] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|