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Benoit L, Morellet N, Bonnot NC, Cargnelutti B, Chaval Y, Gaillard JM, Loison A, Lourtet B, Marchand P, Coulon A, Hewison AJM. Reproductive tactics, birth timing and the risk-resource trade-off in an income breeder. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20230948. [PMID: 37876188 PMCID: PMC10598439 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.0948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In variable environments, habitats that are rich in resources often carry a higher risk of predation. As a result, natural selection should favour individuals that balance allocation of time to foraging versus avoiding predation through an optimal decision-making process that maximizes fitness. The behavioural trade-off between resource acquisition and risk avoidance is expected to be particularly acute during gestation and lactation, when the energetic demands of reproduction peak. Here, we investigated how reproductive female roe deer adjust their foraging activity and habitat use during the birth period to manage this trade-off compared with non-reproductive juveniles, and how parturition date constrains individual tactics of risk-resource management. Activity of reproductive females more than doubled immediately following parturition, when energy demand is highest. Furthermore, compared with non-reproductive juveniles, they increased their exposure to risk by using open habitat more during daytime and ranging closer to roads. However, these post-partum modifications in behaviour were particularly pronounced in late-parturient females who adopted a more risk-prone tactic, presumably to compensate for the growth handicap of their late-born offspring. In income breeders, individuals that give birth late may be constrained to trade risk avoidance for foraging during peak allocation to reproduction, with probable consequences for individual fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Benoit
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CEFS, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
- LTSER ZA PYRénées GARonne, 31320 Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Nicolas Morellet
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CEFS, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
- LTSER ZA PYRénées GARonne, 31320 Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Nadège C Bonnot
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CEFS, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
- LTSER ZA PYRénées GARonne, 31320 Auzeville-Tolosane, France
- INRAE, EFNO, 45290 Nogent-sur-Vernisson, France
| | - Bruno Cargnelutti
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CEFS, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
- LTSER ZA PYRénées GARonne, 31320 Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Yannick Chaval
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CEFS, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
- LTSER ZA PYRénées GARonne, 31320 Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Jean-Michel Gaillard
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive UMR 5558, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Anne Loison
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont-Blanc, CNRS, LECA, 38058 Grenoble, France
| | - Bruno Lourtet
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CEFS, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
- LTSER ZA PYRénées GARonne, 31320 Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Pascal Marchand
- Office Français de la Biodiversité, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Appui Scientifique, Service Anthropisation et Fonctionnement des Ecosystèmes Terrestres, 147 avenue de Lodève, Les Portes du Soleil, 34990 Juvignac, France
| | - Aurélie Coulon
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, CP 135, 57 rue Cuvier 75005 Paris, France
- CEFE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - A J Mark Hewison
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CEFS, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
- LTSER ZA PYRénées GARonne, 31320 Auzeville-Tolosane, France
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The effect of reproductive state on activity budget, feeding behavior, and urinary C-peptide levels in wild female Assamese macaques. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-021-03058-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The source of maternal energy supporting reproduction (i.e., stored or incoming) is an important factor determining different breeding strategies (capital, income or mixed) in female mammals. Key periods of energy storage and allocation might induce behavioral and physiological shifts in females, and investigating their distribution throughout reproduction helps in determining vulnerable phases shaping female reproductive success. Here, we examined the effects of reproductive state on activity budget, feeding behavior, and urinary C-peptide (uCP) levels, a physiological marker of energy balance, in 43 wild female Assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis). Over a 13-month study period, we collected 96,266 instantaneous records of activity and 905 urine samples. We found that early lactating females and non-gestating–non-lactating females follow an energy-saving strategy consisting of resting more at the expense of feeding and consuming mostly fruits which contributed to enhancing their energy intake and feeding efficiency. We found an opposite pattern in gestating and late lactating females who feed more at the expense of resting and consume mostly seeds, providing a fiber-rich diet. Storing food into cheek pouches increased throughout gestation while it decreased all along with lactation. Lastly, we found the highest uCP levels during late gestation. Our results reflect different feeding adaptations in response to the energetic costs of reproduction and suggest a critical role of fat accumulation before conception and metabolizing fat during gestation and lactation. Overall, our study provides an integrative picture of the energetics of reproduction in a seasonal species and contributes to our understanding of the diversity of behavioral and physiological adaptations shaping female reproductive success.
Significance statement
To offset their substantial energetic investment in reproduction, mammalian females may modify their behavior and the way they extract energy from their environment. In addition, as a result of heightened energy expenditure, female reproduction might trigger physiological shifts. To date, most studies investigated the energetic costs of female reproduction using either a behavioral or a physiological approach. To arrive at a more comprehensive picture, we combined behavioral data with a physiological marker of energy balance, i.e., urinary C-peptide, in a seasonal primate species in its natural habitat. Our results indicate that throughout the reproductive cycle, behavioral and physiological adaptations operate concomitantly, inducing modifications in female activity budget, feeding behavior, and suggesting shifts in fat use. Overall, our results illustrate the relevance of combining data on behavior and hormones to investigate breeding strategies in coping with the energetic costs of reproduction.
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Corley M, Perea-Rodriguez JP, Valeggia C, Fernandez-Duque E. Associations between fecal cortisol and biparental care in a pair-living primate. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2021; 176:295-307. [PMID: 34272723 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We quantified variation in fecal cortisol across reproductive periods in Azara's owl monkeys (Aotus azarae) to examine physiological mechanisms that may facilitate biparental care. Specifically, we evaluated evidence for the explanation that owl monkeys have hormonal mechanisms to mobilize energy during periods when each sex is investing heavily in reproduction, that is, the gestation period for females and the infant care period for males. MATERIALS AND METHODS Between 2011 and 2015, we monitored 10 groups of Azara's owl monkeys from a wild population in Formosa, Argentina and collected fecal samples from 26 adults (13 males, 13 females). Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, we quantified fecal cortisol as a proxy for evaluating stress responses, including energetic demands, on both sexes during periods of reproduction and parental care. RESULTS Male cortisol was lowest during periods when they were caring for young infants (<3 months) compared with periods with older infants or no infant. Female cortisol was elevated during gestation compared with other periods. Mean fecal cortisol in both males and females was lower when an infant was present compared with when females were gestating. DISCUSSION Our results do not support the hypothesis that owl monkey males have elevated fecal cortisol during periods when they need to mobilize energy to provide intensive infant care. Our findings are also inconsistent with the Maternal Relief hypothesis. However, results from studies measuring fecal cortisol must be interpreted with care and alternative explanations, such as seasonal fluctuations in diet and thermoenergic demands, should be considered when drawing conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Corley
- Department of Anthropology and School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Juan Pablo Perea-Rodriguez
- Project Conservémonos, Limon, Costa Rica.,WELL-PRIM Project, Eco-Anthropologie Lab (UMR 7602), Musée de l'Homme, Paris, France
| | - Claudia Valeggia
- Department of Anthropology and School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Eduardo Fernandez-Duque
- Department of Anthropology and School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Formosa, Formosa, Argentina
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Hückstädt LA, Holser RR, Tift MS, Costa DP. The extra burden of motherhood: reduced dive duration associated with pregnancy status in a deep-diving mammal, the northern elephant seal. Biol Lett 2018; 14:rsbl.2017.0722. [PMID: 29445044 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2017.0722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cost of pregnancy is hard to study in marine mammals, particularly in species that undergo pregnancy while diving continuously at sea such as elephant seals (genus Mirounga). We analysed the diving behaviour of confirmed pregnant and non-pregnant northern elephant seals (M. angustirostris, n = 172) and showed that after an initial continuous increase in dive duration, dives of pregnant females become shorter after week 17. The reasons for this reduction in dive duration remain unknown, but we hypothesize that increased fetal demand for oxygen could be the cause. Our findings reveal an opportunity to explore the use of biologging data to investigate pregnancy status of free-ranging marine mammals and factors that could affect pregnancy success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Hückstädt
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Rachel R Holser
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Tift
- Division of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniel P Costa
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
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Ponseti J, Bruhn D, Nolting J, Gerwinn H, Pohl A, Stirn A, Granert O, Laufs H, Deuschl G, Wolff S, Jansen O, Siebner H, Briken P, Mohnke S, Amelung T, Kneer J, Schiffer B, Walter H, Kruger THC. Decoding Pedophilia: Increased Anterior Insula Response to Infant Animal Pictures. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 11:645. [PMID: 29403367 PMCID: PMC5778266 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research found increased brain responses of men with sexual interest in children (i.e., pedophiles) not only to pictures of naked children but also to pictures of child faces. This opens the possibly that pedophilia is linked (in addition to or instead of an aberrant sexual system) to an over-active nurturing system. To test this hypothesis we exposed pedophiles and healthy controls to pictures of infant and adult animals during functional magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. By using pictures of infant animals (instead of human infants), we aimed to elicit nurturing processing without triggering sexual processing. We hypothesized that elevated brain responses to nurturing stimuli will be found - in addition to other brain areas - in the anterior insula of pedophiles because this area was repeatedly found to be activated when adults see pictures of babies. Behavioral ratings confirmed that pictures of infant or adult animals were not perceived as sexually arousing neither by the pedophilic participants nor by the heathy controls. Statistical analysis was applied to the whole brain as well as to the anterior insula as region of interest. Only in pedophiles did infants relative to adult animals increase brain activity in the anterior insula, supplementary motor cortex, and dorsolateral prefrontal areas. Within-group analysis revealed an increased brain response to infant animals in the left anterior insular cortex of the pedophilic participants. Currently, pedophilia is considered the consequence of disturbed sexual or executive brain processing, but details are far from known. The present findings raise the question whether there is also an over-responsive nurturing system in pedophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Ponseti
- Institute of Sexual Medicine and Forensic Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Kiel University, Medical School, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniel Bruhn
- Institute of Sexual Medicine and Forensic Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Kiel University, Medical School, Kiel, Germany
| | - Julia Nolting
- Institute of Sexual Medicine and Forensic Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Kiel University, Medical School, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hannah Gerwinn
- Institute of Sexual Medicine and Forensic Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Kiel University, Medical School, Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexander Pohl
- Institute of Sexual Medicine and Forensic Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Kiel University, Medical School, Kiel, Germany
| | - Aglaja Stirn
- Institute of Sexual Medicine and Forensic Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Kiel University, Medical School, Kiel, Germany
| | - Oliver Granert
- Department of Neurology, Kiel University, Medical School, Kiel, Germany
| | - Helmut Laufs
- Department of Neurology, Kiel University, Medical School, Kiel, Germany
| | - Günther Deuschl
- Department of Neurology, Kiel University, Medical School, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stephan Wolff
- Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Kiel University, Medical School, Kiel, Germany
| | - Olav Jansen
- Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Kiel University, Medical School, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hartwig Siebner
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peer Briken
- Institute for Sex Research and Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Mohnke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Till Amelung
- Institute of Sexology and Sexual Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonas Kneer
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Section of Clinical Psychology and Sexual Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Boris Schiffer
- Division of Forensic Psychiatry, LWL-University Hospital Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tillmann H. C. Kruger
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Section of Clinical Psychology and Sexual Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Sharpe DJ, Goldingay RL. Time budget of the squirrel glider (Petaurus norfolcensis) in subtropical Australia. AUST J ZOOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/zo18049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Exudivorous mammals exploit food items of high quality and high rates of renewal, offset by wide dispersion and variable availability. How this influences foraging effort and size-related foraging efficiency remains poorly described. We examined the time budget of 5–6 male and 5–6 female squirrel gliders (Petaurus norfolcensis) during 6–8 nights in each of three seasons that were stratified by moon phase. Radio-collared gliders were observed during a series of 1-h focal observations from dusk until dawn. Feeding dominated the time budget, accounting for 78% of observation time, or 85% of time when combined with behaviours associated with foraging. Females appear to maximise feeding rates before entering the energetically demanding phase of late lactation. Little time was spent resting while outside the den. Longer nights and the full moon were associated with later emergence and earlier retirement times. Animals re-entered their tree-hollow dens during the night, representing 2% of activity in late spring, 18% in winter and 9% in autumn (10% overall). This behaviour may relate to predation risk and lactation demands. We reviewed the percentage of the time budget that petaurid gliders devoted to feeding and found no clear relationship with body size.
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Social monogamy, male–female relationships, and biparental care in wild titi monkeys (Callicebus discolor). Primates 2015; 57:103-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s10329-015-0489-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Masi S, Mundry R, Ortmann S, Cipolletta C, Boitani L, Robbins MM. The Influence of Seasonal Frugivory on Nutrient and Energy Intake in Wild Western Gorillas. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129254. [PMID: 26154509 PMCID: PMC4495928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The daily energy requirements of animals are determined by a combination of physical and physiological factors, but food availability may challenge the capacity to meet nutritional needs. Western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) are an interesting model for investigating this topic because they are folivore-frugivores that adjust their diet and activities to seasonal variation in fruit availability. Observations of one habituated group of western gorillas in Bai-Hokou, Central African Republic (December 2004-December 2005) were used to examine seasonal variation in diet quality and nutritional intake. We tested if during the high fruit season the food consumed by western gorillas was higher in quality (higher in energy, sugar, fat but lower in fibre and antifeedants) than during the low fruit season. Food consumed during the high fruit season was higher in digestible energy, but not any other macronutrients. Second, we investigated whether the gorillas increased their daily intake of carbohydrates, metabolizable energy (KCal/g OM), or other nutrients during the high fruit season. Intake of dry matter, fibers, fat, protein and the majority of minerals and phenols decreased with increased frugivory and there was some indication of seasonal variation in intake of energy (KCal/g OM), tannins, protein/fiber ratio, and iron. Intake of non-structural carbohydrates and sugars was not influenced by fruit availability. Gorillas are probably able to extract large quantities of energy via fermentation since they rely on proteinaceous leaves during the low fruit season. Macronutrients and micronutrients, but not digestible energy, may be limited for them during times of low fruit availability because they are hind-gut fermenters. We discuss the advantages of seasonal frugivores having large dietary breath and flexibility, significant characteristics to consider in the conservation strategies of endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly Masi
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Animal and Human Biology, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Roger Mundry
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sylvia Ortmann
- RG Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, D-10315, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Luigi Boitani
- Department of Animal and Human Biology, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Martha M. Robbins
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
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Havarua Z, Turner WC, Mfune JK. Seasonal variation in foraging behaviour of plains zebra (Equus quagga) may alter contact with the anthrax bacterium (Bacillus anthracis). CAN J ZOOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2013-0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pathogens transmitted via the environment are often aggregated in space, and seasonal variation in wildlife foraging behaviour may alter contact rates with environmental pathogens. The soil-borne bacterium Bacillus anthracis Cohn, 1872 causes anthrax, and herbivores acquire gastrointestinal anthrax by ingesting spores. Therefore host foraging behaviour could be a fundamental component of anthrax epidemiology. This study investigated seasonal changes in bite density and diet of plains zebras (Equus quagga Boddaert, 1785) in relation to anthrax seasonality in Etosha National Park, Namibia, where most zebra anthrax cases are observed in wet seasons. The diet of zebras shifted from more short grasses during the wet season to more tall grasses in the dry season, suggesting a greater potential for soil ingestion in wet seasons. Zebras also foraged most intensively in the wet season with the number of bites/step declining through the dry season. This higher bite density in wet seasons may lead individuals to ingest greater concentrations of the pathogen if foraging in a localized infectious area. Although sex and reproductive state affected bite density, no sex difference in anthrax occurrence was observed. This study demonstrates how considering variation in host foraging behaviour may enhance our understanding of disease seasonality for pathogens with foraging-dependent transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zepee Havarua
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Wendy C. Turner
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, 137 Mulford Hall, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3112, USA
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, Blindern, 0361 Oslo, Norway
| | - John K.E. Mfune
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia
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Socioecological correlates of energy balance using urinary C-peptide measurements in wild female mountain gorillas. Physiol Behav 2014; 127:13-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Milich KM, Stumpf RM, Chambers JM, Chapman CA. Female red colobus monkeys maintain their densities through flexible feeding strategies in logged forests in Kibale National Park, Uganda. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2014; 154:52-60. [PMID: 24420235 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral flexibility allows primates to cope with environmental variability. Quantifying primate responses to human habitat modifications allows an effective means of assessing coping mechanisms. Within Kibale National Park, Uganda, logging led to reduced primate food availability that still exists almost 50 years after the harvest. Following the predictions of the ideal free distribution theory, primate densities are expected to decrease in areas of lower resource availability so that the resources available per individual are equivalent in logged and old-growth areas. However, counter to what would be predicted by the ideal free distribution theory, red colobus monkeys (Procolobus rufomitratus) occur at similar densities in logged and old-growth areas of Kibale. This suggests that either the ecological differences between the two areas are not sufficient to impact red colobus densities or that animals in logged areas are compensating to changes in resource availability by using different foraging strategies. To test between these hypotheses, we examined four groups of red colobus, two in logged and two in old-growth forests, and compared feeding behavior, feeding tree size, and tree productivity. Females in logged areas fed on resources from a greater number of plant species, fed on fewer resources from each species, and spent more time feeding than those in old-growth areas. By expanding their diet, females in logged areas effectively increased the resources available to them, which may contribute to their ability to maintain similar densities to females in old-growth areas. These findings have implications for an evolutionary understanding of how species deal with environmental change and considerations for conservation practices that determine what areas should be prioritized for protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista M Milich
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801
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Heesen M, Rogahn S, Ostner J, Schülke O. Food abundance affects energy intake and reproduction in frugivorous female Assamese macaques. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-013-1530-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Noren SR, Redfern JV, Edwards EF. Pregnancy is a drag: hydrodynamics, kinematics and performance in pre- and post-parturition bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). J Exp Biol 2011; 214:4151-9. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.059121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Constraints on locomotion could be an important component of the cost of reproduction as carrying an increased load associated with eggs or developing fetuses may contribute to decreased locomotor performance for females across taxa and environments. Diminished performance could increase susceptibility to predation, yet the mechanism(s) by which gravidity and pregnancy affect locomotion remains largely unexplored. Here we demonstrate that morphology, hydrodynamics and kinematics were altered during pregnancy, providing a mechanism for diminished locomotor performance in two near-term pregnant (10 days pre-parturition) bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Near-term pregnancy resulted in a 51±14% increase in frontal surface area, coinciding with dramatic increases in drag forces while gliding. For example, pregnant females encountered 80 N of drag at 1.7 m s–1 whereas that magnitude of drag was not encountered until speed doubled for females 18 months post-parturition. Indeed, drag coefficients based on frontal surface area were significantly greater during pregnancy (Cd,F=0.22±0.04) than at 18 months post-parturition (Cd,F=0.09±0.01). Pregnancy also induced a gait change as stroke amplitude and distance per stroke were reduced by 13 and 14%, respectively, compared with non-pregnant periods (1–24 months post-parturition). This was concomitant with a 62 and 44% reduction in mean and maximum swim speeds, respectively, during the pregnancy period. Interestingly, attack speeds of known predators of dolphins surpass maximum speeds for the pregnant dolphins in this study. Thus, pregnant dolphins may be more susceptible to predation. This study demonstrates unequivocally that changes in morphology, hydrodynamics and kinematics are associated with diminished performance during pregnancy in dolphins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn R. Noren
- Institute of Marine Science, Center for Ocean Health, University of California at Santa Cruz, 100 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Jessica V. Redfern
- Protected Resources Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 3333 Torrey Pines Court, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Elizabeth F. Edwards
- Protected Resources Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 3333 Torrey Pines Court, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Rosetta L, Lee P, Garcia C. Energetics during reproduction: A doubly labeled water study of lactating baboons. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2011; 144:661-8. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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de A. Moura AC, Nunes HG, Langguth A. Food Sharing in Lion Tamarins (Leontopithecus chrysomelas): Does Foraging Difficulty Affect Investment in Young by Breeders and Helpers? INT J PRIMATOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-010-9432-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Gailliot MT, Hildebrandt B, Eckel LA, Baumeister RF. A Theory of Limited Metabolic Energy and Premenstrual Syndrome Symptoms: Increased Metabolic Demands during the Luteal Phase Divert Metabolic Resources from and Impair Self-Control. REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1037/a0018525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Tardif SD, Ross CN. Integration of proximate and evolutionary explanation of reproductive strategy: the case of callitrichid primates and implications for human biology. Am J Hum Biol 2010; 21:731-8. [PMID: 19384864 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.20932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We offer examples of how proximate and evolutionary forms of argument may inform each other in better understanding reproductive strategy in callitrichid primates, the smallest of the anthropoid primates. In addition, we illustrate how comparative approaches, when applied judiciously, can aid in the formulation of hypotheses regarding even seemingly unique traits within a taxonomic group. In the first example, examination of the nature of genetics in cytokine systems that leads to altered ovulation number in sheep suggests some relatively simple changes could explain both the adaptation of increased ovulation number in marmosets and the subsequent decrease in ovulation number in the closely related species, callimico. In the second example, the role of body size and phylogeny in explaining the role of maternal energy constraints upon gestation and lactation is explored, leading to additional hypotheses regarding these relations in a species that is both small but also in a phylogenetic line selected for slow reproduction. Finally, the role of comparative data in the study of proximate and evolutionary explanations of "unique" human reproductive strategies is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzette D Tardif
- Barshop Institute for Longevity & Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78245, USA.
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Fernandez-Duque E, Valeggia CR, Mendoza SP. The Biology of Paternal Care in Human and Nonhuman Primates. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANTHROPOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anthro-091908-164334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Fernandez-Duque
- Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104;
- Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral-Conicet, Corrientes 3400, Argentina;
| | - Claudia R. Valeggia
- Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104;
- Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral-Conicet, Corrientes 3400, Argentina;
| | - Sally P. Mendoza
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616;
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Foraging decisions in a capital breeder: trade-offs between mass gain and lactation. Oecologia 2009; 161:421-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-009-1377-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Guedes D, Young RJ, Strier KB. Energetic costs of reproduction in female northern muriquis, Brachyteles hypoxanthus (Primates: Platyrrinhi: Atelidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s0101-81752008000400002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Infant care is known to impose high energetic costs on female primates because in addition to lactation, most primate mothers also provide transport for their offspring. Many studies have documented the high energetic costs of lactation, but less is known about energetic costs of infant carrying and their effects on the recovery of maternal physical condition. We compared the activities of female northern muriquis (Brachyteles hypoxanthus Kuhl, 1820) over a 12-month period at the RPPN Feliciano Miguel Abdala, Minas Gerais, Brazil to investigate whether mothers during their weaning year behaved differently than mothers in their post-weaning year, when they resumed reproductive cycling and copulating, and conceived again. We found no significant differences in the behavioral activity budgets of mothers in their weaning year (n = 4) versus post-weaning year (n = 5), despite the significantly higher proportion of time that mothers in their weaning year spent in close proximity with their infants and carrying their infants compared to mothers in their post-weaning year. We suggest that the energy budgets of weaning are similar to those of post-weaning in female northern muriquis.
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Effects of Individual and Group Characteristics on Feeding Behaviors in Wild Leontopithecus rosalia. INT J PRIMATOL 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-005-8854-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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