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Braun S, Schwendener N, Kanz F, Lösch S, Milella M. What we see is what we touch? Sex estimation on the skull in virtual anthropology. Int J Legal Med 2024:10.1007/s00414-024-03244-w. [PMID: 38689177 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-024-03244-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increased use of virtual bone images in forensic anthropology requires a comprehensive study on the observational errors between dry bones and CT reconstructions. Here, we focus on the consistency of nonmetric sex estimation traits on the human skull. MATERIALS AND METHODS We scored nine nonmetric traits on dry crania and mandibles (n = 223) of archaeological origin and their CT reconstructions. Additionally, we 3D surface scanned a subsample (n = 50) and repeated our observations. Due to the intricate anatomy of the mental eminence, we split it into two separate traits: the bilateral mental tubercles and the midsagittal mental protuberance. We provide illustrations and descriptions for both these traits. RESULTS We obtained supreme consistency values between the CT and 3D surface modalities. The most consistent cranial traits were the glabella and the supraorbital margin, followed by the nuchal crest, zygomatic extension, mental tubercles, mental protuberance, mental eminence, mastoid process and ramus flexure, in descending order. The mental tubercles show higher consistency scores than the mental eminence and the mental protuberance. DISCUSSION The increased interchangeability of the virtual modalities with each other as compared to the dry bone modality could be due to the lack of tactility on both the CT and surface scans. Moreover, tactility appears less essential with experience than a precise trait description. Future studies could revolve around the most consistent cranial traits, combining them with pelvic traits from a previous study, to test for accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Braun
- Department of Physical Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 24-28, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Schwendener
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Imaging, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Kanz
- Forensic Anthropology Unit, Center for Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandra Lösch
- Department of Physical Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 24-28, 3008, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Marco Milella
- Department of Physical Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 24-28, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
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Toneva DH, Nikolova SY, Fileva NF, Zlatareva DK. Size and shape of human mandible: Sex differences and influence of age on sex estimation accuracy. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2023; 65:102322. [PMID: 37722156 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2023.102322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The degree of sexual dimorphism expressed by human bones is of primary importance for the development of accurate methods for sex estimation. The objective of the present study was to investigate sex differences in shape and size of the mandible using geometric morphometric methods. The study also aimed to examine the impact of age on the sex classification ability of the size and shape of the mandible. Computed tomography images of 190 Bulgarians (98 males and 92 females) were used in the study. Polygonal surface models of the skulls were generated and used for digitizing 45 landmarks located on the mandible. The raw three-dimensional coordinates of the landmarks were processed via generalized Procrustes superimposition. The sex differences in mandibular size and shape were evaluated for statistical significance. Multivariate regression was applied for correction of the allometric effect. Principal component analysis, discriminant analysis, and canonical variate analysis were also used in the study. Mandibular size differed significantly between males and females and achieved a sex classification accuracy of 87%. The significance of the sex differences in mandibular shape depended on the type of shape variables used in the analysis. The shape variables provided different classification accuracy: 78% using the Procrustes coordinates and 53% using the regression residuals. The male and female mandibles differed significantly in size and shape, including the allometric component. Mandibular size is a more effective sex indicator than shape. Age has an ambiguous effect on the classification accuracy of the size and shape variables of the mandible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana H Toneva
- Department of Anthropology and Anatomy, Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Silviya Y Nikolova
- Department of Anthropology and Anatomy, Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nevena F Fileva
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Dora K Zlatareva
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Gao J, Li X, He J, Jiang L, Zhao B. The effect of mandibular flexure on the design of implant-supported fixed restorations of different facial types under two loading conditions by three-dimensional finite element analysis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:928656. [PMID: 36105608 PMCID: PMC9465293 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.928656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Investigating the biomechanical effects of mandibular flexure (MF) on the design of implant-supported fixed restorations in edentulous jaws of different facial types. Methods: Three-dimensional finite element models were established to analyze mandibular displacement and stress distribution of implant-supported fixed restorations (four or six implants, different implant numbers and sites, and the design of the superstructure across the dental arch in one or two or three pieces, under the loading conditions of maximum opening or right unilateral molar occlusion) in mandibular edentulous patients of three different facial types (brachyfacial, mesofacial, and dolichofacial types). Results: The brachyfacial type presented higher mandibular flexure and stress in the overall restorative system, followed by the mesofacial and dolichofacial types. During jaw opening and occlusal movements, the one-piece framework showed the lowest bone stress values surrounding the anterior implants and gradually increased to the distal position, and the three-piece framework showed the highest stress values for peri-implant bones. Also, the split framework could greatly increase the stress on abutments and frameworks. Moreover, fixed implant prostheses with cantilevers can generate high amounts of biomechanical stress and strain on implants and surrounding bones. The bone surrounding the anterior implant increased in stress values as the most distal implants were more distally located regardless of frameworks. The zirconia framework demonstrated higher stresses than the titanium framework. Conclusion: The design of edentulous fixed implant-supported restorations can be optimized for facial types. For patients of the brachyfacial type or with high masticatory muscle strength, the non-segmented framework without a cantilever provides an optimal biomechanical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- Center of Implantology School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
| | - Xuejing Li
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing He
- Center of Implantology School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
| | - Lulu Jiang
- Center of Implantology School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Lulu Jiang, ; Baohong Zhao,
| | - Baohong Zhao
- Center of Implantology School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Lulu Jiang, ; Baohong Zhao,
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Braun S, Ridel AF, Abbé ENL, Theye CEG, Oettlé AC. Repeatability of a morphoscopic sex estimation technique for the mental eminence on micro-focus X-ray computed tomography models. FORENSIC IMAGING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fri.2022.200500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Imaizumi K, Bermejo E, Taniguchi K, Ogawa Y, Nagata T, Kaga K, Hayakawa H, Shiotani S. Development of a sex estimation method for skulls using machine learning on three-dimensional shapes of skulls and skull parts. FORENSIC IMAGING 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fri.2020.200393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Ortiz AG, Costa C, Silva RHA, Biazevic MGH, Michel-Crosato E. Sex estimation: Anatomical references on panoramic radiographs using Machine Learning. FORENSIC IMAGING 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fri.2020.200356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Nuzzolese E, Randolph-Quinney P, Randolph-Quinney J, Di Vella G. Geometric morphometric analysis of sexual dimorphism in the mandible from panoramic X-ray images. THE JOURNAL OF FORENSIC ODONTO-STOMATOLOGY 2019; 37:35-44. [PMID: 31589594 PMCID: PMC6981353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The human mandible is routinely utilised as part of the assessment of biological identity in forensic anthropological and odontological practice. The research introduces a novel geometric morphometric technique to investigate and quantify shape variation in the morphology of the mandibular corpus and ascending ramus and consequently highlights the potential for forensic purposes. Human mandibles from digital clinical orthopantomogram X-ray images, based on a sample of 50 male and 50 female adults from a modern Italian population, were examined. Three fixed landmarks were applied to the symphysis and condyle and 50 semi-landmarks re-sampled along the inferior corpus and the posterior ramus. Symmetrical reflection was applied yielding 200 configurations of 53 landmarks. Shape analyses were undertaken via: Procrustes superimposition; principal components analysis to investigate patterns of variation; classification using linear discriminant analysis with leave-one-out cross-validation; partial least squares (PLS) to test for structural modularity; and finally, retitle page sampling and re-analysis following PLS to optimize shape classification criteria. Stepwise re-sampling of landmarks reached an optimum cross-validated classification of 94.0% based on 25 landmarks; the results are strongly significant and suggest that the shape relationship between the mandibular corpus and ramus offers significant potential for forensic identification purposes using this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Nuzzolese
- Human Identification Laboratory, University of Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - G Di Vella
- Human Identification Laboratory, University of Turin, Italy
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Evolutionary pattern of the forewing shape in the Neotropical genus of jumping plant-lice (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Russelliana). ORG DIVERS EVOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-018-0367-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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9
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Li K, Cavaignac E, Xu W, Cheng Q, Telmon N, Huang W. Morphometric evaluation of the knee in Chinese population reveals sexual dimorphism and age-related differences. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2018; 42:2349-2356. [PMID: 29464370 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-018-3826-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Morphologic data of the knee is very important in the design of total knee prostheses. Generally, the designs of the total knee prostheses are based on the knee anatomy of Caucasian population. Moreover, in forensic medicine, a person's age and sex might be estimated by the shape of their knees. The aim of this study is to utilize three-dimensional morphometric analysis of the knee in Chinese population to reveal sexual dimorphism and age-related differences. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sexually dimorphic differences and age-related differences of the distal femur were studied by using geometric morphometric analysis of ten osteometric landmarks on three-dimensional reconstructions of 259 knees in Chinese population. General Procrustes analysis, PCA, and other discriminant analysis such as Mahalanobis and Goodall's F test were conducted for the knee to identify sexually dimorphism and age-related differences of the knee. RESULTS The shape of distal femur between the male and female is significantly different. A difference between males and females in distal femur shape was identified by PCA; PC1 and PC2 accounted for 61.63% of the variance measured. The correct sex was assigned in 84.9% of cases by CVA, and the cross-validation revealed a 81.1% rate of correct sex estimation. The osteometric analysis also showed significant differences between the three age-related subgroups (< 40, 40-60, > 60 years, p < 0.005). CONCLUSION This study showed both sex-related difference and age-related difference in the distal femur in Chinese population by 3D geometric morphometric analysis. Our bone measurements and geometric morphometric analysis suggest that population characteristics should be taken into account and may provide references for design of total knee prostheses in a Chinese population. Moreover, this reliable, accurate method could be used to perform diachronic and interethnic comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Etienne Cavaignac
- Institut de l'appareil locomoteur, Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Laboratoire AMIS, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 37 allée Jules Guesdes, 31000, Toulouse, France
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiang Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Nobert Telmon
- Laboratoire AMIS, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 37 allée Jules Guesdes, 31000, Toulouse, France
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Lopez-Capp TT, Rynn C, Wilkinson C, de Paiva LAS, Michel-Crosato E, Biazevic MGH. Discriminant analysis of mandibular measurements for the estimation of sex in a modern Brazilian sample. Int J Legal Med 2017; 132:843-851. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-017-1681-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Sex estimation using computed tomography of the mandible. Int J Legal Med 2017; 131:1691-1700. [PMID: 28220302 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-017-1554-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Sex estimation of skeletal parts is of great value even in the DNA era. When computed tomography (CT) facilities were introduced to forensic institutes, new possibilities for sex estimation emerged. The aim of this study was to develop a CT-based method for sex estimation using the mandible. Twenty-five CT-based measurements of the mandible were developed and carried out on 3D reconstructions (volume rendering) and cross sections of the lower jaw of 438 adult individuals (214 males and 224 females). Intraobserver and interobserver variances of the measurements were examined using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) analysis. Five discriminant functions were developed using different states of completeness of the mandible. The success rates of these equations were cross validated twice. The measurements were found to be highly reliable (for intraobserver 0.838 < ICC < 0.995 and for interobserver 0.71 < ICC < 0.996). For a complete mandible, the correct classification rate was 90.8%. For incomplete mandibles, the correct classification rates varied from 72.9 to 85.6%. Cross-validation tests yielded similar success rates, for the complete mandible 89% and for the incomplete mandible 67.5 to 89%. We concluded that CT techniques are appropriate for estimating sex based on the mandible size and shape characteristics. Suggested discriminant functions for sex estimation are given with data on the correct classification rates.
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12
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Peregrina A, Azer SS, Tao EE, Johnston WM. Radiographic Blind Test of Curvature of the Posterior Border of the Mandibular Ramus as a Morphological Indicator of Gender. J Prosthodont 2016; 25:670-674. [PMID: 27272018 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.12505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Curvature of the posterior border of the mandibular ramus at the occlusal plane has been described as a morphological trait for males. Controversy over the accuracy of this method remains among researchers; studies employing similar methods report accuracy rates for successful gender identification ranging from 59% to 99%. This blind study assessed evaluators' ability to determine gender based on the presence or absence of curvature of the posterior margin of the mandibular ramus through panoramic radiographs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Randomly selected panoramic radiographs were obtained from The Ohio State University College of Dentistry for 413 adult male (M) and female (F) subjects. Two evaluators separately assigned ratings using a similar method to the Loth and Henenberg methodology to each subject on the right and left sides of mandibular rami. The ratings were based upon three criteria: (1) presence of curvature at the occlusal plane (M), (2) presence of curvature but not at the occlusal plane (F), and (3) lack of curvature (F). Pearson exact chi-squared test was used to evaluate the statistical strength of the ratings. RESULTS The evaluators were only in agreement for both the right and left rami in roughly two-thirds (66.8%) of cases when there was no excessive tooth loss (ETL); however, the inter-observer agreement improved to 82.1% for those rami associated with ETL. Inter-observer agreement occurred in 72.9% of female rami and in only 64.4% of male rami. CONCLUSION The results of this study indicated that assessment of posterior border curvature of mandibular rami through panoramic radiographs was not a reliable indicator of gender and was further plagued by unacceptably high levels of inter-observer disagreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Peregrina
- Division of Restorative Science and Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Shereen S Azer
- Division of Restorative Science and Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | | | - William M Johnston
- Division of General Practice and Materials Science, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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Caple J, Stephan CN. Photo-Realistic Statistical Skull Morphotypes: New Exemplars for Ancestry and Sex Estimation in Forensic Anthropology. J Forensic Sci 2016; 62:562-572. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jodi Caple
- Laboratory for Human Craniofacial and Skeletal Identification (HuCS-ID Lab); School of Biomedical Sciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Qld 4072 Australia
| | - Carl N. Stephan
- Laboratory for Human Craniofacial and Skeletal Identification (HuCS-ID Lab); School of Biomedical Sciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Qld 4072 Australia
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Chovalopoulou ME, Valakos ED, Manolis SK. Sex determination by three-dimensional geometric morphometrics of the vault and midsagittal curve of the neurocranium in a modern Greek population sample. HOMO-JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE HUMAN BIOLOGY 2016; 67:173-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Krishan K, Chatterjee PM, Kanchan T, Kaur S, Baryah N, Singh RK. A review of sex estimation techniques during examination of skeletal remains in forensic anthropology casework. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 261:165.e1-8. [PMID: 26926105 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Sex estimation is considered as one of the essential parameters in forensic anthropology casework, and requires foremost consideration in the examination of skeletal remains. Forensic anthropologists frequently employ morphologic and metric methods for sex estimation of human remains. These methods are still very imperative in identification process in spite of the advent and accomplishment of molecular techniques. A constant boost in the use of imaging techniques in forensic anthropology research has facilitated to derive as well as revise the available population data. These methods however, are less reliable owing to high variance and indistinct landmark details. The present review discusses the reliability and reproducibility of various analytical approaches; morphological, metric, molecular and radiographic methods in sex estimation of skeletal remains. Numerous studies have shown a higher reliability and reproducibility of measurements taken directly on the bones and hence, such direct methods of sex estimation are considered to be more reliable than the other methods. Geometric morphometric (GM) method and Diagnose Sexuelle Probabiliste (DSP) method are emerging as valid methods and widely used techniques in forensic anthropology in terms of accuracy and reliability. Besides, the newer 3D methods are shown to exhibit specific sexual dimorphism patterns not readily revealed by traditional methods. Development of newer and better methodologies for sex estimation as well as re-evaluation of the existing ones will continue in the endeavour of forensic researchers for more accurate results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewal Krishan
- Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
| | | | - Tanuj Kanchan
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College (Affiliated to Manipal University), Mangalore, India
| | - Sandeep Kaur
- Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Neha Baryah
- Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - R K Singh
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Pt. J.N.M. Medical College, Raipur, Government of Chhattisgarh, India
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Cavaignac E, Savall F, Faruch M, Reina N, Chiron P, Telmon N. Geometric morphometric analysis reveals sexual dimorphism in the distal femur. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 259:246.e1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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17
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A geometric morphometric analysis of acetabular shape of the primate hip joint in relation to locomotor behaviour. J Hum Evol 2015; 83:15-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Franklin D, O'Higgins P, Oxnard CE, Dadour I. Sexual dimorphism and population variation in the adult mandible : Forensic applications of geometric morphometrics. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2015; 3:15-22. [PMID: 25868885 DOI: 10.1385/fsmp:3:1:15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This article forms part of an ongoing series of investigations designed to apply three-dimensional (3D) technology to problems in forensic anthropology. We report here on new morphometric data examining sexual dimorphism and population variation in the adult human mandible. The material is sourced from dissection hall subjects of South African and American origin consequently the sex and a statement of age are known for each individual. Thirty-eight bilateral 3D landmarks were designed and acquired using a Microscribe G2X portable digitizer. The shape analysis software morphologika (www.york.ac.uk/res/fme) is used to analyze the 3D coordinates of the landmarks. A selection of multivariate statistics is applied to visualize the pattern, and assess the significance of, shape variation between the sexes and populations. The determination of sex and identification of population affinity are two important aspects of forensic investigation. Our results indicate that the adult mandible can be used to identify both sex and population affinity with increased sensitivity and objectivity compared to standard analytical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Franklin
- Centre for Forensic Science, The University of Western Australia, M420, 35 Stirling Highway, 6009, Crawley, Western Australia,
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Lin C, Jiao B, Liu S, Guan F, Chung NE, Han SH, Lee UY. Sex determination from the mandibular ramus flexure of Koreans by discrimination function analysis using three-dimensional mandible models. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 236:191.e1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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G V, Gowri S R M, J A. Sex determination of human mandible using metrical parameters. J Clin Diagn Res 2013; 7:2671-3. [PMID: 24551607 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2013/7621.3728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Determination of sex from an unknown human bone is an important role in forensic and anthropology field. The mandible is the largest and hardest facial bone, that commonly resist post mortem damage and forms an important source of information about sexual dimorphism. AIM To determine the sex of unknown human adult mandible using metrical parameters. MATERIAL AND METHODS A random collection of 250 dry, complete, undamaged human adult mandibles of South Indian population were subjected to metrical parameters like Bigonial breadth, Bicondylar breadth and Mandibular length using Mandibulometer and Vernier caliper. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED The data's were expressed as Mean ± SD and then analyzed by t-test by using SPSS software. Discriminating point and limiting points were also calculated. RESULTS The mandibular length, bigonial breadth and bicondylar breadth showed significant statistical gender difference. CONCLUSION The present study revealed that the sex of human mandible can be assessed by using metrical parameters as an additional tool to establish the identity of a person.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay G
- Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College & Research Institute , Pillaiyarkuppam, Puducherry, India
| | - Mangala Gowri S R
- Assistant Professor, Department of Physiology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College & Research Institute , Pillaiyarkuppam, Puducherry, India
| | - Anbalagan J
- Professor, Department of Anatomy, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College & Research Institute , Pillaiyarkuppam, Puducherry, India
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Morphometry of latent palmprints as a function of time. Sci Justice 2013; 53:402-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Urbanová P, Hejna P, Zátopková L, Šafr M. What is the appropriate approach in sex determination of hyoid bones? J Forensic Leg Med 2013; 20:996-1003. [PMID: 24237807 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The hyoid bone is characterized by sexually dimorphic features, enabling it to occasionally be used in the sex determination aspect of establishing the biological profile in skeletal remains. Based on a sample of 298 fused and non-fused hyoid bones, the present paper compares several methodological approaches to sexing human hyoid bones in order to test the legitimacy of osteometrics-based linear discriminant equations and to explore the potentials of symbolic regression and methods of geometric morphometrics. In addition, two sets of published predictive models, one of which originated in an indigenous population, were validated on the studied sample. The results showed that the hyoid shape itself is a moderate sex predictor and a combination of linear measurements is a better representation of sex-related differences. The symbolic regression was shown to exceed the predictive powers of linear discriminant function analysis when two models based on a logistic and step regression reached 96% of correctly classified cases. There was a positive correlation between discriminant scores and an individual's age as the sex assessment was highly skewed in favour of males. This suggests that the human hyoid undergoes age-related modifications which facilitates determination of male bones and complicates determination of females in older individuals. The validation of discriminant equations by Komenda and Černý (1990) and Kindschud et al. (2010) revealed that there are marked inter-population and inter-sample differences which lessened the power to correctly determine female hyoid bones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Urbanová
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Pepinelli M, Spironello M, Currie DC. Geometric morphometrics as a tool for interpreting evolutionary transitions in the black fly wing (Diptera: Simuliidae). Zool J Linn Soc 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mateus Pepinelli
- Department of Hidrobiology; Universidade Federal de São Carlos; Rod Washington Luis Km 235 São Carlos SP Brazil
| | - Mike Spironello
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology; University of Toronto; 25 Willcocks Street Toronto ON Canada M5S 3B2
| | - Douglas C. Currie
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology; University of Toronto; 25 Willcocks Street Toronto ON Canada M5S 3B2
- Department of Natural History; Royal Ontario Museum; 100 Queen's Park Toronto ON Canada M5S 2C6
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Indira AP, Markande A, David MP. Mandibular ramus: An indicator for sex determination - A digital radiographic study. J Forensic Dent Sci 2013; 4:58-62. [PMID: 23741142 PMCID: PMC3669477 DOI: 10.4103/0975-1475.109885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The identification of skeletal remains is of paramount importance in medico-legal investigations. The skeletal components most often investigated for gender determination are the pelvis and skull, with the mandible being a practical element to analyze sexual dimorphism in the fragmented bones. Presence of a dense layer of compact bone makes it very durable and well preserved than many other bones. Mandibular ramus can be used to differentiate between sexes and it also expresses strong univariate sexual dimorphism. When skeleton sex determination is considered, metric analyses on the radiographs are often found to be of superior value owing to their objectivity, accuracy, and reproducibility. Aims and Objectives: (1) To measure, compare, and evaluate the various measurements of mandibular ramus as observed on orthopantomographs. (2) To assess the usefulness of mandibular ramus as an aid in sex determination. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted using orthopantomographs of 50 males and 50 females, which were taken using Kodak 8000C Digital Panoramic and Cephalometric System (73 kVp, 12 mA, 13.9 s). Mandibular ramus measurements were carried out using Master View 3.0 software. The measurements of the mandibular ramus were subjected to discriminant function analysis. Results: We observed each variable of the mandibular ramus to be a significant predictor in classifying a given sample (P < 0.001). Conclusion: This study on mandibular ramus measurements using orthopantomograph shows strong evidence suggesting that the ramus can be used for gender determination for forensic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamalai Ponnuswamy Indira
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, M. R. Ambedkar Dental College and Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Vance VL, Steyn M. Geometric morphometric assessment of sexually dimorphic characteristics of the distal humerus. HOMO-JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE HUMAN BIOLOGY 2013; 64:329-40. [PMID: 23735370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A number of recent studies investigated the use of morphological characteristics of the distal humerus to estimate the sex of unknown individuals. Using visual assessment, accuracies ranging from 74% to more than 90% were reported. The aim of this study was to assess these traits with geometric morphometrics, in order to determine if they corroborate the findings described with pure visual assessment. A total sample of 155 female and 175 male humeri of South Africans were used. All humeri were photographed in standardized positions from a posterior and inferior view, and homologous landmarks assigned. Olecranon fossa shape, angle of the medial epicondyle and trochlear symmetry were assessed. Males and females could be separated with accuracies ranging from 78% to 91%. The results of this study confirm the existence of these traits and their usability in assessment of sex from skeletal remains, and the observed anatomical characteristics largely agree with what have been described by visual assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Vance
- Forensic Anthropology Research Centre, Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0007, South Africa; Oregon State Police Portland Metro Forensic Laboratory, 13309 SE 84th Avenue Suite 200, Clackamas, OR 97015, USA
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26
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Mokrane FZ, Dedouit F, Gellée S, Sans N, Rousseau H, Rougé D, Telmon N. Sexual Dimorphism of the Fetal Ilium: A 3D Geometric Morphometric Approach with Multislice Computed Tomography. J Forensic Sci 2013; 58:851-8. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nicolas Sans
- Service de Radiologie; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Purpan; Place Baylac; 31000; Toulouse; France
| | - Hervé Rousseau
- Service de Radiologie; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rangueil; Avenue du Professeur Jean Poulhès; 31403; Toulouse Cedex 4; France
| | - Daniel Rougé
- Service de Médecine Légale; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rangueil; Avenue du Professeur Jean Poulhès; 31403; Toulouse Cedex 4; France
| | - Norbert Telmon
- Service de Médecine Légale; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rangueil; Avenue du Professeur Jean Poulhès; 31403; Toulouse Cedex 4; France
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Bilfeld MF, Dedouit F, Sans N, Rousseau H, Rougé D, Telmon N. Ontogeny of Size and Shape Sexual Dimorphism in the Ilium: A Multislice Computed Tomography Study by Geometric Morphometry. J Forensic Sci 2012; 58:303-10. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicolas Sans
- Service de Radiologie; CHU Toulouse-Purpan; place du docteur Baylac; 31059; Toulouse Cedex 9; France
| | - Hervé Rousseau
- Service de Radiologie; CHU Toulouse-Rangueil; 1 avenue Professeur Jean Poulhès; 31059; Toulouse Cedex 9; France
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28
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Robinson C. Geometric morphometric analysis of mandibular shape diversity in Pan. J Hum Evol 2012; 63:191-204. [PMID: 22682959 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Robinson
- Department of Biology, Bronx Community College, City University of New York, 2155 University Avenue, Bronx, NY 10453, USA.
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29
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An assessment of early mandibular growth. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 217:233.e1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Bilfeld MF, Dedouit F, Rousseau H, Sans N, Braga J, Rougé D, Telmon N. Human coxal bone sexual dimorphism and multislice computed tomography: geometric morphometric analysis of 65 adults. J Forensic Sci 2011; 57:578-88. [PMID: 22211944 DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.02009.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The authors studied sexually dimorphic differences in coxal shape using geometric morphometric analysis of 15 osteometric landmarks recorded by multislice computed tomography (MSCT), based on three-dimensional reconstructions of 65 Caucasian adults. Geometric morphometric analysis, principal component analysis, canonical variates analysis, and other discriminant analysis (Goodall's F-test and Mahalanobis distance) were performed for the three separate bones of the left innominate (pubis, ilium, and ischium), the modified pubis (pubis and ischiopubic ramus), the modified ilium (ilium and ischial spine), three bone complexes (ischiopubic, iliopubic, and ilio-ischial), and the complete innominate. A cross-validation test was also performed. All areas studied were dimorphic, but results for sexual dimorphism in decreasing order were as follows: the modified pubis, followed by the ischiopubic complex, the iliopubic complex and the complete innominate, the pubis, the modified ilium, the ilio-ischial complex, the ilium, and finally the ischium. These results show the potential of this approach for future anthropological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Faruch Bilfeld
- Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie AMIS, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 37 allées Jules Guesde, 31000 Toulouse, France.
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Saini V, Srivastava R, Shamal SN, Singh TB, Pandey AK, Tripathi SK. Sex determination using mandibular ramus flexure: a preliminary study on Indian population. J Forensic Leg Med 2011; 18:208-12. [PMID: 21663868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2011.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 01/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Determination of sex by morphological assessment has been one of the oldest approaches in forensic anthropology. Loth and Henneberg(6) introduced a morphological trait "Mandibular Ramus Flexure" for sex identification with a high accuracy of 99% in African Blacks. However, the population specificity of sexually dimorphic features is well known. The purpose of this study is to test the reliability of this trait in Indian population. A total number of 112 adult mandibles (88 males and 24 females) were studied from the Department of Forensic Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, India. The mandibles were scored according to the original method by two observers in three different sessions. This was done to test inter and intra-observer errors in identifying the trait. The result shows that this trait can be used to diagnose sex with an average accuracy of upto 82%. Though, inter and intra-observer errors were present but could be minimized with extended practice. So, the trait has the potential to be relied upon as a single morphological trait for determination of sex in Indian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineeta Saini
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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32
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Bulbeck D, O'Connor S. The Watinglo mandible: a second terminal Pleistocene Homo sapiens fossil from tropical Sahul with a test on existing models for the human settlement of the region. HOMO-JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE HUMAN BIOLOGY 2011; 62:1-29. [PMID: 21216399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper analyses a fossil human mandible, dated to circa 10ka, from Watinglo rockshelter on the north coast of Papua New Guinea. The fossil is metrically and morphologically similar to male mandibles of recent Melanesians and Australian Aborigines. It is distinguished from Kow Swamp and Coobool Creek male mandibles (Murray Valley, terminal Pleistocene) by being smaller and having different shape characteristics, as well as smaller teeth and a slower rate of tooth wear. It pairs with the Liang Lemdubu female (Late Glacial Maximum, Aru Islands) in suggesting that the morphology of the terminal Pleistocene inhabitants of tropical Sahul was gracile compared to their contemporaries within the southern Murray drainage. An explanatory scenario for this morphological contrast is developed in the context of the Homo sapiens early fossil record, Australasian mtDNA evidence, terminal Pleistocene climatic variation, and the possibility of multiple entry points into Sahul.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bulbeck
- Department of Archaeology and Natural History, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, School of Culture, History and Language, The Australian National University, ACT 0200, Australia.
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Scholtz Y, Steyn M, Pretorius E. A geometric morphometric study into the sexual dimorphism of the human scapula. HOMO-JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE HUMAN BIOLOGY 2010; 61:253-70. [PMID: 20638062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2010.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sex determination is vital when attempting to establish identity from skeletal remains. Two approaches to sex determination exists: morphological and metrical. The aim of this paper was to use geometric morphometrics to study the shape of the scapula and its sexual dimorphism. The sample comprised 45 adult black male and 45 adult black female scapulae of known sex. The scapulae were photographed and 21 homologous landmarks were plotted to use for geometric morphometric analysis with the 'tps' series of programs, as well as the IMP package. Consensus thin-plate splines and vector plots for males and females were compared. The CVA and TwoGroup analyses indicated that significant differences exist between males and females. The lateral and medial borders of females are straighter while the supraspinous fossa is more convexly curved than that of males. More than 91% of the females and 95% of the males were correctly assigned. Hotelling's T(2)-test yielded a significant p-value of 0.00039. In addition, 100 equidistant landmarks representing the curve only were also assigned. These, however, yielded considerably poorer results. It is concluded that it is better to use homologous landmarks rather than curve data only, as it is most probable that the shape of the outline relative to the fixed homologous points on the scapula is sexually dimorphic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Scholtz
- Forensic Anthropology Research Centre, Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Three-dimensional geometric morphometric analysis of cranio-facial sexual dimorphism in a Central European sample of known sex. HOMO-JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE HUMAN BIOLOGY 2010; 61:16-32. [PMID: 20152969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This article presents an approach for estimating the sexual dimorphism of adult crania using three-dimensional geometric morphometric methods. The study sample consisted of 139 crania of known sex (73 males and 66 females) belonging to persons who lived during the first half of the 20th century in Bohemia. The three-dimensional co-ordinates of 82 ecto-cranial landmarks and 39 semi-landmarks covering the midsagittal curve of the cranial vault were digitised using a MicroScribe G2X contact digitiser. The purposes of the investigation were to define the regions of the cranium where sexual dimorphism is most pronounced and to investigate the effectiveness of this method for determining sex from the shape of the cranium. The results demonstrate that it is better to analyse apportionable parts of the cranium rather than the cranium as a whole. Significant sexual differences (significance was determined using multivariate analysis of variance) were noted in the shape of the midsagittal curve of the vault, upper face, the region of the nose, orbits, and palate. No differences were recorded either in the shape of the cranium as a whole or in the regions of the base and the neurocranium. The greatest accuracy in determining sex was found in the region of the upper face (100% of study subjects correctly classified) and the midsagittal curve of the vault (99% of study subjects correctly classified).
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35
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Gidaszewski NA, Baylac M, Klingenberg CP. Evolution of sexual dimorphism of wing shape in the Drosophila melanogaster subgroup. BMC Evol Biol 2009; 9:110. [PMID: 19457235 PMCID: PMC2691407 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-9-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sexual dimorphism of body size has been the subject of numerous studies, but few have examined sexual shape dimorphism (SShD) and its evolution. Allometry, the shape change associated with size variation, has been suggested to be a main component of SShD. Yet little is known about the relative importance of the allometric and non-allometric components for the evolution of SShD. Results We investigated sexual dimorphism in wing shape in the nine species of the Drosophila melanogaster subgroup. We used geometric morphometrics to characterise wing shape and found significant SShD in all nine species. The amount of shape difference and the diversity of the shape changes evolved across the group. However, mapping the divergence of SShD onto the phylogeny of the Drosophila melanogaster subgroup indicated that there is little phylogenetic signal. Finally, allometry accounted for a substantial part of SShD, but did not explain the bulk of evolutionary divergence in SShD because allometry itself was found to be evolutionarily plastic. Conclusion SShD in the Drosophila wing can evolve rapidly and therefore shows only weak phylogenetic structure. The variable contribution of allometric and non-allometric components to the evolutionary divergence of SShD and the evolutionary plasticity of allometry suggest that SShD and allometry are influenced by a complex interaction of processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly A Gidaszewski
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Manchester, UK.
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36
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A comment on assessment of sex using the skull. HOMO-JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE HUMAN BIOLOGY 2009; 60:139-42. [PMID: 19168175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2008.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Oettlé A, Pretorius E, Steyn M. Geometric morphometric analysis of the use of mandibular gonial eversion in sex determination. HOMO-JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE HUMAN BIOLOGY 2009; 60:29-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2007.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2006] [Accepted: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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38
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Lague MR, Collard NJ, Richmond BG, Wood BA. Hominid mandibular corpus shape variation and its utility for recognizing species diversity within fossil Homo. J Anat 2008; 213:670-85. [PMID: 19094183 PMCID: PMC2666136 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00989.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mandibular corpora are well represented in the hominin fossil record, yet few studies have rigorously assessed the utility of mandibular corpus morphology for species recognition, particularly with respect to the linear dimensions that are most commonly available. In this study, we explored the extent to which commonly preserved mandibular corpus morphology can be used to: (i) discriminate among extant hominid taxa and (ii) support species designations among fossil specimens assigned to the genus Homo. In the first part of the study, discriminant analysis was used to test for significant differences in mandibular corpus shape at different taxonomic levels (genus, species and subspecies) among extant hominid taxa (i.e. Homo, Pan, Gorilla, Pongo). In the second part of the study, we examined shape variation among fossil mandibles assigned to Homo (including H. habilis sensu stricto, H. rudolfensis, early African H. erectus/H. ergaster, late African H. erectus, Asian H. erectus, H. heidelbergensis, H. neanderthalensis and H. sapiens). A novel randomization procedure designed for small samples (and using group 'distinctness values') was used to determine whether shape variation among the fossils is consistent with conventional taxonomy (or alternatively, whether a priori taxonomic groupings are completely random with respect to mandibular morphology). The randomization of 'distinctness values' was also used on the extant samples to assess the ability of the test to recognize known taxa. The discriminant analysis results demonstrated that, even for a relatively modest set of traditional mandibular corpus measurements, we can detect significant differences among extant hominids at the genus and species levels, and, in some cases, also at the subspecies level. Although the randomization of 'distinctness values' test is more conservative than discriminant analysis (based on comparisons with extant specimens), we were able to detect at least four distinct groups among the fossil specimens (i.e. H. sapiens, H. heidelbergensis, Asian H. erectus and a combined 'African Homo' group consisting of H. habilis sensu stricto, H. rudolfensis, early African H. erectus/H. ergaster and late African H. erectus). These four groups appear to be distinct at a level similar to, or greater than, that of modern hominid species. In addition, the mandibular corpora of H. neanderthalensis could be distinguished from those of 'African Homo', although not from those of H. sapiens, H. heidelbergensis, or the Asian H. erectus group. The results suggest that the features most commonly preserved on the hominin mandibular corpus have some taxonomic utility, although they are unlikely to be useful in generating a reliable alpha taxonomy for early African members of the genus Homo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Lague
- Natural Sciences & Mathematics, The Richard Stockton College of New Jersey, Pomona, NJ 08240-0195, USA.
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Miller SF, White JL, Ciochon RL. Assessing mandibular shape variation withinGigantopithecususing a geometric morphometric approach. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2008; 137:201-12. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.20856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis E. Slice
- Department of Anthropology, University of Vienna, A-1091 Vienna, Austria;
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