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Hullot M, Martin C, Blondel C, Rössner GE. Life in a Central European warm-temperate to subtropical open forest: Paleoecology of the rhinocerotids from Ulm-Westtangente (Aquitanian, Early Miocene, Germany). THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 2024; 111:10. [PMID: 38353735 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-024-01893-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The Ulm-Westtangente locality has yielded the most abundant vertebrate fauna from the Aquitanian stage in Germany. Its dating to the Mammal Neogene Zone 2a, a turnover in Cenozoic climate, makes it a crucial source for the understanding of faunal, paleoecological and paleoenvironmental specifics of the European Aquitanian. However, while most taxa from Ulm-Westtangente have been studied, little to no research has been conducted on the large herbivores, particularly on the two rhinocerotids Mesaceratherium paulhiacense and Protaceratherium minutum. Here, we used a multi-proxy approach to investigate the paleoecology of these two species. The remains of the smaller species P. minutum (438 to 685 kg) are twice as abundant as those of the larger M. paulhiacense (1389 to 2327 kg), but both display a similar age structure (~ 10% of juveniles, 20% of subadults and 70% of adults), mortality curves, and mild prevalence of hypoplasia (~ 17%). Results from dental mesowear, microwear, and carbon isotopes indicate different feeding preferences: both were C3 feeders but M. paulhiacense had a more abrasive diet and was probably a mixed feeder. Our study on rhinocerotids also yielded new paleoenvironmental insights, such as the mean annual temperature (15.8 °C) and precipitation (317 mm/year) suggesting rather warm and dry conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Hullot
- SNSB - Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, Richard-Wagner-Straße 10, 80333, Munich, Germany.
| | - Céline Martin
- Géosciences Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, Campus Triolet cc060, Bât 22 - Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Cécile Blondel
- PALEVOPRIM Poitiers, Université de Poitiers Bât B35 - TSA 51106, 6 Rue Michel Brunet, 86073, Poitiers, France
| | - Gertrud E Rössner
- SNSB - Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, Richard-Wagner-Straße 10, 80333, Munich, Germany
- Department für Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften, Paläontologie & Geobiologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Richard-Wagner-Straße 10, 80333, Munich, Germany
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Skinner MF. Meaningful measures of enamel hypoplasia: Prevalence and comparative intensity of developmental stress. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2023; 180:761-767. [PMID: 36790765 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Developmental stress causing enamel thinning is an important topic in primate biology. Because taxa differ in growth rates and enamel thickness, the goal is to provide a new method allowing direct comparison of prevalence and salience of enamel defects among samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS Casts of ape teeth spanning the Late Pleistocene to Late Miocene from three site areas of increasing seasonality, equator (Sumatra) to 20° (Vietnam) and 25°N latitude (China), were examined for enamel defects among paleo-orangutans (n = 571, 222, respectively) and Lufengpithecus lufengensis (n = 198). Frequency of affected teeth and number of linear enamel hypoplasia were recorded. Defect dimensions were measured with a confocal microscope. Simple prevalence is compared to weighted prevalence (%), calculated by dividing "number of LEH from specific tooth groups" by "specific tooth sample size"; this quantity divided by "tooth-specific years of imbricational enamel formation." Defect dimensions are reduced to a dimensionless index termed "enamel deficit ratio" through dividing "daily enamel deficit" by "daily secretion rate." RESULTS Weighted prevalence increases to the North, highlighting latitudinal similarities. In contrast, "enamel deficit ratio," designed to express comparative severity of developmental stress among samples, was least in the high latitude sample and differed little between paleo-orangutan samples. DISCUSSION The actual numbers generated are not as important as efficacy of the proposed methods for other taxa. Developmental stress appears least severe in the high latitude (Lufengpithecus) sample but affects a greater proportion, compared to paleo-orangutans. Regardless of findings, the proposed solutions to improve comparability of disparate samples, yield reasonable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Fretson Skinner
- Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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Dąbrowski P, Kulus MJ, Furmanek M, Paulsen F, Grzelak J, Domagała Z. Estimation of age at onset of linear enamel hypoplasia. New calculation tool, description and comparison of current methods. J Anat 2021; 239:920-931. [PMID: 34081785 PMCID: PMC8450483 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Enamel Hypoplasia (EH) is known to be a useful indicator for wide range of detrimental factors in early childhood in past populations, such as nutritional disturbances, mechanical trauma, disease, metabolic, and/or genetic disorders. EH may be divided into three categories: pits, grooves, and lines, where the last two are referred to as "Linear Enamel Hypoplasia" (LEH). The regularity of enamel formation allows retrospective determination of the age of LEH formation. The current article reviews and compares the best-known methods used to estimate age at LEH formation and provides a new computational tool. Growth curves for canines and incisors were developed based on tooth growth tables by previous authors. Optimal models were selected using the Akaike Information Criterion. A Microsoft Excel spreadsheet was created to calculate age at LEH formation using the most common methods. All method results were compared with an archaeological sample (44 teeth of 18 individuals from an early modern cemetery from Wrocław, Poland) and a theoretical model. The results of the methods were compared pairwise with Bland-Altman plots. The current article provides a quick and easy-to-use tool for analyzing LEH chronology and comparing the results of different methods. As shown by the Bland-Altman plots, most methods provide approximately consistent results for LEHs formed at around 2-3 years of age. However, LEHs formed particularly early or late are more prone to discrepancies between different methods. Comparison of the age at LEH formation obtained by different methods should be done carefully - and the new LEH calculation tool with optimized equations provided in this publication can facilitate this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Dąbrowski
- Division of Normal AnatomyDepartment of Human Morphology and EmbryologyWrocław Medical UniversityWrocławPoland
| | - Michał Jerzy Kulus
- Department of Ultrastructural ResearchWrocław Medical UniversityWrocławPoland
| | | | - Friedrich Paulsen
- Institute of Functional and Clinical AnatomyFriedrich Alexander University Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
- Department of Topographic Anatomy and Operative SurgerySechenov UniversityMoscowRussia
| | - Joanna Grzelak
- Division of Normal AnatomyDepartment of Human Morphology and EmbryologyWrocław Medical UniversityWrocławPoland
| | - Zygmunt Domagała
- Division of Normal AnatomyDepartment of Human Morphology and EmbryologyWrocław Medical UniversityWrocławPoland
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Kralick AE, McGrath K. More severe stress markers in the teeth of flanged versus unflanged orangutans (Pongo spp.). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2021; 176:625-637. [PMID: 34378194 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We compared an early life stress indicator, linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH), in the canine teeth of two male orangutan (Pongo spp.) morphs. Flanged males have large bi-discoid cheek pads and a laryngeal throat pouch, and they exhibit either the same or higher levels of the stress hormone cortisol throughout development compared with unflanged males, which lack secondary sexual characteristics. Such "developmental arrest" is hypothesized to either reflect a response to experienced high stress (Hypothesis 1), or an adaptation to avoid elevated stress levels and/or having experienced lower stress levels (Hypothesis 2) during early life. As LEH defect depth has been shown to reflect the severity (i.e., intensity and/or duration) of early life stress events, we examined whether unflanged males have shallower LEH defects than flanged males. MATERIALS AND METHODS Flanging status was assessed by measuring the faces of preserved skins. Canine height (N = 37) was measured in the same individuals to assess commonality between morphs. LEH defect depths were analyzed using a standardized confocal profilometry method (N = 34). RESULTS Flanged males have significantly deeper LEH defects than unflanged adult males. Canine projected crown heights are similar across males regardless of morph. CONCLUSIONS Evidence from great apes shows that, when comparing canines with similar growth patterns, deeper defects reflect more severe stress events during development. Thus, our results suggest that "developmental arrest" of unflanged males is not a response to having experienced stress, but rather an adaptation to avoid the physiological impacts associated with chronic stress and/or experiencing lower stress levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra E Kralick
- Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kate McGrath
- CNRS, MC, PACEA, UMR 5199, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France.,Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Cold Discomfort: A Model to Explain Repetitive Linear Enamel Hypoplasia Among Pan troglodytes and Pan paniscus. INT J PRIMATOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-021-00206-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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The costs of living at the edge: Seasonal stress in wild savanna-dwelling chimpanzees. J Hum Evol 2018; 121:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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McGrath K, El‐Zaatari S, Guatelli‐Steinberg D, Stanton MA, Reid DJ, Stoinski TS, Cranfield MR, Mudakikwa A, McFarlin SC. Quantifying linear enamel hypoplasia in Virunga Mountain gorillas and other great apes. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 166:337-352. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kate McGrath
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of AnthropologyThe George Washington UniversityWashington DC 20052
| | - Sireen El‐Zaatari
- Department of Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and PaleoenvironmentEberhard Karls Universität TübingenTübingen 72070 Germany
| | | | - Margaret A. Stanton
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of AnthropologyThe George Washington UniversityWashington DC 20052
| | - Donald J. Reid
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of AnthropologyThe George Washington UniversityWashington DC 20052
| | | | - Michael R. Cranfield
- Mountain Gorilla Veterinary ProjectUniversity of California at Davis California 95616
| | - Antoine Mudakikwa
- Department of Tourism and ConservationRwanda Development BoardKigali Rwanda
| | - Shannon C. McFarlin
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of AnthropologyThe George Washington UniversityWashington DC 20052
- Division of MammalsNational Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian InstitutionWashington DC 20560
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Skinner MF, Skinner MM. Orangutans, enamel defects, and developmental health: A comparison of Borneo and Sumatra. Am J Primatol 2017; 79. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark F. Skinner
- Department of Archaeology, King's Manor; University of York; York United Kingdom
| | - Matthew M. Skinner
- School of Anthropology and Conservation; University of Kent; Canterbury United Kingdom
- Department of Human Evolution; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Leipzig Germany
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Aronsen GP, Kirkham M. Inventory and Assessment of thePan troglodytes(Blumenbach, 1799) Skeletal Collection Housed at the Yale Peabody Museum. BULLETIN OF THE PEABODY MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 2017. [DOI: 10.3374/014.058.0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary P. Aronsen
- Department of Anthropology, Biological Anthropology Laboratories, Yale University, P.O. Box 208277, New Haven CT 06520-8277 USA
| | - Megan Kirkham
- Division of Anthropology, Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven CT USA
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Harika R, Dutta B, Arun P, Teja RP. A novel clinical approach for long-term retention and durability of resin restorations bonded to multiple developmental defects of enamel. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2016; 6:597-601. [PMID: 28032054 PMCID: PMC5184396 DOI: 10.4103/2231-0762.195507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental enamel is a unique, highly mineralized tissue of ectodermal origin. It is characterized by lack of metabolic activity once formed, implying that disturbances during development can manifest as permanent defects in the erupted tooth. Although the etiology of enamel defects may be attributed to local, systemic, genetic, or environmental factors, most are likely to be multifactorial in nature. The time frame of exposure and the mechanism underpinning the causative factors determine the presentation of these defects. These developmental defects of enamel (DDE) may range from slight abnormalities of the tooth's color to a complete absence of the enamel, some of which may be sensed by an individual as being disfiguring and call for treatment to improve the appearance of the dentition. Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is a relatively common condition that varies in clinical severity, remains localized to permanent incisors and first permanent molars, and whose prevalence varies between 2.8 and 25% depending upon the study. Adhesion and retention of resin restorations is challenging in long-term rehabilitation in these cases. This paper presents a novel approach in the functional and esthetic rehabilitation of a 13-year-old female child diagnosed with multiple DDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rapala Harika
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Mamatha Dental College and Hospital, Khammam, Telangana, India
| | - Brahmananda Dutta
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Parsa Arun
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Meghana Institute of Dental Sciences, Nizamabad, Telangana, India
| | - Raveen P Teja
- Department of Prosthodontics and Implantology, GSL Dental College and Hospital, Rajamundry, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Hannibal DL. Prevalence of an unusual hypoplastic defect of the permanent maxillary lateral incisor in great apes. Am J Primatol 2016; 79:1-9. [PMID: 27643754 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this article, I describe a previously unreported maxillary lateral incisor defect (MLID) of the enamel in great apes and evaluate potential general causes (genetic, systemic stress, or localized disturbance), as well as examine differences in prevalence among the represented taxa. This defect occurred only on the labial surface of the maxillary lateral incisor and extended from the cervical-mesial quarter of the crown to the mesial edge of the cementoenamel junction (CEJ). The study sample consisted of 136 great ape specimens, including 41 gorillas, 25 chimpanzees, and 70 orangutans from the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History great ape collection. I used logistic regression to assess the prevalence of this defect in the sample and a binomial probability test for bilaterality. This defect of the maxillary lateral incisor is the second most common defect I observed in the study sample (30.1% of individuals affected), and was more likely to occur in individuals with linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) and pit defects than those without these defects. Among specimens with both maxillary lateral incisors present, the defect was mostly bilateral. Pan and Pongo were significantly more likely to exhibit the defect than Gorilla. Between Pongo species, Pongo pygmaeus was significantly more likely to exhibit the defect than Pongo abelii. Between subspecies of Gorilla, although Gorilla gorilla gorilla exhibited the defect and Gorilla gorilla beringei did not, the difference was not significant. No sex differences were evident in this sample. The prevalence of this defect indicates it is not hereditary. The bilateral trend indicates a systemic cause, although the high inter-tooth specificity suggests a local disturbance and a combination of both is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcy L Hannibal
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, California
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California
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Le Cabec A, Tang N, Tafforeau P. Accessing developmental information of fossil hominin teeth using new synchrotron microtomography-based visualization techniques of dental surfaces and interfaces. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123019. [PMID: 25901602 PMCID: PMC4406681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantification of dental long-period growth lines (Retzius lines in enamel and Andresen lines in dentine) and matching of stress patterns (internal accentuated lines and hypoplasias) are used in determining crown formation time and age at death in juvenile fossil hominins. They yield the chronology employed for inferences of life history. Synchrotron virtual histology has been demonstrated as a non-destructive alternative to conventional invasive approaches. Nevertheless, fossil teeth are sometimes poorly preserved or physically inaccessible, preventing observation of the external expression of incremental lines (perikymata and periradicular bands). Here we present a new approach combining synchrotron virtual histology and high quality three-dimensional rendering of dental surfaces and internal interfaces. We illustrate this approach with seventeen permanent fossil hominin teeth. The outer enamel surface and enamel-dentine junction (EDJ) were segmented by capturing the phase contrast fringes at the structural interfaces. Three-dimensional models were rendered with Phong’s algorithm, and a combination of directional colored lights to enhance surface topography and the pattern of subtle variations in tissue density. The process reveals perikymata and linear enamel hypoplasias on the entire crown surface, including unerupted teeth. Using this method, highly detailed stress patterns at the EDJ allow precise matching of teeth within an individual’s dentition when virtual histology is not sufficient. We highlight that taphonomical altered enamel can in particular cases yield artificial subdivisions of perikymata when imaged using X-ray microtomography with insufficient resolution. This may complicate assessments of developmental time, although this can be circumvented by a careful analysis of external and internal structures in parallel. We further present new crown formation times for two unerupted canines from South African Australopiths, which were found to form over a rather surprisingly long time (> 4.5 years). This approach provides tools for maximizing the recovery of developmental information in teeth, especially in the most difficult cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Le Cabec
- ESRF—The European Synchrotron, 71, avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, F-38043 Grenoble, Cédex 9, France
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, United States of America
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail: (PT); (ALC)
| | - Nancy Tang
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, United States of America
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Exposure Biology Laboratory, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Paul Tafforeau
- ESRF—The European Synchrotron, 71, avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, F-38043 Grenoble, Cédex 9, France
- * E-mail: (PT); (ALC)
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Smith TM, Boesch C. Developmental defects in the teeth of three wild chimpanzees from the Taï forest. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 157:556-70. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanya M. Smith
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology; Harvard University; Cambridge MA 02138
| | - Christophe Boesch
- Department of Primatology; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Leipzig D-04103 Germany
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Kierdorf H, Witzel C, Kierdorf U, Skinner MM, Skinner MF. “Missing perikymata”-fact or fiction? A study on chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) canines. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 157:276-83. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Revised: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Horst Kierdorf
- Department of Biology; University of Hildesheim; Hildesheim 31141 Germany
| | - Carsten Witzel
- Department of Biology; University of Hildesheim; Hildesheim 31141 Germany
| | - Uwe Kierdorf
- Department of Biology; University of Hildesheim; Hildesheim 31141 Germany
| | - Matthew M. Skinner
- School of Anthropology and Conservation; University of Kent; Canterbury CT2 7NR UK
- Department of Human Evolution; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Leipzig 04103 Germany
| | - Mark F. Skinner
- Department of Archaeology; King's Manor, University of York; York YO1 7EP UK
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Gastrointestinal Parasites of Savanna Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in Ugalla, Tanzania. INT J PRIMATOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-014-9753-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Skinner MF. Variation in perikymata counts between repetitive episodes of linear enamel hypoplasia among orangutans from Sumatra and Borneo. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2014; 154:125-39. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark F. Skinner
- Department of Archaeology; Simon Fraser University; Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
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Stewart FA, Pruetz JD. Do chimpanzee nests serve an anti-predatory function? Am J Primatol 2013; 75:593-604. [PMID: 23471670 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 12/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is a vulnerable state for animals as it compromises the ability to detect predators. The evolution of shelter construction in the great apes may have been a solution to the trade-off between restorative sleep and predation-risk, which allowed a large bodied ape to sleep recumbent in a safe, comfortable spot. In this article we review the evidence of predator pressure on great apes and specifically investigate the potential influence of predation-risk on chimpanzee nesting behavior by comparing nests between chimpanzees living in a habitat of several potential predators (Issa, Ugalla, Tanzania) and a habitat relatively devoid of predators (Fongoli, Senegal). Chimpanzees in Issa did not nest more frequently in forest vegetation than chimpanzees in Fongoli although forest vegetation is expected to provide greater opportunity for escape from terrestrial predators. Nor do chimpanzees in Issa nest in larger groups or aggregate together more than Fongoli chimpanzees, as would be expected if larger groups provide protection from or greater detection of predators. Nests in Issa also did not appear to provide greater opportunities for escape than nests in Fongoli. Chimpanzees in Issa nested more frequently within the same tree as other community members, which may indicate that these chimpanzees nest in greater proximity than chimpanzees in Fongoli. Finally, Issa chimpanzees built their nests proportionately higher and more peripherally within trees. The selection of high and peripheral nesting locations within trees may make Issa chimpanzees inaccessible to potential predators. Many factors influence nest site selection in chimpanzees, of which danger from terrestrial predators is likely to be one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona A Stewart
- Division of Biological Anthropology, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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