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Luetke M, Kristiansen D. The Effect of Economic Reliance, Stress, and Women's Employment Status on Intimate Partner Violence Risk Among Partnered Women in Burkina Faso and Kenya. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2024:8862605241243342. [PMID: 38622889 DOI: 10.1177/08862605241243342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Economic factors, such as economic reliance on male partners, and economic stressors such as household income or employment loss, play an important role in the risk of intimate partner violence (IPV) within romantic partnerships. To investigate these relationships, we used survey data from IPUMS Performance Monitoring for Action that were collected in 2020 and 2021. We assessed the relationship between several economic factors-(1) women's economic reliance on their partners, (2) household income loss, and (3) respondent's employment status over the past year-and experience of IPV in the past year in Burkina Faso (N = 2,646) and Kenya (N = 3,416). Women who reported being economically reliant on their partners were less likely to experience physical or psychological violence in Burkina Faso (Prevalence ratio [PR]: 0.41, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.26-0.64 and PR: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.59-0.94, respectively), and physical violence in Kenya (PR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.52-0.90) compared to women who reported not being economically reliant. In Kenya, women in households that experienced a complete loss of income were more likely to experience IPV compared to households that did not experience income loss-1.9 times more likely to experience psychological violence, and three times more likely to experience sexual violence. In Burkina Faso, no significant relationship was found between household income loss and IPV. Our findings indicate that both relative economic empowerment and overall economic stress may act as important risk factors for IPV, particularly where patriarchal and gender inequitable norms are relevant. These findings reinforce the need for a nuanced and intersectional understanding of IPV risk and intervention development, with the relationships between economic dynamics and IPV varying across countries and contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Luetke
- Institute for Social Research and Data Innovation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Devon Kristiansen
- Institute for Social Research and Data Innovation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
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Yang L, Shaw A, Nyman TJ, Hall BJ. The prevalence of intimate partner violence and risk factors for women and men in China during the Shanghai 2022 lockdown. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2024; 33:e14. [PMID: 38506063 PMCID: PMC10951793 DOI: 10.1017/s2045796024000155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a global public health concern with negative effects on individuals and families. The present study investigated the prevalence, risk factors and gender disparities associated with IPV during the Shanghai 2022 Covid-19 lockdown - a public health emergency which may have exacerbated IPV. METHODS We estimated the total IPV prevalence and prevalence of physical, sexual and verbal IPV by using an adapted version of the Extended-Hurt, Insult, Threaten, Scream scale. This cross-sectional study was carried out using a population quota-based sampling of Shanghai residents across 16 districts during the 2022 Shanghai lockdown (N = 2026; 1058 men and 968 women). RESULTS We found a distinct gendered dynamic, where women reported a significantly higher prevalence of experienced IPV (27.1%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 23.1-31.4) compared to men (19.8%, 95% CI: 16.1-24.0). Notably, the prevalence estimate mirrored the national lifetime IPV prevalence for women but was over twice as high for men. In multivariable logistic regression analyses, economic stress (income loss: adjusted OR [aOR] = 2.42, 95% CI: 1.28-4.56; job loss: aOR = 1.73, 95% CI: 1.02-2.92; financial worry much more than usual: aOR = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.00-3.57) and household burden (one child at home: aOR = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.12-2.92; not enough food: aOR = 1.67, 95% CI: 1.04-2.70) were associated with increased odds of overall IPV victimization among women but not men. With regard to more serious forms of IPV, job loss (aOR = 2.27, 95% CI: 1.09-4.69) and household burden (two or more children at home: aOR = 2.95, 95% CI: 1.33-7.69) were associated with increased odds of physical IPV against men. For women, a lack of household supplies was associated with increased odds of physical IPV (water: aOR = 3.33, 95% CI: 1.79-6.25; daily supplies: aOR = 2.27, 95% CI: 1.18-4.35). Lack of daily supplies (aOR = 2.17, 95% CI: 1.03-4.55) and job loss (aOR = 2.66, 95% CI: 1.16-6.12) were also associated with increased odds of sexual IPV. CONCLUSIONS Although a larger proportion of women reported IPV, men experienced greater IPV during the lockdown than previously estimated before the pandemic. Economic stressors, including job loss, and household burden were critical risk factors for serious forms of IPV. Improving gender equality that my account for disparities in IPV in China is critically needed. Policies that mitigate the impact of economic losses during crises can potentially reduce IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Yang
- The School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Center for Global Health Equity, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Amy Shaw
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, China
| | - Thomas J. Nyman
- Center for Global Health Equity, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Brian J. Hall
- Center for Global Health Equity, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
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Shyrokonis Y, Peitzmeier S, Ward M, Fedina L, Tolman R, Herrenkohl TI. Help-Seeking and Service Utilization Among Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence in Michigan During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Violence Against Women 2024:10778012231222491. [PMID: 38317289 DOI: 10.1177/10778012231222491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
This study explores formal and informal intimate partner violence (IPV) service use among women and transgender/nonbinary individuals in the state of Michigan during the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 14.8% (N = 173) of participants experienced IPV during this period, and 70% utilized at least one formal IPV service (13.3%). Up to 22% of survivors reported wanting to seek formal help but not doing so due to fear of partner reprisal, contracting COVID-19, or COVID-related service reductions. White, pregnant, and part-time-employed survivors were most likely to seek informal help. Older, higher-income, white, part-time-employed, pregnant, and non-essential worker survivors were most likely to seek formal help.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Shyrokonis
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Malorie Ward
- School of Social Work, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Lisa Fedina
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rich Tolman
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Ozgurluk I, Tastekin B, Yazkan Hira S, Gungorer B, Hekimoglu Y, Keskin HL, Keskin S, Asirdizer M. Assessment of the COVID-19 Pandemic's Impact on Physical Intimate Partner Violence Against Pregnant Women in Ankara (Turkey): A Hospital-Based Study. Int J Womens Health 2023; 15:1161-1169. [PMID: 37520182 PMCID: PMC10378456 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s419014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose A significant increase in physical intimate partner violence (IPV) cases has been reported from many countries during the COVID-19 pandemic, and particularly during lockdown periods. The current study's objectives are to define the COVID-19 pandemic's impact on physical IPV against pregnant women in Ankara. Patients and Methods During the one-year pre-pandemic and two-year pandemic, records of patients who sent by the judicial authorities to the Obstetrics and Gynecology Emergency Room (ER) at Ankara City Hospital were reviewed, and pregnant women who had been subjected to IPV were identified. Results Of pregnant women 19.1% in the pre-pandemic period, 29.4% in the first year and 51.5% in the second year of the pandemic period exposed to IPV. The mean age of IPV victims was 28.8 ± 6.5 years. Most ER applications were in the evening hours (48.5%), and majority of assailants were the victim's husband (77.9%). Vast majority of victims were multigravida women (89.7), and most of the traumas were localized in abdomen and genitalia (50%). Three of the women (4.4%) had miscarriage. Conclusion The increase in cases of IVP against pregnant women during the pandemic was striking, according to the current study. We think that this first study from Turkey on the IPV that pregnant women are exposed to during the pandemic can lead to extensive research focused on measures against IPV during pandemics, such as dissemination of telephone applications for IPV victims, increasing home visits by marriage therapists, and intensifying of education campaigns against violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izzet Ozgurluk
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health Ankara Etlik City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Burak Tastekin
- Clinic of Forensic Medicine, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sila Yazkan Hira
- Clinic of Forensic Medicine, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bulent Gungorer
- Clinic of Emergency Medicine, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health Ankara Etlik City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yavuz Hekimoglu
- Clinic of Forensic Medicine, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Levent Keskin
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health Ankara Etlik City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Siddik Keskin
- Department of Biostatistics, Medical School of Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Asirdizer
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical Faculty of Bahçeşehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Mackenzie C, Louth J. Disrupting Patriarchal Illusio to Reduce Violence Against Women and Girls. Violence Against Women 2023:10778012231170868. [PMID: 37165640 DOI: 10.1177/10778012231170868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We apply a Bourdieusian lens to understand the reproduction of a patriarchal illusio that works to maintain violence-supportive attitudes and concurrent low levels of support for gender equality among young people. We analyze interview and focus group data collected with young women and men and conclude that we must disrupt the reproduction of patriarchal norms by: recognizing the intentional operation of backlash by men's rights activist groups that undermine attempts to transform society; ensuring girls' and women's safety on new technologies to reduce their exposure to sexism and violence; and introducing prevention early to disrupt misogynist social norms being internalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Mackenzie
- Centre for Social Impact, College of Business, Government and Law, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jonathon Louth
- The Australian Alliance for Social Enterprise, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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Hollingdrake O, Saadi N, Alban Cruz A, Currie J. Qualitative study of the perspectives of women with lived experience of domestic and family violence on accessing healthcare. J Adv Nurs 2023; 79:1353-1366. [PMID: 35678620 DOI: 10.1111/jan.15316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To explore the perceptions of women with lived experience of domestic and family violence on accessing healthcare and to identify how nurses can facilitate and support women experiencing domestic and family violence to receive the care they need. DESIGN A qualitative single site study. METHODS As part of an evaluation of a nurse-led domestic and family violence service, a 2-h focus group was conducted with four women with lived experience of domestic and family violence on 14 December 2021. The Levesque Framework provided a novel approach to identify barriers and facilitators to healthcare access. The focus group guide included eight open-ended questions. The audio recording was transcribed and analysed using Braun and Clark's thematic analysis process. RESULTS The Levesque Framework helped highlight individual and structural challenges in accessing healthcare faced by women experiencing domestic and family violence. Dominant themes were first contact, comprehensiveness of services and domestic violence awareness. CONCLUSION The growing incidences of domestic and family violence are confounding communities worldwide. Despite the high profile of domestic and family violence in Australia, access to healthcare remains problematic. These preliminary findings suggest that nurses have opportunities to facilitate access in relation to the approachability, acceptability and appropriateness of services. Realizing these opportunities requires education that enables nurses' capacity to provide an effective first contact and facilitate comprehensive care by embodying a no wrong door culture. We intend to explore these concepts in future focus groups. IMPACT This study explored the factors impacting access to healthcare for women experiencing domestic and family violence. Accessing healthcare when experiencing domestic and family violence in Australia is problematic. Findings suggest that nursing has opportunities to facilitate the approachability, acceptability and appropriateness of services. These findings will be valuable to nurses across all healthcare settings, nursing education providers and health workforce planners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Hollingdrake
- School of Nursing, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Noor Saadi
- School of Nursing, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Angelica Alban Cruz
- School of Nursing, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jane Currie
- School of Nursing, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Abujilban S, AbuAbed A, Mrayan L, Nashwan AJ, Al-Modallal H, Damra J, Alrousan D, Hamaideh S. Pregnant Women's experiences with intimate partner violence one year after the COVID-19 pandemic in Jordan. Nurs Open 2023. [PMID: 36826391 DOI: 10.1002/nop2.1669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess the prevalence and compare the levels of intimate partner violence (IPV) before and during the pandemic and to identify the factors that associated with physical IPV among Jordanian pregnant women. DESIGN A cross-sectional, correlational design. Women were asked to report their experience with IPV twice: during and before the pandemic. METHODS A convenience sampling technique was used to select pregnant women from National Woman's Health Care Center from 15 April to 1 September 2021. The Domestic Violence Questionnaire Screening Tool (DVQST) was used to assess the levels of IPV. RESULTS The women (n = 232) who participated in the study experienced considerable levels of IPV before (69% control IPV, 59.90% psychological, 46.10% physical, 43.10% sexual) and during (75.90% control IPV, 64.20% psychological, 46.10% physical, 40.90% sexual) the pandemic. There were statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) higher mean DVQST scores for control IPV and psychological IPV during the pandemic (control IPV mean = 9.78, psychological mean = 7.03) versus before the pandemic (control IPV mean = 8.95, psychological mean = 6.62). Woman's educational level, marriage duration, woman's employment status, and level of mutual understanding were inversely associated with physical IPV during the pandemic. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION IPV is a global public health problem and a major violation of human rights. The levels of control IPV and psychological IPV increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, while the levels of physical and sexual IPV stayed the same. Antenatal screening for IPV is crucial to save women and their offspring from suffering this type of violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaa Abujilban
- Department of Maternal, Child and Family Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | | | - Lina Mrayan
- Department of Maternal, Child and Family Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | | | - Hanan Al-Modallal
- Department of Community and Mental Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan.,Department of Nursing, Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jalal Damra
- Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling Psychology, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Dheaya Alrousan
- Faculty of Prince AlHasan Bin Talal, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Shaher Hamaideh
- Department of Community and Mental Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
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Gilchrist G, Potts LC, Connolly DJ, Winstock A, Barratt MJ, Ferris J, Gilchrist E, Davies E. Experience and perpetration of intimate partner violence and abuse by gender of respondent and their current partner before and during COVID-19 restrictions in 2020: a cross-sectional study in 13 countries. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:316. [PMID: 36782157 PMCID: PMC9924203 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14635-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intimate partner violence and abuse (IPVA) includes controlling behaviours, psychological, physical, sexual and financial abuse. Globally, surveys and emergency services have recorded an increase in IPVA since restrictions were imposed to limit COVID-19 transmission. Most studies have only included heterosexual women. METHODS Data from the Global Drug Survey (an annual, anonymous, online survey collecting data on drug use) Special Edition were analysed to explore the impact of COVID-19 on people's lives, including their intimate relationships. Five relationship groupings were created using respondents' lived gender identity: women partnered with men (46.9%), women partnered with women (2.1%), men partnered with men (2.9%), men partnered with women (47.2%), and partnerships where one or both partners were non-binary (1%). Self-reported experience and perpetration of IPVA in the past 30 days before (February) and during COVID-19 restrictions (May or June) in 2020 (N = 35,854) was described and compared for different relationship groupings using Fishers Exact Tests. Changes in IPVA during restrictions were assessed using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS During restrictions, 17.8 and 16.6% of respondents had experienced or perpetrated IPVA respectively; 38.2% of survivors and 37.6% of perpetrators reported this had increased during restrictions. Greater proportions of non-binary respondents or respondents with a non-binary partner reported experiencing or perpetrating IPVA (p < .001) than other relationship groupings. 22.0% of respondents who were non-binary or had a non-binary partner, 19.5% of men partnered with men, 18.9% of men partnered with women, 17.1% of women partnered with women and 16.6% of women partnered with men reported experiencing IPVA. Respondents with higher psychological distress, poor coping with pandemic-related changes, relationship tension and changes (increases or increases and decreases) in alcohol consumption reported increased experience of IPVA during restrictions. CONCLUSIONS This study confirmed that IPVA can occur in all intimate relationships, regardless of gender of the perpetrator or survivor. Non-binary respondents or respondents with non-binary partners reported the highest use and experience of IPVA. Most IPVA victim support services have been designed for heterosexual, cisgender women. IPVA support services and perpetrator programmes must be tailored to support all perpetrators and survivors during the pandemic and beyond, regardless of their sexual or gender identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail Gilchrist
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Laura C. Potts
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Dean J. Connolly
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK ,grid.439471.c0000 0000 9151 4584Barts Health NHS Trust, Whipps Cross University Hospital, London, UK
| | - Adam Winstock
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, London, UK ,Global Drug Survey, London, UK
| | - Monica J. Barratt
- grid.1017.70000 0001 2163 3550Social and Global Studies Centre and Digital Ethnography Research Centre, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia ,grid.1005.40000 0004 4902 0432National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, Australia
| | - Jason Ferris
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Centre for Health Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Gilchrist
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988School of Health in Social Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Emma Davies
- grid.7628.b0000 0001 0726 8331Centre for Psychological Research, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
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McKinlay AR, Simon YR, May T, Fancourt D, Burton A. How did UK social distancing restrictions affect the lives of women experiencing intimate partner violence during the COVID-19 pandemic? A qualitative exploration of survivor views. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:123. [PMID: 36653799 PMCID: PMC9845821 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-14987-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased numbers of domestic abuse cases were reported at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Many people experiencing abuse faced barriers to seeking support with service closures affecting the sector. Available evidence suggests women are overrepresented in the reported cases of intimate partner violence (IPV) and we aimed to learn more about how their lives were impacted by social distancing restrictions. METHODS We conducted an online qualitative interview study, using reflexive thematic analysis. Interviews were conducted between April 2021 and March 2022. 18 women in the UK with past experiences of IPV provided informed consent and participated in this study. RESULTS During the analysis, we identified five themes relating to the impact of lockdown restrictions on participants' lives, including: (1) Lockdown meant being confined to a place where abuse was escalating, (2) Barriers to accessing support, including "cancelled" services and missed opportunities to intervene during interactions in lockdown with frontline workers. (3) Increased feelings of fear, isolation, and loss of control, particularly during the early stages of the pandemic from the combination of abuse and pandemic-related changes to daily life. (4) Some forms of support were more accessible during the pandemic, such as provision of online psychological support and social groups. Participants also accessed new forms of support for the first time during the pandemic, in some cases sparked by posts and content on social media about abuse awareness. (5) For some, psychosocial wellbeing transformed during the pandemic, with several participants using the word "freedom" when reflecting on their experience of simultaneously escaping abuse and living through the COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we explored the views of female survivors of IPV in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our results highlight the importance of combined public awareness campaigns and community intervention points for victims to safely seek help during social distancing restrictions. Having the time and space to reflect on healing after escaping abuse was described by women in our study as a benefit from their lives in lockdown, which is a factor that could be incorporated into future initiatives developed to support people subjected to violence and abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. R. McKinlay
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Research Department of Behavioural Science and Health, Institute of Epidemiology & Health Care, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB UK
| | - Y. R. Simon
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Research Department of Behavioural Science and Health, Institute of Epidemiology & Health Care, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB UK
| | - T. May
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Research Department of Behavioural Science and Health, Institute of Epidemiology & Health Care, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB UK
| | - D. Fancourt
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Research Department of Behavioural Science and Health, Institute of Epidemiology & Health Care, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB UK
| | - A. Burton
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Research Department of Behavioural Science and Health, Institute of Epidemiology & Health Care, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB UK
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Archer-Kuhn B, Hughes J, Saini M, Still M, Beltrano N, Tam D. Who's Going to Keep Us Safe? Surviving Domestic Violence and Shared Parenting During Covid-19. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2022; 32:57-66. [PMID: 36408445 PMCID: PMC9660092 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-022-02458-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This paper discusses the experiences during COVID-19 of mothers who have young children, are survivors of domestic violence and who share parenting to highlight the further unsafe situations survivors of violence and their children were placed in during the pandemic. Part of a larger mixed methods study, these participants (n = 19) from three Canadian provinces, Alberta, Manitoba and Ontario, engaged in virtual individual one-on-one interviews via zoom. Using thematic analysis, four themes emerged from the data: 1) increased use of coercive controlling behaviors; 2) fear of the unknown; 3) lack of supports; and, 4) finding balance. Direct quotes are used to highlight the meaning of each theme. We outline the challenges these women have that are in addition to those experienced by many during COVID-19 times (increased stress, isolation, disconnect from supports, financial challenges). These include managing the shared parenting arrangements with a former abusive partner who used the pandemic as a further opportunity for coercive controlling behaviors under the guise of the public health order. The mothers were left to manage the difficult exchanges with a former abusive partner and unknown circumstances of the pandemic without guidance and support from legal actors. There will need to be a prioritization of the safety of mothers and their children in post-divorce parenting arrangements both during times of a community lockdown such as during the pandemic and also during non-pandemic times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Archer-Kuhn
- Faculty of Social Work, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr., NW., 414 McKimmie Tower, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4 Canada
| | - Judith Hughes
- Faculty of Social Work, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB Canada
| | - Michael Saini
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Marni Still
- Faculty of Social Work, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB Canada
| | - Natalie Beltrano
- Faculty of Social Work, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON Canada
| | - Dora Tam
- Faculty of Social Work, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr., NW., 414 McKimmie Tower, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4 Canada
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Luong R, Parkin JA, Cunningham N. Acute concomitant injury and intoxication in complainants of recent sexual assault: A review. J Forensic Leg Med 2022; 92:102448. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2022.102448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Marye S, Atav S. Global policies to reduce pandemic intensified violence against women. Public Health Nurs 2022; 39:1300-1307. [PMID: 35666995 PMCID: PMC9348340 DOI: 10.1111/phn.13099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Violence against women (VAW) worsened globally during the Covid-19 pandemic lockdowns. For example, a woman in France was killed every 3 days during lockdown. At the same time in South Africa, a woman was killed every 3 h. This paper presents and analyzes the risk factors that have worsened during the Covid-19 pandemic lockdowns and the subsequent economic consequences of mitigation policies. The purpose of this paper is twofold: (a) to conduct a critical review of international extant literature regarding government policies related to VAW since the beginning of the worldwide Covid-19 pandemic lockdowns that began in early 2020, and (b) to suggest opportunities for nurses to influence health policy development and social norms related to VAW. Thematic synthesis of the findings present interventions that helped to mitigate VAW during Covid-19 and is followed by a discussion of findings in relation to social determinants of health and human rights. A gender-based policy approach that focuses on the human right to be free of all forms of violence must be a leading strategy as governments reallocate resources and rebuild economies in the wake of this pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey Marye
- Decker College of Nursing and Health ScienceBinghamton UniversityState University of New YorkBinghamtonNew YorkUSA
| | - Serdar Atav
- Decker College of Nursing and Health ScienceBinghamton UniversityState University of New YorkBinghamtonNew YorkUSA
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Murugan V, Weaver TL, Schafer T, Rich Q. Crisis Work Embedded in a Global Crisis: The Early Phase Impact of COVID-19 on Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence and Service Provisions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084728. [PMID: 35457594 PMCID: PMC9025127 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19, as a global pandemic, was a public health inflection point for individuals affected by intimate partner violence (IPV) and those who provide IPV services. Public health guidelines that were intended to reduce risk of exposure to the virus impacted vulnerability factors for IPV survivors and associated systems of services. We aimed to (1) explore the effect of COVID-19 on survivors of IPV; (2) assess the effect of COVID-19 on IPV-related service provisions and service providers; and (3) explore challenges and opportunities in the wake of COVID-19 on broader IPV services and advocacy. METHOD Twelve directors of IPV shelter, criminal justice, and other advocacy services within a diverse, Midwestern metropolitan area were recruited to participate in in-depth, semi-structured interviews in June-August 2020. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using Dedoose. Data were coded and analyzed through thematic analysis. RESULTS Four major themes, contextualized by COVID-19 and racial injustice, emerged from the data analysis: (1) IPV-related trends; (2) impact on IPV survivors, services, and agency morale; (3) inter-agency collaborations; and (4) future opportunities for innovative service delivery. Gaps and opportunities for developing culturally congruent, trauma-informed services were identified. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that responsive and accessible IPV resources and associated advocacy services can make the difference between life and death for survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vithya Murugan
- School of Social Work, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA; (T.S.); (Q.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Terri L. Weaver
- Department of Psychology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA;
| | - Theresa Schafer
- School of Social Work, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA; (T.S.); (Q.R.)
| | - Quin Rich
- School of Social Work, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA; (T.S.); (Q.R.)
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14
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Da Thi Tran T, Murray L, Van Vo T. Intimate partner violence during pregnancy and maternal and child health outcomes: a scoping review of the literature from low-and-middle income countries from 2016 - 2021. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2022; 22:315. [PMID: 35418053 PMCID: PMC9006493 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-022-04604-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intimate partner violence (IPV) during pregnancy is significantly associated with negative outcomes for both mother and child. Current evidence indicates an association between low levels of social support and IPV, however there is less evidence from low-and-middle income countries (LMIC) than high-income countries. Globally, the COVID-19 pandemic has radically altered how women can access social support. Hence since 2020, studies investigating IPV and pregnancy have occurred within the changing social context of the pandemic. Objective This scoping review summarizes the evidence from LMICs about the effects of IPV during pregnancy on maternal and child health. The review includes the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social support as mentioned in studies conducted since 2020. Design Library databases were used to identify papers from 2016 to 2021. These studies reported the maternal and child health outcomes of IPV during pregnancy, and described how social support during pregnancy, and the COVID-19 pandemic, were associated with rates of IPV during pregnancy. Observational study designs, qualitative and mixed methods studies were included. Results Twenty - six studies from 13 LMICs were included. Half (n = 13) were cross sectional studies which only collected data at one time-point. IPV during pregnancy was significantly associated with higher odds of postpartum depression, low birth weight, preterm birth and less breastfeeding in the year after birth. Lower levels of social support increased the odds of experiencing IPV during pregnancy, whilst higher levels of social support reduced antenatal anxiety and depression in women experiencing IPV during pregnancy. Of the four studies that investigated IPV during pregnancy throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, only one compared prevalence before and after the pandemic and unexpectedly reported a lower prevalence. Conclusions Further research on the impact of IPV during pregnancy on maternal and child outcomes in LMICs is required, especially evidence from longitudinal studies investigating a wider range of outcomes. To date, there is limited evidence on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on IPV during pregnancy in LMICs, and this should be prioritized as the pandemic continues to affect women’s access to social support globally. Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12884-022-04604-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao Da Thi Tran
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Massey University, Wellington, Aotearoa, New Zealand
| | - Linda Murray
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Massey University, Wellington, Aotearoa, New Zealand.
| | - Thang Van Vo
- Institute for Community Health Research, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam.,Faculty of Public Health, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
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15
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Baffsky R, Beek K, Wayland S, Shanthosh J, Henry A, Cullen P. "The real pandemic's been there forever": qualitative perspectives of domestic and family violence workforce in Australia during COVID-19. BMC Health Serv Res 2022; 22:337. [PMID: 35287675 PMCID: PMC8920801 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-022-07708-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In 2020, Australia, like most countries, introduced restrictions related to the global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Frontline services in the domestic and family violence (DFV) sector had to adapt and innovate to continue supporting clients who were experiencing and/or at risk of DFV. There is a need to understand from the perspective of those on the frontline how DFV service responses in different contexts impacted their working conditions and subsequent wellbeing, and what they want to see continued in ‘the new normal’ to inform future effective practices. We address this by reporting on findings from in-depth interviews conducted with practitioners and managers from the DFV sector in Australia. Methods Between July and September 2020 semi-structured interviews were conducted with 51 DFV practitioners and managers from a range of services and specialisations across legal, housing, health and social care services. The data was analysed using iterative thematic analysis. Results The most common service adaptations reported were shifting to outreach models of care, introducing infection control procedures and adopting telehealth/digital service delivery. Adjacent to these changes, participants described how these adaptations created implementation challenges including increased workload, maintaining quality and safety, and rising costs. Impacts on practitioners were largely attributed to the shift towards remote working with a collision in their work and home life and increased risk of vicarious trauma. Despite these challenges, most expressed a sense of achievement in how their service was responding to COVID-19, with several adaptations that practitioners and managers wanted to see continued in ‘the new normal’, including flexible working and wellbeing initiatives. Conclusions The pandemic has amplified existing challenges for those experiencing DFV as well as those working on the frontline of DFV. Our findings point to the diversity in workforce experiences and has elucidated valuable lessons to shape future service delivery. Given the continuing impacts of the pandemic on DFV, this study provides timely insight and impetus to strengthen the implementation of remote working and telehealth/digital support across the DFV sector and to inform better supports for DFV workforce wellbeing in Australia and other contexts. Trial registration Not a clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Baffsky
- School of Population Health, UNSW Sydney, Samuels Building, F25, Samuel Terry Ave, Kensington NSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kristen Beek
- School of Population Health, UNSW Sydney, Samuels Building, F25, Samuel Terry Ave, Kensington NSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sarah Wayland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New England, Sydney Campus, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Janani Shanthosh
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, 1 King Street Newtown NSW, Sydney, Australia.,Australian Human Rights Institute, UNSW Sydney, Kensington NSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Amanda Henry
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, 1 King Street Newtown NSW, Sydney, Australia.,School of Women and Children's Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington NSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Patricia Cullen
- School of Population Health, UNSW Sydney, Samuels Building, F25, Samuel Terry Ave, Kensington NSW, Sydney, Australia. .,The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, 1 King Street Newtown NSW, Sydney, Australia. .,Ngarruwan Ngadju, First Peoples Health and Wellbeing Research Centre, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
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Lee HJ, Park BM. Feelings of Entrapment during the COVID-19 Pandemic Based on ACE Star Model: A Concept Analysis. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:1305. [PMID: 34682983 PMCID: PMC8544561 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9101305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the concept of the "feelings of entrapment" during the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic using a systematic review. We included literature based on content and outcomes related to feelings of entrapment, such as antecedents, attributes, and consequences. The exclusion criteria were studies that did not have inappropriate subject, content, conceptual definition, and degree thesis was excluded. Walker and Avant's process of concept analysis was used in this systematic literature review. The attributes of the concept of feelings of entrapment during the COVID-19 pandemic were found to be feelings of: (1) being out of control, (2) no escape, (3) being trapped, (4) being robbed, and (5) hopelessness. The causes for these were identified as (1) the COVID-19 pandemic, (2) lockdown system, (3) restricted situation, (4) uncertain future, (5) economic hardship, and (6) poor coping abilities. Consequences of the concept were: (1) increased suicide, (2) decreased mental health, and (3) decreased well-being. In situations such as COVID-19, it is important need to know what feelings of entrapment's antecedents and attributes are to prevent suicide and enhance mental health and well-being. Based on the results of this study, counseling services, policies, and systems for relieving feelings of entrapment in the COVID-19 situation are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jung Lee
- Department of Nursing, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul ST. Mary’s Hospital, Seoul 06591, Korea;
| | - Bom-Mi Park
- Department of Nursing, Konkuk University, Chungju-si 27478, Korea
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