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Watzlawik JO, Wootla B, Painter MM, Warrington AE, Rodriguez M. Cellular targets and mechanistic strategies of remyelination-promoting IgMs as part of the naturally occurring autoantibody repertoire. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 13:1017-29. [PMID: 24053345 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2013.835601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulins with germline sequences occur in invertebrates and vertebrates and are named naturally occurring autoantibodies (NAbs). NAbs may target foreign antigens, self- or altered self-components and are part of the normal immunoglobulin repertoire. Accumulating evidence indicates that naturally occurring antibodies can act as systemic surveillance molecules, which tag, damaged or stressed cells, invading pathogens and toxic cellular debris for elimination by the immune system. In addition to acting as detecting molecules, certain types of NAbs actively signal in different cell types with a broad range of responses from induction of apoptosis in cancer cells to stimulation of remyelination in glial cells. This review emphasizes functions and characteristics of NAbs with focus on remyelination-promoting mouse and human antibodies. Human remyelination-promoting NAbs are potential therapeutics to combat a wide spectrum of disease processes including demyelinating diseases like multiple sclerosis. We will highlight the identified glycosphingolipid (SL) antigens of polyreactive remyelination-promoting antibodies and their proposed mechanism(s) of action. The nature of the identified antigens suggests a lipid raft-based mechanism for remyelination-promoting antibodies with SLs as most essential raft components. However, accumulating evidence also suggests involvement of other antigens in stimulation of remyelination, which will be discussed in the text.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens O Watzlawik
- Departments of Neurology and Immunology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, 200 First Street, S.W., Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Ledeen RW, Wu G, André S, Bleich D, Huet G, Kaltner H, Kopitz J, Gabius HJ. Beyond glycoproteins as galectin counterreceptors: tumor-effector T cell growth control via ganglioside GM1. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1253:206-21. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06479.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Wang J, Lu ZH, Gabius HJ, Rohowsky-Kochan C, Ledeen RW, Wu G. Cross-linking of GM1 ganglioside by galectin-1 mediates regulatory T cell activity involving TRPC5 channel activation: possible role in suppressing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:4036-45. [PMID: 19299701 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0802981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Several animal autoimmune disorders are suppressed by treatment with the GM1 cross-linking units of certain toxins such as B subunit of cholera toxin (CtxB). Due to the recent observation of GM1 being a binding partner for the endogenous lectin galectin-1 (Gal-1), which is known to ameliorate symptoms in certain animal models of autoimmune disorders, we tested the hypothesis that an operative Gal-1/GM1 interplay induces immunosuppression in a manner evidenced by both in vivo and in vitro systems. Our study of murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) indicated suppressive effects by both CtxB and Gal-1 and further highlighted the role of GM1 in demonstrating enhanced susceptibility to EAE in mice lacking this ganglioside. At the in vitro level, polyclonal activation of murine regulatory T (Treg) cells caused up-regulation of Gal-1 that was both cell bound and released to the medium. Similar activation of murine CD4(+) and CD8(+) effector T (Teff) cells resulted in significant elevation of GM1 and GD1a, the neuraminidase-reactive precursor to GM1. Activation of Teff cells also up-regulated TRPC5 channels which mediated Ca(2+) influx upon GM1 cross-linking by Gal-1 or CtxB. This involved co-cross-linking of heterodimeric integrin due to close association of these alpha(4)beta(1) and alpha(5)beta(1) glycoproteins with GM1. Short hairpin RNA (shRNA) knockdown of TRPC5 in Teff cells blocked contact-dependent proliferation inhibition by Treg cells as well as Gal-1/CtxB-triggered Ca(2+) influx. Our results thus indicate GM1 in Teff cells to be the primary target of Gal-1 expressed by Treg cells, the resulting co-cross-linking and TRPC5 channel activation contributing importantly to the mechanism of autoimmune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Wang
- Department of Neurology & Neurosciences, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, 07103, USA
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Abstract
Recent neurophysiological and pathological studies have led to a reclassification of the diseases that underlie Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) into acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP), acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN) and acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN). The Fisher syndrome of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia and areflexia is the most striking of several related conditions. Significant antecedent events include Campylobacter jejuni (4-66%), cytomegalovirus (5-15%), Epstein-Barr virus (2-10%), and Mycoplasma pneumoniae (1-5%) infections. These infections are not uniquely associated with any clinical subtype but severe axonal degeneration is more common following C. jejuni and severe sensory impairment following cytomegalovirus. Strong evidence supports an important role for antibodies to gangliosides in pathogenesis. In particular antibodies to ganglioside GM1 are present in 14-50% of patients with GBS, and are more common in cases with severe axonal degeneration associated with any subtype. Antibodies to ganglioside GQ1b are very closely associated with Fisher syndrome, its formes frustes and related syndromes. Ganglioside-like epitopes exist in the bacterial wall of C. jejuni. Infection by this and other organisms triggers an antibody response in patients with GBS but not in those with uncomplicated enteritis. The development of GBS is likely to be a consequence of special properties of the infecting organism, since some strains such as Penner 0:19 and 0:41 are particularly associated with GBS but not with enteritis. It is also likely to be a consequence of the immunogenetic background of the patient since few patients develop GBS after infection even with one of these strains. Attempts to match the subtypes of GBS to the fine specificity of anti-ganglioside antibodies and to functional effects in experimental models continue but have not yet fully explained the pathogenesis. T cells are also involved in the pathogenesis of most or perhaps all forms of GBS. T cell responses to any of three myelin proteins, P2, PO and PMP22, are sufficient to induce experimental autoimmune neuritis. Activated T cells are present in the circulation in the acute stage, up-regulate matrix metalloproteinases, cross the blood-nerve barrier and encounter their cognate antigens. Identification of the specificity of these T cell responses is still at a preliminary stage. The invasion of intact myelin sheaths by activated macrophages is difficult to explain according to a purely T cell mediated mechanism. The different patterns of GBS are probably due to the diverse interplay between antibodies and T cells of differing specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Hughes
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Guy's, King's and St. Thomas' School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.
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Sáez-Torres I, Díaz-Villoslada P, Martínez-Cáceres E, Ferrer I, Montalban X. Gangliosides do not elicit experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats and SJL mice. J Neuroimmunol 1998; 84:24-9. [PMID: 9600705 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(97)00213-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the ability of gangliosides to induce or ameliorate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis rat and SJL mice. None of the animals immunized with gangliosides with or without methylated bovine serum albumin (MBSA) developed EAE. Gangliosides were also administered simultaneously with PLP, but they did not alter the incidence or severity of EAE. However, high doses of MBSA could ameliorate or prevent EAE in a dose-dependent manner. T-cell responses towards gangliosides and antiganglioside antibodies were also studied. In conclusion, in these experimental models gangliosides have no encephalitogenic activity and do not alter the course of EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Sáez-Torres
- Department of Neurology, Escuela de Enfermeria, Hospital General Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.
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Inoue A, Koh CS, Yanagisawa N, Taketomi T, Ishihara Y. Suppression of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus induced demyelinating disease by administration of gangliosides. J Neuroimmunol 1996; 64:45-53. [PMID: 8598389 DOI: 10.1016/0165-5728(95)00149-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Intracerebral (i.c.) inoculation of susceptible strains of mice with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) results in immune-mediated demyelinating disease. Gangliosides are membrane components of essentially all eukaryotic cells and are abundant in plasma membranes. Endogenous gangliosides have been implicated in cell recognition, cell adhesion, cell differentiation and neurite outgrowth. We studied the effect of gangliosides on TMEV-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV- IDD). We injected TMEV intracerebrally into susceptible SJL/J mice and induced TMEV-IDD. Gangliosides were injected subcutaneously and examined for various immunological indicators. The results show that when gangliosides were administered in the effector phase, TMEV-IDD was suppressed both clinically and histologically. Cellular immunity such as delayed-type hypersensitivity, and the proliferative response of T cells against TMEV and mitogens were decreased, and only in this group anti-TMEV IgG2a antibody was not detected. Taken together, these data suggest that administration of gangliosides suppressed the function of pathogenic Th1 cells and suppressed TMEV-IDD. Additionally, this study proposes the possibility of a new therapy in multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Inoue
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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Asbury AK. Gangliosides and peripheral neuropathies: an overview. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1994; 101:279-87. [PMID: 8029456 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61955-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A K Asbury
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104-6055
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Zielasek J, Jung S, Schmidt B, Ritter G, Hartung HP, Toyka K. Effects of ganglioside administration on experimental autoimmune neuritis induced by peripheral nerve myelin or P2-specific T cell lines. J Neuroimmunol 1993; 43:103-11. [PMID: 7681443 DOI: 10.1016/0165-5728(93)90080-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effects of ganglioside administration in two animal models of inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. We administered a mixture of bovine brain gangliosides intraperitoneally to Lewis rats with myelin-induced or T cell line-mediated experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN). Under the experimental conditions we had chosen, we only detected marginal but not statistically significant effects on disease course and severity, as evidenced by motor function, electrophysiological findings, and morphological signs of inflammation and demyelination. There was no significant induction of antibody production against gangliosides, and we did not detect signs of increased cellular reactivity towards gangliosides. We conclude that the administration of gangliosides modulates EAN at best marginally, and does not induce a cellular or humoral immune reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zielasek
- Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Germany
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Wiethölter H, Schabet M, Stevens A, Melms A, Sommer N, Weller M. Influence of gangliosides on experimental allergic neuritis. J Neuroimmunol 1992; 38:221-8. [PMID: 1601979 DOI: 10.1016/0165-5728(92)90015-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The development of myelin-induced experimental allergic neuritis (EAN) in Lewis rats can be depressed and delayed by adding a ganglioside mixture (GM1, GD1a, GD1b, GT1b) to the immunization compound; however, gangliosides may enhance the induction of adjuvant arthritis. Antibodies against multiple gangliosides are produced in rats after immunization with gangliosides after addition of myelin, but only low titers can be detected in animals immunized with myelin and complete Freund's adjuvant alone. We conclude that this antibody production is not the result of peripheral nerve inflammation but depends rather from external applied gangliosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wiethölter
- Department of Neurology, University of Tübingen, FRG
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Nakamura K, Wu G, Ledeen RW. Protection of neuro-2a cells against calcium ionophore cytotoxicity by gangliosides. J Neurosci Res 1992; 31:245-53. [PMID: 1573675 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.490310205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Gangliosides are known to assert both neuritogenic and neuroprotective effects when applied to a variety of neuroblastoma and primary neuronal cultures. We have developed a model employing Neuro-2a neuroblastoma cells with Ca2+ ionophore A23187 as neurotoxic agent causing neurite retraction and eventual cell death. Gangliosides attenuated the toxicity of this substance, increasing both cell survival and neurite stability. In one series of experiments, cells were exposed to A23187 for 24 hr and then incubated in fresh medium (washout) for 18 hr; gangliosides were present at varying times. The paradigm in which cells were only preincubated (2 hr) with ganglioside provided no benefit, nor did incubation of the cells in both ionophore and ganglioside during the 24-hr exposure period. Significant protection was achieved by exposing the cells to ganglioside after washout of A23187, or continuously throughout the whole period. Bovine brain ganglioside mixture and the four major components (GM1, GD1a, GD1b, GT1b) applied individually were all effective. By contrast, GM3 and GM1-alcohol, a neutral derivative of GM1, provided little or no protection. Dichlorobenzamil, an inhibitor of the Na(+)-Ca2+ exchanger, tended to block the neurite stabilizing effect of gangliosides, suggesting that the mechanism might involve potentiation of this antiporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nakamura
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Bronx, New York
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Ponzin D, Menegus AM, Kirschner G, Nunzi MG, Fiori MG, Raine CS. Effects of gangliosides on the expression of autoimmune demyelination in the peripheral nervous system. Ann Neurol 1991; 30:678-85. [PMID: 1722387 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410300508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
To test whether gangliosides (GA) might exert neuritogenic effects in vivo, experimental allergic neuritis (EAN) was studied clinically, neuropathologically, and immunologically in Lewis rats immunized with bovine peripheral nerve, P2 myelin protein, P2 myelin protein plus two different doses of GA, P2 with galactocerebroside (GC), and GA alone, each emulsified in adjuvant. All except the GA-treated group developed signs of EAN between days 11 and 14 after the injection. Rats immunized with P2 alone were the most severely affected. Rats given P2 plus GA and those given P2 plus GC displayed a significantly lower clinical score. Histological analysis revealed a comparable degree of inflammation of the peripheral nervous system and demyelination in the spinal nerve roots of bovine peripheral nerve- and P2-immunized rats. The P2 plus GA and P2 plus GC groups revealed similar degrees of pathology in the spinal nerve roots but the latter group stood apart from the rest in that it showed widespread peripheral nervous system changes extending distally into the sciatic nerve. Serological analysis demonstrated that P2 and GC, but not GA, elicited antibody (IgG) responses, but there was no correlation between antibody titer and clinical or histological involvement. The present data fail to support an enhancing role for gangliosides in the expression of EAN and, by extrapolation, in the Guillain-Barré syndrome, for which EAN serves as the laboratory model, and in which suggestions have been made that antibodies to GA may have pathogenetic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ponzin
- Department of Neuropathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
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