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Moncrieff D, Schmithorst V. Behavioral and Cortical Activation Changes in Children Following Auditory Training for Dichotic Deficits. Brain Sci 2024; 14:183. [PMID: 38391757 PMCID: PMC10887284 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14020183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
We report changes following auditory rehabilitation for interaural asymmetry (ARIA) training in behavioral test performance and cortical activation in children identified with dichotic listening deficits. In a one group pretest-posttest design, measures of dichotic listening, speech perception in noise, and frequency pattern identification were assessed before and 3 to 4.5 months after completing an auditory training protocol designed to improve binaural processing of verbal material. Functional MRI scans were also acquired before and after treatment while participants passively listened in silence or to diotic or dichotic digits. Significant improvements occurred after ARIA training for dichotic listening and speech-in-noise tests. Post-ARIA, fMRI activation increased during diotic tasks in anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal regions and during dichotic tasks, decreased in the left precentral gyrus, right-hemisphere pars triangularis, and right dorsolateral and ventral prefrontal cortices, regions known to be engaged in phonologic processing and working memory. The results suggest that children with dichotic deficits may benefit from the ARIA program because of reorganization of cortical capacity required for listening and a reduced need for higher-order, top-down processing skills when listening to dichotic presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Moncrieff
- School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
- Institute for Intelligent Systems, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Vanessa Schmithorst
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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2
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Miceli G, Caccia A. The Auditory Agnosias: a Short Review of Neurofunctional Evidence. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2023; 23:671-679. [PMID: 37747655 PMCID: PMC10673750 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-023-01302-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To investigate the neurofunctional correlates of pure auditory agnosia and its varieties (global, verbal, and nonverbal), based on 116 anatomoclinical reports published between 1893 and 2022, with emphasis on hemispheric lateralization, intrahemispheric lesion site, underlying cognitive impairments. RECENT FINDINGS Pure auditory agnosia is rare, and observations accumulate slowly. Recent patient reports and neuroimaging studies on neurotypical subjects offer insights into the putative mechanisms underlying auditory agnosia, while challenging traditional accounts. Global auditory agnosia frequently results from bilateral temporal damage. Verbal auditory agnosia strictly correlates with language-dominant hemisphere lesions. Damage involves the auditory pathways, but the critical lesion site is unclear. Both the auditory cortex and associative areas are reasonable candidates, but cases resulting from brainstem damage are on record. The hemispheric correlates of nonverbal auditory input disorders are less clear. They correlate with unilateral damage to either hemisphere, but evidence is scarce. Based on published cases, pure auditory agnosias are neurologically and functionally heterogeneous. Phenotypes are influenced by co-occurring cognitive impairments. Future studies should start from these facts and integrate patient data and studies in neurotypical individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Miceli
- Professor of Neurology, Center for Mind/Brain Studies, University of Trento, Trento, Italy.
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3
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Giordano BL, Esposito M, Valente G, Formisano E. Intermediate acoustic-to-semantic representations link behavioral and neural responses to natural sounds. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:664-672. [PMID: 36928634 PMCID: PMC10076214 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01285-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Recognizing sounds implicates the cerebral transformation of input waveforms into semantic representations. Although past research identified the superior temporal gyrus (STG) as a crucial cortical region, the computational fingerprint of these cerebral transformations remains poorly characterized. Here, we exploit a model comparison framework and contrasted the ability of acoustic, semantic (continuous and categorical) and sound-to-event deep neural network representation models to predict perceived sound dissimilarity and 7 T human auditory cortex functional magnetic resonance imaging responses. We confirm that spectrotemporal modulations predict early auditory cortex (Heschl's gyrus) responses, and that auditory dimensions (for example, loudness, periodicity) predict STG responses and perceived dissimilarity. Sound-to-event deep neural networks predict Heschl's gyrus responses similar to acoustic models but, notably, they outperform all competing models at predicting both STG responses and perceived dissimilarity. Our findings indicate that STG entails intermediate acoustic-to-semantic sound representations that neither acoustic nor semantic models can account for. These representations are compositional in nature and relevant to behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno L Giordano
- Institut de Neurosciences de La Timone, UMR 7289, CNRS and Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France.
| | - Michele Esposito
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Giancarlo Valente
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Elia Formisano
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands. .,Maastricht Centre for Systems Biology (MaCSBio), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands. .,Brightlands Institute for Smart Society (BISS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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4
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Takeuchi H, Kawashima R. Effects of television viewing on brain structures and risk of dementia in the elderly: Longitudinal analyses. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:984919. [PMID: 36968501 PMCID: PMC10030518 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.984919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionTV viewing in the elderly and in children is associated with subsequent greater decline of various cognitive functions including verbal working memory, but results of its association with subsequent risk of dementia were divided.MethodsIn this longitudinal cohort study of UK Biobank, we investigated the associations of TV viewing length with subsequent risk of dementia and longitudinal changes of brain structural measures after corrections of a wide range of potential confounders.ResultsOur results showed longer TV viewing was associated with increased risk of subsequent onset of dementia, as well as subsequent greater decline in intracellular volume fraction (ICVF) in the extensive areas of right lateral temporal cortex and the right medial temporal cortex, in the area around the left middle and inferior temporal cortex as well as the left fusiform gyrus, and the area adjacent to the left inferior frontal gyrus, and left insula.DiscussionThese results may suggest prolonged TV viewing was associated with decline in density of neurites (axon, dendrites) in areas particularly implicated in language, communication, and memory, which are altered in dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Takeuchi
- Division of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hikaru Takeuchi,
| | - Ryuta Kawashima
- Division of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Smart Aging Research Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Advanced Brain Science, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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5
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Romanovska L, Bonte M. How Learning to Read Changes the Listening Brain. Front Psychol 2021; 12:726882. [PMID: 34987442 PMCID: PMC8721231 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.726882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Reading acquisition reorganizes existing brain networks for speech and visual processing to form novel audio-visual language representations. This requires substantial cortical plasticity that is reflected in changes in brain activation and functional as well as structural connectivity between brain areas. The extent to which a child's brain can accommodate these changes may underlie the high variability in reading outcome in both typical and dyslexic readers. In this review, we focus on reading-induced functional changes of the dorsal speech network in particular and discuss how its reciprocal interactions with the ventral reading network contributes to reading outcome. We discuss how the dynamic and intertwined development of both reading networks may be best captured by approaching reading from a skill learning perspective, using audio-visual learning paradigms and longitudinal designs to follow neuro-behavioral changes while children's reading skills unfold.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Milene Bonte
- *Correspondence: Linda Romanovska, ; Milene Bonte,
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Moerel M, Yacoub E, Gulban OF, Lage-Castellanos A, De Martino F. Using high spatial resolution fMRI to understand representation in the auditory network. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 207:101887. [PMID: 32745500 PMCID: PMC7854960 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Following rapid methodological advances, ultra-high field (UHF) functional and anatomical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been repeatedly and successfully used for the investigation of the human auditory system in recent years. Here, we review this work and argue that UHF MRI is uniquely suited to shed light on how sounds are represented throughout the network of auditory brain regions. That is, the provided gain in spatial resolution at UHF can be used to study the functional role of the small subcortical auditory processing stages and details of cortical processing. Further, by combining high spatial resolution with the versatility of MRI contrasts, UHF MRI has the potential to localize the primary auditory cortex in individual hemispheres. This is a prerequisite to study how sound representation in higher-level auditory cortex evolves from that in early (primary) auditory cortex. Finally, the access to independent signals across auditory cortical depths, as afforded by UHF, may reveal the computations that underlie the emergence of an abstract, categorical sound representation based on low-level acoustic feature processing. Efforts on these research topics are underway. Here we discuss promises as well as challenges that come with studying these research questions using UHF MRI, and provide a future outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Moerel
- Maastricht Centre for Systems Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Maastricht Brain Imaging Center (MBIC), Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Essa Yacoub
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.
| | - Omer Faruk Gulban
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Maastricht Brain Imaging Center (MBIC), Maastricht, the Netherlands; Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA; Brain Innovation B.V., Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Agustin Lage-Castellanos
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Maastricht Brain Imaging Center (MBIC), Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of NeuroInformatics, Cuban Center for Neuroscience, Cuba.
| | - Federico De Martino
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Maastricht Brain Imaging Center (MBIC), Maastricht, the Netherlands; Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.
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7
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Feasibility, Contrast Sensitivity and Network Specificity of Language fMRI in Presurgical Evaluation for Epilepsy and Brain Tumor Surgery. Brain Topogr 2021; 34:511-524. [PMID: 33837867 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-021-00839-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Language fMRI has become an integral part of the planning process in brain surgery. However, fMRI may suffer from confounding factors both on the patient side, as well as on the provider side. In this study, we investigate how patient-related confounds affect the ability of the patient to perform language fMRI tasks (feasibility), the task sensitivity from an image contrast point of view, and the anatomical specificity of expressive and receptive language fMRI protocols. 104 patients were referred for language fMRI in the context of presurgical procedures for epilepsy and brain tumor surgery. Four tasks were used: (1) a verbal fluency (VF) task to map vocabulary use, (2) a semantic description (SD) task to map sentence formation/semantic integration skills, (3) a reading comprehension (RC) task and (4) a listening comprehension (LC) task. Feasibility was excellent in the LC task (100%), but in the acceptable to mediocre range for the rest of the tasks (SD: 87.50%, RC: 85.57%, VF: 67.30%). Feasibility was significantly confounded by age (p = 0.020) and education level (p = 0.003) in VF, by education level (p = 0.004) and lesion laterality (p = 0.019) in SD and by age (p = 0.001), lesion laterality (p = 0.007) and lesion severity (p = 0.048) in RC. All tasks were comparable regarding sensitivity in generating statistically significant image contrast (VF: 90.00%, SD: 92.30%, RC: 93.25%, LC: 88.46%). The lobe of the lesion (p = 0.005) and the age (p = 0.009) confounded contrast sensitivity in the VF and SD tasks respectively. Both VF and LC tasks demonstrated unilateral lateralization of posterior language areas; only the LC task showed unilateral lateralization of anterior language areas. Our study highlights the effects of patient-related confounding factors on language fMRI and proposes LC as the most feasible, less confounded, and efficiently lateralizing task in the clinical presurgical context.
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8
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Joo SJ, Tavabi K, Caffarra S, Yeatman JD. Automaticity in the reading circuitry. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2021; 214:104906. [PMID: 33516066 PMCID: PMC7878427 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2020.104906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Skilled reading requires years of practice associating visual symbols with speech sounds. Over the course of the learning process, this association becomes effortless and automatic. Here we test whether automatic activation of spoken-language circuits in response to visual words is a hallmark of skilled reading. Magnetoencephalography was used to measure word-selective responses under multiple cognitive tasks (N = 42, 7-12 years of age). Even when attention was drawn away from the words by performing an attention-demanding fixation task, strong word-selective responses were found in a language region (i.e., superior temporal gyrus) starting at ~300 ms after stimulus onset. Critically, this automatic word-selective response was indicative of reading skill: the magnitude of word-selective responses correlated with individual reading skill. Our results suggest that automatic recruitment of spoken-language circuits is a hallmark of skilled reading; with practice, reading becomes effortless as the brain learns to automatically translate letters into sounds and meaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Jun Joo
- Department of Psychology, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea; Institute for Learning & Brain Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Graduate School of Education, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Kambiz Tavabi
- Institute for Learning & Brain Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Sendy Caffarra
- Graduate School of Education, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Division of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, San Sebastian 20009, Spain
| | - Jason D Yeatman
- Graduate School of Education, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Division of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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9
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Dale CL, Brown EG, Herman AB, Hinkley LBN, Subramaniam K, Fisher M, Vinogradov S, Nagarajan SS. Intervention-specific patterns of cortical function plasticity during auditory encoding in people with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2020; 215:241-249. [PMID: 31648842 PMCID: PMC7035971 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a neurocognitive illness characterized by behavioral and neural impairments in both early auditory processing and higher order verbal working memory. Previously we have shown intervention-specific cognitive performance improvements with computerized, targeted training of auditory processing (AT) when compared to a computer games (CG) control intervention that emphasized visual processing. To investigate spatiotemporal changes in patterns of neural activity specific to the AT intervention, the current study used magnetoencephalography (MEG) imaging to derive induced high gamma band oscillations (HGO) during auditory encoding, before and after 50 h (∼10 weeks) of exposure to either the AT or CG intervention. During stimulus encoding, AT intervention-specific changes in high gamma activity occurred in left middle frontal and left middle-superior temporal cortices. In contrast, CG intervention-specific changes were observed in right medial frontal and supramarginal gyri during stimulus encoding, and in bilateral temporal cortices during response preparation. These data reveal that, in schizophrenia, intensive exposure to either training of auditory processing or exposure to visuospatial activities produces significant but complementary patterns of cortical function plasticity within a distributed fronto-temporal network. These results underscore the importance of delineating the specific neuroplastic effects of targeted behavioral interventions to ensure desired neurophysiological changes and avoid unintended consequences on neural system functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corby L Dale
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, United States; San Francisco Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, United States.
| | - Ethan G Brown
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
| | - Alexander B Herman
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, United States; UCB-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, United States; Medical Science Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Leighton B N Hinkley
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, United States
| | - Karuna Subramaniam
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, United States
| | - Melissa Fisher
- San Francisco Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Sophia Vinogradov
- San Francisco Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Srikantan S Nagarajan
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, United States; UCB-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, United States
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10
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Nakamura R, Asami T, Yoshimi A, Kato D, Fujita E, Takaishi M, Yoshida H, Yamaguchi H, Shiozaki K, Kase A, Hirayasu Y. Clinical and brain structural effects of the Illness Management and Recovery program in middle-aged and older patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2019; 73:731-737. [PMID: 31353759 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIMS In this study, we implemented the Illness Management and Recovery (IMR) program for middle-aged and older patients with schizophrenia hospitalized for long periods and assessed the effect of the IMR program on psychiatric symptoms and psychosocial function. The effects of the IMR program on brain structure were also evaluated. METHODS The IMR program was implemented for 19 patients with schizophrenia; 17 patients with schizophrenia receiving treatment as usual (TAU) were also recruited as controls. In all patients, mean age was 61.4 years (range, 50-77 years) and mean hospitalization duration was 13.1 years (range, 1-31 years) at enrollment. Structural magnetic resonance images and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scores as clinical variables were obtained at the beginning and end of the IMR program. Longitudinal analyses were performed to compare the effects of the IMR program on clinical symptoms and cortical thickness in the superior temporal gyrus (STG) between the IMR and TAU groups. RESULTS Significant improvements in GAF scores and the total, Insight and Judgment, and Positive components of the PANSS were found in the IMR group compared with the TAU group. Cortical thickness in the left STG was preserved in the IMR group compared with the TAU group. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report demonstrating the effectiveness of the IMR program for improving psychotic symptoms and psychosocial function and protecting brain structure in middle-aged and older inpatients with schizophrenia hospitalized for long periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Nakamura
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Psychiatry, Yokohama Maioka Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Asami
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Asuka Yoshimi
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Psychiatry, Yokohama Maioka Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Daiji Kato
- Totsuka Nishiguchi Rindou Clinic, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Emi Fujita
- Division of Clinical Psychology, Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masao Takaishi
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Haruhisa Yoshida
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamaguchi
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Shiozaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Yokohama Comprehensive Care Continuum, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kase
- Department of Psychiatry, Yokohama Maioka Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hirayasu
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Psychiatry, Hirayasu Hospital, Urasoe, Japan
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11
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Modality-specific sensory readiness for upcoming events revealed by slow cortical potentials. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 225:149-159. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01993-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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12
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Kim K, Adams L, Keator LM, Sheppard SM, Breining BL, Rorden C, Fridriksson J, Bonilha L, Rogalsky C, Love T, Hickok G, Hillis AE. Neural processing critical for distinguishing between speech sounds. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2019; 197:104677. [PMID: 31442633 PMCID: PMC6726570 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2019.104677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to identify neural regions where ischemia acutely after stroke is associated with impairment in phoneme discrimination, and to determine whether such deficits are associated with impairment of spoken word comprehension. We evaluated 33 patients within 48 h of left hemisphere ischemic stroke onset with tests of phoneme discrimination and word-picture matching. We identified Pearson correlations between accuracy in phoneme discrimination and accuracy of word comprehension and identified areas where the percentage of infarcted tissue was associated with severity of phoneme discrimination deficit. We found that 54% had deficits in phoneme discrimination relative to healthy controls. Accuracy in phoneme discrimination correlated with accuracy on word comprehension tests. Damage to left intraparietal sulcus and hypoperfusion and/or infarct of left superior temporal gyrus were associated with phoneme discrimination deficits acutely, although patients with these lesions showed improvement or resolution of the deficit by six months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Kim
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Luke Adams
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, United States.
| | - Lynsey M Keator
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Shannon M Sheppard
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Bonnie L Breining
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Chris Rorden
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, United States
| | - Julius Fridriksson
- Department of Communication Disorders, University of South Carolina, United States
| | - Leonardo Bonilha
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, United States
| | - Corianne Rogalsky
- Department of Speech & Hearing Science, Arizona State University, United States
| | - Tracy Love
- University of California San Diego, United States; San Diego State University, United States
| | - Gregory Hickok
- Departments of Cognitive Sciences & Language Science, University of California, Irvine, United States
| | - Argye E Hillis
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, United States
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13
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Employing pain and mindfulness to understand consciousness: a symbiotic relationship. Curr Opin Psychol 2019; 28:192-197. [PMID: 30776682 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Consciousness, defined here as the quality of awareness of self and the corresponding sensory environment, is considered to be one of most enigmatic and contentious areas of scholarly dissection and investigation. The subjective experience of pain is constructed and modulated by a myriad of sensory, cognitive and affective dimensions. Thus, the study of pain can provide many inroads to a concept like consciousness that the traditional sense modalities do not. Mindfulness defined here as non-reactive awareness of the present moment, can uniquely control and/or modulate particular substrates of conscious experience. Thus, in combination with brain imaging methodologies, we propose that the interactions between pain and mindfulness could serve as a more comprehensive platform to disentangle the biological and psychological substrates of conscious experience. The present review provides a brief synopsis on how combining the study of pain and mindfulness can inform the study of consciousness, delineates the multiple, unique brain mechanisms supporting mindfulness-based pain relief, and describes how mindfulness uniquely improves the affective dimension of pain, an important consideration for the treatment of chronic pain.
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Uluç I, Schmidt TT, Wu YH, Blankenburg F. Content-specific codes of parametric auditory working memory in humans. Neuroimage 2018; 183:254-262. [PMID: 30107259 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain activity in frontal regions has been found to represent frequency information with a parametric code during working memory delay phases. The mental representation of frequencies has furthermore been shown to be modality independent in non-human primate electrophysiology and human EEG studies, suggesting frontal regions encoding quantitative information in a supramodal manner. A recent fMRI study using multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) supports an overlapping multimodal network for the maintenance of visual and tactile frequency information over frontal and parietal brain regions. The present study extends the investigation of working memory representation of frequency information to the auditory domain. To this aim, we used MVPA on fMRI data recorded during an auditory frequency maintenance task. A support vector regression analysis revealed working memory information in auditory association areas and, consistent with earlier findings of parametric working memory, in a frontoparietal network. A direct comparison to an analogous dataset of vibrotactile parametric working memory revealed an overlap of information coding in prefrontal regions, particularly in the right inferior frontal gyrus. Therefore, our findings indicate that the prefrontal cortex represents frequency-specific working memory content irrespective of the modality as has been now also revealed for the auditory modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Işıl Uluç
- Neurocomputation and Neuroimaging Unit (NNU), Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Timo Torsten Schmidt
- Neurocomputation and Neuroimaging Unit (NNU), Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Osnabrück, 49090 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Yuan-Hao Wu
- Neurocomputation and Neuroimaging Unit (NNU), Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Blankenburg
- Neurocomputation and Neuroimaging Unit (NNU), Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
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15
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Nettekoven C, Reck N, Goldbrunner R, Grefkes C, Weiß Lucas C. Short- and long-term reliability of language fMRI. Neuroimage 2018; 176:215-225. [PMID: 29704615 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
When using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) for mapping important language functions, a high test-retest reliability is mandatory, both in basic scientific research and for clinical applications. We, therefore, systematically tested the short- and long-term reliability of fMRI in a group of healthy subjects using a picture naming task and a sparse-sampling fMRI protocol. We hypothesized that test-retest reliability might be higher for (i) speech-related motor areas than for other language areas and for (ii) the short as compared to the long intersession interval. 16 right-handed subjects (mean age: 29 years) participated in three sessions separated by 2-6 (session 1 and 2, short-term) and 21-34 days (session 1 and 3, long-term). Subjects were asked to perform the same overt picture naming task in each fMRI session (50 black-white images per session). Reliability was tested using the following measures: (i) Euclidean distances (ED) between local activation maxima and Centers of Gravity (CoGs), (ii) overlap volumes and (iii) voxel-wise intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Analyses were performed for three regions of interest which were chosen based on whole-brain group data: primary motor cortex (M1), superior temporal gyrus (STG) and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). Our results revealed that the activation centers were highly reliable, independent of the time interval, ROI or hemisphere with significantly smaller ED for the local activation maxima (6.45 ± 1.36 mm) as compared to the CoGs (8.03 ± 2.01 mm). In contrast, the extent of activation revealed rather low reliability values with overlaps ranging from 24% (IFG) to 56% (STG). Here, the left hemisphere showed significantly higher overlap volumes than the right hemisphere. Although mean ICCs ranged between poor (ICC<0.5) and moderate (ICC 0.5-0.74) reliability, highly reliable voxels (ICC>0.75) were found for all ROIs. Voxel-wise reliability of the different ROIs was influenced by the intersession interval. Taken together, we could show that, despite of considerable ROI-dependent variations of the extent of activation over time, highly reliable centers of activation can be identified using an overt picture naming paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Nettekoven
- Center of Neurosurgery, Cologne University Hospital, 50924, Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology, Cologne University Hospital, 50924, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nicola Reck
- Center of Neurosurgery, Cologne University Hospital, 50924, Cologne, Germany
| | - Roland Goldbrunner
- Center of Neurosurgery, Cologne University Hospital, 50924, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Grefkes
- Department of Neurology, Cologne University Hospital, 50924, Cologne, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Juelich Research Centre, 52428, Juelich, Germany
| | - Carolin Weiß Lucas
- Center of Neurosurgery, Cologne University Hospital, 50924, Cologne, Germany.
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Abstract
Most behaviors in mammals are directly or indirectly guided by prior experience and therefore depend on the ability of our brains to form memories. The ability to form an association between an initially possibly neutral sensory stimulus and its behavioral relevance is essential for our ability to navigate in a changing environment. The formation of a memory is a complex process involving many areas of the brain. In this chapter we review classic and recent work that has shed light on the specific contribution of sensory cortical areas to the formation of associative memories. We discuss synaptic and circuit mechanisms that mediate plastic adaptations of functional properties in individual neurons as well as larger neuronal populations forming topographically organized representations. Furthermore, we describe commonly used behavioral paradigms that are used to study the mechanisms of memory formation. We focus on the auditory modality that is receiving increasing attention for the study of associative memory in rodent model systems. We argue that sensory cortical areas may play an important role for the memory-dependent categorical recognition of previously encountered sensory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Aschauer
- Institute of Physiology, Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Simon Rumpel
- Institute of Physiology, Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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17
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Hyde JS. Autobiography of James S. Hyde. APPLIED MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2017; 48:1103-1147. [PMID: 29962662 PMCID: PMC6022859 DOI: 10.1007/s00723-017-0950-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The papers, book chapters, reviews, and patents by James S. Hyde in the bibliography of this document have been separated into EPR and MRI sections, and within each section by topics. Within each topic, publications are listed chronologically. A brief summary is provided for each patent listed. A few publications and patents that do not fit this schema have been omitted. This list of publications is preceded by a scientific autobiography that focuses on selected topics that are judged to have been of most scientific importance. References to many of the publications and patents in the bibliography are made in the autobiography.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Hyde
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plan Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226; 414-955-4000; ; ORCID: 0000-0002-3023-1243
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Investigating the role of temporal lobe activation in speech perception accuracy with normal hearing adults: An event-related fNIRS study. Neuropsychologia 2017; 106:31-41. [PMID: 28888891 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a safe, non-invasive, relatively quiet imaging technique that is tolerant of movement artifact making it uniquely ideal for the assessment of hearing mechanisms. Previous research demonstrates the capacity for fNIRS to detect cortical changes to varying speech intelligibility, revealing a positive relationship between cortical activation amplitude and speech perception score. In the present study, we use an event-related design to investigate the hemodynamic response in the temporal lobe across different listening conditions. We presented participants with a speech recognition task using sentences in quiet, sentences in noise, and vocoded sentences. Hemodynamic responses were examined across conditions and then compared when speech perception was accurate compared to when speech perception was inaccurate in the context of noisy speech. Repeated measures, two-way ANOVAs revealed that the speech in noise condition (-2.8dB signal-to-noise ratio/SNR) demonstrated significantly greater activation than the easier listening conditions on multiple channels bilaterally. Further analyses comparing correct recognition trials to incorrect recognition trials (during the presentation phase of the trial) revealed that activation was significantly greater during correct trials. Lastly, during the repetition phase of the trial, where participants correctly repeated the sentence, the hemodynamic response demonstrated significantly higher deoxyhemoglobin than oxyhemoglobin, indicating a difference between the effects of perception and production on the cortical response. Using fNIRS, the present study adds meaningful evidence to the body of knowledge that describes the brain/behavior relationship related to speech perception.
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Pyke AA, Fincham JM, Anderson JR. When math operations have visuospatial meanings versus purely symbolic definitions: Which solving stages and brain regions are affected? Neuroimage 2017; 153:319-335. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Pattamadilok C, Chanoine V, Pallier C, Anton JL, Nazarian B, Belin P, Ziegler JC. Automaticity of phonological and semantic processing during visual word recognition. Neuroimage 2017; 149:244-255. [PMID: 28163139 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Reading involves activation of phonological and semantic knowledge. Yet, the automaticity of the activation of these representations remains subject to debate. The present study addressed this issue by examining how different brain areas involved in language processing responded to a manipulation of bottom-up (level of visibility) and top-down information (task demands) applied to written words. The analyses showed that the same brain areas were activated in response to written words whether the task was symbol detection, rime detection, or semantic judgment. This network included posterior, temporal and prefrontal regions, which clearly suggests the involvement of orthographic, semantic and phonological/articulatory processing in all tasks. However, we also found interactions between task and stimulus visibility, which reflected the fact that the strength of the neural responses to written words in several high-level language areas varied across tasks. Together, our findings suggest that the involvement of phonological and semantic processing in reading is supported by two complementary mechanisms. First, an automatic mechanism that results from a task-independent spread of activation throughout a network in which orthography is linked to phonology and semantics. Second, a mechanism that further fine-tunes the sensitivity of high-level language areas to the sensory input in a task-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valérie Chanoine
- Labex Brain and Language Research Institute, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Christophe Pallier
- INSERM-CEA Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, Neurospin center, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jean-Luc Anton
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INT Inst Neurosci Timone, UMR 7289, Centre IRM Fonctionnelle Cérébrale, Marseille, France
| | - Bruno Nazarian
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INT Inst Neurosci Timone, UMR 7289, Centre IRM Fonctionnelle Cérébrale, Marseille, France
| | - Pascal Belin
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INT Inst Neurosci Timone, UMR 7289, Centre IRM Fonctionnelle Cérébrale, Marseille, France
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21
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Dryden A, Allen HA, Henshaw H, Heinrich A. The Association Between Cognitive Performance and Speech-in-Noise Perception for Adult Listeners: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis. Trends Hear 2017; 21:2331216517744675. [PMID: 29237334 PMCID: PMC5734454 DOI: 10.1177/2331216517744675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Published studies assessing the association between cognitive performance and speech-in-noise (SiN) perception examine different aspects of each, test different listeners, and often report quite variable associations. By examining the published evidence base using a systematic approach, we aim to identify robust patterns across studies and highlight any remaining gaps in knowledge. We limit our assessment to adult unaided listeners with audiometric profiles ranging from normal hearing to moderate hearing loss. A total of 253 articles were independently assessed by two researchers, with 25 meeting the criteria for inclusion. Included articles assessed cognitive measures of attention, memory, executive function, IQ, and processing speed. SiN measures varied by target (phonemes or syllables, words, and sentences) and masker type (unmodulated noise, modulated noise, >2-talker babble, and ≤2-talker babble. The overall association between cognitive performance and SiN perception was r = .31. For component cognitive domains, the association with (pooled) SiN perception was as follows: processing speed ( r = .39), inhibitory control ( r = .34), working memory ( r = .28), episodic memory ( r = .26), and crystallized IQ ( r = .18). Similar associations were shown for the different speech target and masker types. This review suggests a general association of r≈.3 between cognitive performance and speech perception, although some variability in association appeared to exist depending on cognitive domain and SiN target or masker assessed. Where assessed, degree of unaided hearing loss did not play a major moderating role. We identify a number of cognitive performance and SiN perception combinations that have not been tested and whose future investigation would enable further fine-grained analyses of these relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Dryden
- Medical Research Council Institute of Hearing Research, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, UK
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Helen Henshaw
- National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, UK
- Otology and Hearing Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Antje Heinrich
- Medical Research Council Institute of Hearing Research, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, UK
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22
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Tremblay P, Deschamps I, Baroni M, Hasson U. Neural sensitivity to syllable frequency and mutual information in speech perception and production. Neuroimage 2016; 136:106-21. [PMID: 27184201 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Many factors affect our ability to decode the speech signal, including its quality, the complexity of the elements that compose it, as well as their frequency of occurrence and co-occurrence in a language. Syllable frequency effects have been described in the behavioral literature, including facilitatory effects during speech production and inhibitory effects during word recognition, but the neural mechanisms underlying these effects remain largely unknown. The objective of this study was to examine, using functional neuroimaging, the neurobiological correlates of three different distributional statistics in simple 2-syllable nonwords: the frequency of the first and second syllables, and the mutual information between the syllables. We examined these statistics during nonword perception and production using a powerful single-trial analytical approach. We found that repetition accuracy was higher for nonwords in which the frequency of the first syllable was high. In addition, brain responses to distributional statistics were widespread and almost exclusively cortical. Importantly, brain activity was modulated in a distinct manner for each statistic, with the strongest facilitatory effects associated with the frequency of the first syllable and mutual information. These findings show that distributional statistics modulate nonword perception and production. We discuss the common and unique impact of each distributional statistic on brain activity, as well as task differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Tremblay
- Université Laval, Département de Réadaptation, Québec City, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en santé mentale de Québec (CRIUSMQ), Québec City, QC, Canada.
| | - Isabelle Deschamps
- Université Laval, Département de Réadaptation, Québec City, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en santé mentale de Québec (CRIUSMQ), Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Marco Baroni
- Center for Mind and Brain Sciences (CIMeC), Università Degli Studi di Trento, Via delle Regole, 101, I-38060 Mattarello, TN, Italy
| | - Uri Hasson
- Center for Mind and Brain Sciences (CIMeC), Università Degli Studi di Trento, Via delle Regole, 101, I-38060 Mattarello, TN, Italy
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23
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Warach S. Review : Mapping Brain Pathophysiology and Higher Cortical Function with Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Neuroscientist 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/107385849500100406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have moved the technology beyond its application solely as a diagnostic test to become a tool for addressing questions of in vivo pathophysiology and higher cortical function in humans. Diffusion-weighted MRI measures the apparent rate of translational movement of water molecules through brain parenchyma. This measurement can be used to determine axonal orientation within white matter, to define regions of tissue edema, and to permit early identification of ischemic neuronal injury related to impairment of Na+-K +-ATPase activity in experimental and human stroke. Changes in various aspects of cerebral perfusion—blood volume, blood flow, and hemoglobin oxygen saturation—can be mea sured with MRI, and altered cerebrovascular circulation and regional brain activation can thereby be inves tigated. Echo planar imaging is a method of ultrafast data acquisition with MRI—individual images are ac quired on the order of 100 msec. Echo planar imaging makes diffusion and perfusion measurements more practicable for diverse applications and allows for the study of temporal characteristics of regional brain responses to stimuli. Diffusion and perfusion MRI, generally termed functional MRI, are tools for studying in vivo brain physiology with MRI and are being applied to a broad range of questions in neuroscience. The Neuroscientist 1:221-235, 1995
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Warach
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology Harvard Medical
School Beth Israel Hospital Boston, Massachusetts
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24
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Awh E, Jonides J, Smith EE, Buxton RB, Frank LR, Love T, Wong EC, Gmeindl L. Rehearsal in Spatial Working Memory: Evidence From Neuroimaging. Psychol Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1467-9280.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of biological evidence has identified a frontal-parietal circuit underlying spatial working memory for visual stimuli. But the question remains, how do these neural regions accomplish the goal of maintaining location information on-line? We tested the hypothesis that the active rehearsal of spatial information in working memory is accomplished by means of focal shifts of spatial selective attention to memorized locations. Spatial selective attention has been shown to cause changes in the early visual processing of stimuli that appear in attended locations. Thus, the hypothesis of attention-based rehearsal predicts similar modulations of visual processing at memorized locations. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to observe posterior visual activations during the performance of a spatial working memory task. In line with the hypothesis, spatial rehearsal led to enhanced activation in the early visual areas contralateral to the memorized locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Awh
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon
| | - John Jonides
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan
| | | | | | - Larry R. Frank
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego
| | - Tracy Love
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego
| | - Eric C. Wong
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego
| | - Leon Gmeindl
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan
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25
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Bach JP, Lüpke M, Dziallas P, Wefstaedt P, Uppenkamp S, Seifert H, Nolte I. Auditory functional magnetic resonance imaging in dogs--normalization and group analysis and the processing of pitch in the canine auditory pathways. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:32. [PMID: 26897016 PMCID: PMC4761139 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0660-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is an advanced and frequently used technique for studying brain functions in humans and increasingly so in animals. A key element of analyzing fMRI data is group analysis, for which valid spatial normalization is a prerequisite. In the current study we applied normalization and group analysis to a dataset from an auditory functional MRI experiment in anesthetized beagles. The stimulation paradigm used in the experiment was composed of simple Gaussian noise and regular interval sounds (RIS), which included a periodicity pitch as an additional sound feature. The results from the performed group analysis were compared with those from single animal analysis. In addition to this, the data were examined for brain regions showing an increased activation associated with the perception of pitch. Results With the group analysis, significant activations matching the position of the right superior olivary nucleus, lateral lemniscus and internal capsule were identified, which could not be detected in the single animal analysis. In addition, a large cluster of activated voxels in the auditory cortex was found. The contrast of the RIS condition (including pitch) with Gaussian noise (no pitch) showed a significant effect in a region matching the location of the left medial geniculate nucleus. Conclusion By using group analysis additional activated areas along the canine auditory pathways could be identified in comparison to single animal analysis. It was possible to demonstrate a pitch-specific effect, indicating that group analysis is a suitable method for improving the results of auditory fMRI studies in dogs and extending our knowledge of canine neuroanatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Peter Bach
- Klinik für Kleintiere, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Matthias Lüpke
- Fachgebiet für Allgemeine Radiologie und Medizinische Physik, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Peter Dziallas
- Klinik für Kleintiere, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Patrick Wefstaedt
- Klinik für Kleintiere, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Stefan Uppenkamp
- Medizinische Physik, Universität Oldenburg, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Hermann Seifert
- Fachgebiet für Allgemeine Radiologie und Medizinische Physik, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Ingo Nolte
- Klinik für Kleintiere, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
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26
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Zhang Y, Liu F, Chen H, Li M, Duan X, Xie B, Chen H. Intranetwork and internetwork functional connectivity alterations in post-traumatic stress disorder. J Affect Disord 2015; 187:114-21. [PMID: 26331685 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large number of previous neuroimaging studies have explored the functional alterations of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, abnormalities in the functional architecture of resting-state networks in PTSD were rarely elucidated. METHODS This study used independent component analysis to explore the resting-state intranetwork and internetwork functional connectivity differences between 20 PTSD patients and 20 matched healthy controls (HCs). RESULTS Selective alterations of intranetwork and internetwork intrinsic functional connectivities were found in the PTSD patients. Compared with HCs, the PTSD patients exhibited significantly decreased network connectivity within the anterior default mode network, posterior default mode network (pDMN), salience network (SN), sensory-motor network, and auditory network. Furthermore, the PTSD patients exhibited increased internetwork connectivity between SN and pDMN. LIMITATIONS This study lacked recruitment of trauma-exposed HCs, which limits our ability to determine whether the alterations are caused by PTSD or trauma exposure. CONCLUSION The findings suggested that the PTSD patients exhibited abnormal functional connectivity at the brain network level. Notably, the enhanced internetwork connectivity between SN and pDMN in the PTSD patients may be associated with hyperarousal and heightened anxiety in PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youxue Zhang
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Heng Chen
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Meiling Li
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Xujun Duan
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Bing Xie
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; Department of Anatomy, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Huafu Chen
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China.
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Karten A, Hirsch J. Brief report: Anomalous neural deactivations and functional connectivity during receptive language in autism spectrum disorder: a functional MRI study. J Autism Dev Disord 2015; 45:1905-14. [PMID: 25526952 PMCID: PMC4441908 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-014-2344-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Neural mechanisms that underlie language disability in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have been associated with reduced excitatory processes observed as positive blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses. However, negative BOLD responses (NBR) associated with language and inhibitory processes have been less studied in ASD. In this study, functional magnetic resonance imaging showed that the NBR in ASD participants was reduced during passive listening to spoken narratives compared to control participants. Further, functional connectivity between the superior temporal gyrus and regions that exhibited a NBR during receptive language in control participants was increased in ASD participants. These findings extend models for receptive language disability in ASD to include anomalous neural deactivations and connectivity consistent with reduced or poorly modulated inhibitory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Karten
- Brain Function Laboratory, Departments of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Suite 902, New Haven, CT 06511 USA
- Stony Brook University School of Medicine, 101 Nicolls Rd., Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA
| | - Joy Hirsch
- Brain Function Laboratory, Departments of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Suite 902, New Haven, CT 06511 USA
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Suite 902, New Haven, CT 06511 USA
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The impact of parent-child interaction on brain structures: cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. J Neurosci 2015; 35:2233-45. [PMID: 25653378 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0598-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a vast amount of evidence from psychological studies that the amount of parent-child interaction affects the development of children's verbal skills and knowledge. However, despite the vast amount of literature, brain structural development associated with the amount of parent-child interaction has never been investigated. In the present human study, we used voxel-based morphometry to measure regional gray matter density (rGMD) and examined cross-sectional correlations between the amount of time spent with parents and rGMD among 127 boys and 135 girls. We also assessed correlations between the amount of time spent with parents and longitudinal changes that occurred a few years later among 106 boys and 102 girls. After correcting for confounding factors, we found negative effects of spending time with parents on rGMD in areas in the bilateral superior temporal gyrus (STG) via cross-sectional analyses as well as in the contingent areas of the right STG. We also confirmed positive effects of spending time with parents on the Verbal Comprehension score in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. rGMD in partly overlapping or contingent areas of the right STG was negatively correlated with age and the Verbal Comprehension score in cross-sectional analyses. Subsequent analyses revealed verbal parent-child interactions have similar effects on Verbal Comprehension scores and rGMD in the right STG in both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. These findings indicate that parent-child interactions affect the right STG, which may be associated with verbal skills.
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Borst JP, Nijboer M, Taatgen NA, van Rijn H, Anderson JR. Using data-driven model-brain mappings to constrain formal models of cognition. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119673. [PMID: 25747601 PMCID: PMC4352055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper we propose a method to create data-driven mappings from components of cognitive models to brain regions. Cognitive models are notoriously hard to evaluate, especially based on behavioral measures alone. Neuroimaging data can provide additional constraints, but this requires a mapping from model components to brain regions. Although such mappings can be based on the experience of the modeler or on a reading of the literature, a formal method is preferred to prevent researcher-based biases. In this paper we used model-based fMRI analysis to create a data-driven model-brain mapping for five modules of the ACT-R cognitive architecture. We then validated this mapping by applying it to two new datasets with associated models. The new mapping was at least as powerful as an existing mapping that was based on the literature, and indicated where the models were supported by the data and where they have to be improved. We conclude that data-driven model-brain mappings can provide strong constraints on cognitive models, and that model-based fMRI is a suitable way to create such mappings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelmer P. Borst
- Carnegie Mellon University, Dept. of Psychology, Pittsburgh, United States of America
- University of Groningen, Dept. of Artificial Intelligence, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Menno Nijboer
- University of Groningen, Dept. of Artificial Intelligence, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Niels A. Taatgen
- University of Groningen, Dept. of Artificial Intelligence, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hedderik van Rijn
- University of Groningen, Dept. of Psychology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - John R. Anderson
- Carnegie Mellon University, Dept. of Psychology, Pittsburgh, United States of America
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Yamamura KI, Takatsu Y, Miyati T, Kimura T. [Quantification and improvement of speech transmission performance using headphones in acoustic stimulated functional magnetic resonance imaging]. Nihon Hoshasen Gijutsu Gakkai Zasshi 2014; 70:1119-24. [PMID: 25327421 DOI: 10.6009/jjrt.2014_jsrt_70.10.1119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has made a major contribution to the understanding of higher brain function, but fMRI with auditory stimulation, used in the planning of brain tumor surgery, is often inaccurate because there is a risk that the sounds used in the trial may not be correctly transmitted to the subjects due to acoustic noise. This prompted us to devise a method of digitizing sound transmission ability from the accuracy rate of 67 syllables, classified into three types. We evaluated this with and without acoustic noise during imaging. We also improved the structure of the headphones and compared their sound transmission ability with that of conventional headphones attached to an MRI device (a GE Signa HDxt 3.0 T). We calculated and compared the sound transmission ability of the conventional headphones with that of the improved model. The 95 percent upper confidence limit (UCL) was used as the threshold for accuracy rate of hearing for both headphone models. There was a statistically significant difference between the conventional model and the improved model during imaging (p < 0.01). The rate of accuracy of the improved model was 16 percent higher. 29 and 22 syllables were accurate at a 95% UCL in the improved model and the conventional model, respectively. This study revealed the evaluation system used in this study to be useful for correctly identifying syllables during fMRI.
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Deschamps I, Tremblay P. Sequencing at the syllabic and supra-syllabic levels during speech perception: an fMRI study. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:492. [PMID: 25071521 PMCID: PMC4086203 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The processing of fluent speech involves complex computational steps that begin with the segmentation of the continuous flow of speech sounds into syllables and words. One question that naturally arises pertains to the type of syllabic information that speech processes act upon. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to profile regions, using a combination of whole-brain and exploratory anatomical region-of-interest (ROI) approaches, that were sensitive to syllabic information during speech perception by parametrically manipulating syllabic complexity along two dimensions: (1) individual syllable complexity, and (2) sequence complexity (supra-syllabic). We manipulated the complexity of the syllable by using the simplest syllable template—a consonant and vowel (CV)-and inserting an additional consonant to create a complex onset (CCV). The supra-syllabic complexity was manipulated by creating sequences composed of the same syllable repeated six times (e.g., /pa-pa-pa-pa-pa-pa/) and sequences of three different syllables each repeated twice (e.g., /pa-ta-ka-pa-ta-ka/). This parametrical design allowed us to identify brain regions sensitive to (1) syllabic complexity independent of supra-syllabic complexity, (2) supra-syllabic complexity independent of syllabic complexity and, (3) both syllabic and supra-syllabic complexity. High-resolution scans were acquired for 15 healthy adults. An exploratory anatomical ROI analysis of the supratemporal plane (STP) identified bilateral regions within the anterior two-third of the planum temporale, the primary auditory cortices as well as the anterior two-third of the superior temporal gyrus that showed different patterns of sensitivity to syllabic and supra-syllabic information. These findings demonstrate that during passive listening of syllable sequences, sublexical information is processed automatically, and sensitivity to syllabic and supra-syllabic information is localized almost exclusively within the STP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Deschamps
- Département de Réadaptation, Université Laval Québec City, QC, Canada ; Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Pascale Tremblay
- Département de Réadaptation, Université Laval Québec City, QC, Canada ; Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec Québec City, QC, Canada
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Xu P, Huang R, Wang J, Van Dam NT, Xie T, Dong Z, Chen C, Gu R, Zang YF, He Y, Fan J, Luo YJ. Different topological organization of human brain functional networks with eyes open versus eyes closed. Neuroimage 2014; 90:246-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Drolet M, Schubotz RI, Fischer J. Recognizing the authenticity of emotional expressions: F0 contour matters when you need to know. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:144. [PMID: 24701202 PMCID: PMC3965851 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Authenticity of vocal emotion expression affects emotion recognition and brain activity in the so-called Theory of Mind (ToM) network, which is implied in the ability to explain and predict behavior by attributing mental states to other individuals. Exploiting the variability of the fundamental frequency (F0 contour), which varies more (higher contour) in play-acted expressions than authentic ones, we examined whether contour biases explicit categorization toward a particular authenticity or emotion category. Moreover, we tested whether contour modulates blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) response in the ToM network and explored the role of task as a top-down modulator. The effects of contour on BOLD signal were analyzed by contrasting high and low contour stimuli within two previous fMRI studies that implemented emotion and authenticity rating tasks. Participants preferentially categorized higher contour stimuli as play-acted and lower contour stimuli as sad. Higher contour was found to up-regulate activation task-independently in the primary auditory cortex. Stimulus contour and task were found to interact in a network including medial prefrontal cortex, with an increase in BOLD signal for low-contour stimuli during explicit perception of authenticity and an increase for high-contour stimuli during explicit perception of emotion. Contour-induced BOLD effects appear to be purely stimulus-driven in early auditory and intonation perception, while being strongly task-dependent in regions involved in higher cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthis Drolet
- Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, German Primate Center Göttingen, Germany ; Biological Psychology, University of Münster Münster, Germany
| | - Ricarda I Schubotz
- Biological Psychology, University of Münster Münster, Germany ; Minerva Group Motor Cognition, Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research Köln, Germany
| | - Julia Fischer
- Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, German Primate Center Göttingen, Germany
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Young KD, Bellgowan PSF, Bodurka J, Drevets WC. Functional neuroimaging of sex differences in autobiographical memory recall. Hum Brain Mapp 2013; 34:3320-32. [PMID: 22807028 PMCID: PMC6870339 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Autobiographical memory (AM) is episodic memory for personally experienced events. The brain areas underlying AM retrieval are known to include several prefrontal cortical and medial temporal lobe regions. Sex differences in AM recall have been reported in several behavioral studies, but the functional anatomical correlates underlying such differences remain unclear. This study used fMRI to compare the neural correlates of AM recall between healthy male and female participants (n = 20 per group). AM recall in response to positive, negative, and neutral cue words was compared to a semantic memory task involving the generation of examples from a category using emotionally valenced cues. Behaviorally, females recalled more negative and fewer positive AMs compared with males, while ratings of arousal, vividness, and memory age did not differ significantly between sexes. Males and females also did not differ significantly in their performance on control tasks. Neurophysiologically, females showed increased hemodynamic activity compared to males in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), dorsal anterior insula, and precuneus while recalling specific AMs (all valences combined); increased activity in the DLPFC, transverse temporal gyrus, and precuneus while recalling positive AMs; and increased activity in the anterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, amygdala, and temporopolar cortex when recalling negative AMs. When comparing positive to negative AMs directly, males and females differed in their BOLD responses in the hippocampus and DLPFC. We propose that the differential hemodynamic changes may reflect sex-specific cognitive strategies during recall of AMs irrespective of the phenomenological properties of those memories.
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Barbey AK, Colom R, Grafman J. Neural mechanisms of discourse comprehension: a human lesion study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 137:277-87. [PMID: 24293267 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Discourse comprehension is a hallmark of human social behaviour and refers to the act of interpreting a written or spoken message by constructing mental representations that integrate incoming language with prior knowledge and experience. Here, we report a human lesion study (n = 145) that investigates the neural mechanisms underlying discourse comprehension (measured by the Discourse Comprehension Test) and systematically examine its relation to a broad range of psychological factors, including psychometric intelligence (measured by the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale), emotional intelligence (measured by the Mayer, Salovey, Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test), and personality traits (measured by the Neuroticism-Extraversion-Openness Personality Inventory). Scores obtained from these factors were submitted to voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping to elucidate their neural substrates. Stepwise regression analyses revealed that working memory and extraversion reliably predict individual differences in discourse comprehension: higher working memory scores and lower extraversion levels predict better discourse comprehension performance. Lesion mapping results indicated that these convergent variables depend on a shared network of frontal and parietal regions, including white matter association tracts that bind these areas into a coordinated system. The observed findings motivate an integrative framework for understanding the neural foundations of discourse comprehension, suggesting that core elements of discourse processing emerge from a distributed network of brain regions that support specific competencies for executive and social function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron K Barbey
- 1 Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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36
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Bach JP, Lüpke M, Dziallas P, Wefstaedt P, Uppenkamp S, Seifert H, Nolte I. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of the ascending stages of the auditory system in dogs. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:210. [PMID: 24131784 PMCID: PMC3854503 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a technique able to localize neural activity in the brain by detecting associated changes in blood flow. It is an essential tool for studying human functional neuroanatomy including the auditory system. There are only a few studies, however, using fMRI to study canine brain functions. In the current study ten anesthetized dogs were scanned during auditory stimulation. Two functional sequences, each in combination with a suitable stimulation paradigm, were used in each subject. Sequence 1 provided periods of silence during which acoustic stimuli could be presented unmasked by scanner noise (sparse temporal sampling) whereas in sequence 2 the scanner noise was present throughout the entire session (continuous imaging). The results obtained with the two different functional sequences were compared. Results This study shows that with the proper experimental setup it is possible to detect neural activity in the auditory system of dogs. In contrast to human fMRI studies the strongest activity was found in the subcortical parts of the auditory pathways. Especially sequence 1 showed a high reliability in detecting activated voxels in brain regions associated with the auditory system. Conclusion These results indicate that fMRI is applicable for studying the canine auditory system and could become an additional method for the clinical evaluation of the auditory function of dogs. Additionally, fMRI is an interesting technique for future studies concerned with canine functional neuroanatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthias Lüpke
- Institute for General Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Germany.
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Edwards E, Chang EF. Syllabic (∼2-5 Hz) and fluctuation (∼1-10 Hz) ranges in speech and auditory processing. Hear Res 2013; 305:113-34. [PMID: 24035819 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2013.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Given recent interest in syllabic rates (∼2-5 Hz) for speech processing, we review the perception of "fluctuation" range (∼1-10 Hz) modulations during listening to speech and technical auditory stimuli (AM and FM tones and noises, and ripple sounds). We find evidence that the temporal modulation transfer function (TMTF) of human auditory perception is not simply low-pass in nature, but rather exhibits a peak in sensitivity in the syllabic range (∼2-5 Hz). We also address human and animal neurophysiological evidence, and argue that this bandpass tuning arises at the thalamocortical level and is more associated with non-primary regions than primary regions of cortex. The bandpass rather than low-pass TMTF has implications for modeling auditory central physiology and speech processing: this implicates temporal contrast rather than simple temporal integration, with contrast enhancement for dynamic stimuli in the fluctuation range. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Communication Sounds and the Brain: New Directions and Perspectives".
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Edwards
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UC San Francisco, USA.
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38
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Gómez F, Phillips C, Soddu A, Boly M, Boveroux P, Vanhaudenhuyse A, Bruno MA, Gosseries O, Bonhomme V, Laureys S, Noirhomme Q. Changes in effective connectivity by propofol sedation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71370. [PMID: 23977030 PMCID: PMC3747149 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of propofol-induced loss of consciousness remain poorly understood. Recent fMRI studies have shown decreases in functional connectivity during unconsciousness induced by this anesthetic agent. Functional connectivity does not provide information of directional changes in the dynamics observed during unconsciousness. The aim of the present study was to investigate, in healthy humans during an auditory task, the changes in effective connectivity resulting from propofol induced loss of consciousness. We used Dynamic Causal Modeling for fMRI (fMRI-DCM) to assess how causal connectivity is influenced by the anesthetic agent in the auditory system. Our results suggest that the dynamic observed in the auditory system during unconsciousness induced by propofol, can result in a mixture of two effects: a local inhibitory connectivity increase and a decrease in the effective connectivity in sensory cortices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Gómez
- Coma Science Group, Cyclotron Research Centre and Neurology Department, University and University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Christophe Phillips
- Cyclotron Research Centre, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Andrea Soddu
- Coma Science Group, Cyclotron Research Centre and Neurology Department, University and University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Melanie Boly
- Coma Science Group, Cyclotron Research Centre and Neurology Department, University and University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Pierre Boveroux
- Coma Science Group, Cyclotron Research Centre and Neurology Department, University and University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Audrey Vanhaudenhuyse
- Coma Science Group, Cyclotron Research Centre and Neurology Department, University and University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Marie-Aurélie Bruno
- Coma Science Group, Cyclotron Research Centre and Neurology Department, University and University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Olivia Gosseries
- Coma Science Group, Cyclotron Research Centre and Neurology Department, University and University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Vincent Bonhomme
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Steven Laureys
- Coma Science Group, Cyclotron Research Centre and Neurology Department, University and University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Quentin Noirhomme
- Coma Science Group, Cyclotron Research Centre and Neurology Department, University and University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Obsessive-compulsive symptoms and related sex differences in brain structure: an MRI study in Dutch twins. Twin Res Hum Genet 2013; 16:516-24. [PMID: 23527678 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2013.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies have indicated abnormalities in cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuits in obsessive-compulsive disorder patients, but results have not been consistent. Since there are significant sex differences in human brain anatomy and obsessive-compulsive symptomatology and its developmental trajectories tend to be distinct in males and females, we investigated whether sex is a potential source of heterogeneity in neuroimaging studies on obsessive-compulsive symptoms. We selected male and female twin pairs who were concordant for scoring either high or low for obsessive-compulsive symptoms and a group of discordant pairs where one twin scored high and the co-twin scored low. The design included 24 opposite-sex twin pairs. Magnetic resonance imaging scans of 31 males scoring high for obsessive-compulsive symptoms, 41 low-scoring males, 58 high-scoring females, and 73 low-scoring females were analyzed and the interaction of obsessive-compulsive symptoms by sex on gray matter volume was assessed using voxel-based morphometry. An obsessive-compulsive symptom by sex interaction was observed for the left middle temporal gyrus, the right middle temporal gyrus, and the right precuneus. These interactions acted to reduce or hide a main effect in our study and illustrate the importance of taking sex into account when investigating the neurobiology of obsessive-compulsive symptoms.
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40
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Simard F, Monetta L, Nagano-Saito A, Monchi O. A new lexical card-sorting task for studying fronto-striatal contribution to processing language rules. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2013; 125:295-306. [PMID: 21925720 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The role of fronto-striatal regions in processing different language rules such as semantic and (grapho) phonological ones is still under debate. We have recently developed a lexical analog of the Wisconsin card sorting task which measures set-shifting abilities where the visual rules color, number, shape were replaced by three language ones: semantic, rhyme and syllable onset (attack). In the present study we aimed to compare fronto-striatal activations between the different lexical rules that are required for matching the test words to the response ones. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), fourteen healthy, native French-speaking participants were scanned. The results showed that some regions within the brain language network are differentially involved in semantic and phonological processes. Semantic decisions activated significantly the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the fusiform gyrus, the ventral temporal lobe and the caudate nucleus, while phonological decisions produced significant activation in posterior Broca's area (area 44), the temporoparietal junction and motor cortical regions. These findings provide critical support for the existence of a ventral subcortical semantic pathway and a more dorsal phonological stream as proposed by Duffau, Leroy, and Gatignol (2008). Furthermore, we propose that the strong involvement of area 47/12 of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and caudate nucleus observed in semantic processing, is not specific to language, but to the fact that a category or a rule has to be retrieved amongst competing ones in memory, similarly to what is observed when planning a set-shift in the original (non-lexical) version of the Wisconsin card sorting task.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Simard
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Canada
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41
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Stoppelman N, Harpaz T, Ben-Shachar M. Do not throw out the baby with the bath water: choosing an effective baseline for a functional localizer of speech processing. Brain Behav 2013; 3:211-22. [PMID: 23785653 PMCID: PMC3683281 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Speech processing engages multiple cortical regions in the temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes. Isolating speech-sensitive cortex in individual participants is of major clinical and scientific importance. This task is complicated by the fact that responses to sensory and linguistic aspects of speech are tightly packed within the posterior superior temporal cortex. In functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), various baseline conditions are typically used in order to isolate speech-specific from basic auditory responses. Using a short, continuous sampling paradigm, we show that reversed ("backward") speech, a commonly used auditory baseline for speech processing, removes much of the speech responses in frontal and temporal language regions of adult individuals. On the other hand, signal correlated noise (SCN) serves as an effective baseline for removing primary auditory responses while maintaining strong signals in the same language regions. We show that the response to reversed speech in left inferior frontal gyrus decays significantly faster than the response to speech, thus suggesting that this response reflects bottom-up activation of speech analysis followed up by top-down attenuation once the signal is classified as nonspeech. The results overall favor SCN as an auditory baseline for speech processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadav Stoppelman
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University Ramat Gan, Israel
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42
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Using model-based functional MRI to locate working memory updates and declarative memory retrievals in the fronto-parietal network. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:1628-33. [PMID: 23319628 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1221572110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we used model-based functional MRI (fMRI) to locate two functions of the fronto-parietal network: declarative memory retrievals and updating of working memory. Because regions in the fronto-parietal network are by definition coherently active, locating functions within this network is difficult. To overcome this problem, we applied model-based fMRI, an analysis method that uses predictions of a computational model to inform the analysis. We applied model-based fMRI to five previously published datasets with associated computational cognitive models, and subsequently integrated the results in a meta-analysis. The meta-analysis showed that declarative memory retrievals correlated with activity in the inferior frontal gyrus and the anterior cingulate, whereas updating of working memory corresponded to activation in the inferior parietal lobule, as well as to activation around the inferior frontal gyrus and the anterior cingulate.
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43
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Wessinger CM, Buonocore MH, Kussmaul CL, Mangun GR. Tonotopy in human auditory cortex examined with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Hum Brain Mapp 2012; 5:18-25. [PMID: 20408207 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0193(1997)5:1<18::aid-hbm3>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tonotopic organization within the human auditory cortex was investigated with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) using the blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) contrast mechanism. Single-frequency pulsed tones were alternated with no-tone conditions to elicit stimulus-specific functional activity. Differential frequency-specific activity was imaged within the auditory cortex Activations for high-frequency tones were located more posteriorly and medially than those for low-frequency tones. Such a pattern is consistent with descriptions of tonotopic organization suggested by other nonneuroimaging methodologies used with human and nonhuman primates. Furthermore, these results demonstrate that fMRI can be used to reliably investigate functional organization of the human auditory cortex. Hum. Brain Mapping 4:18-25, 1997. (c) 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Wessinger
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, California, 95616
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44
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Price CJ. A review and synthesis of the first 20 years of PET and fMRI studies of heard speech, spoken language and reading. Neuroimage 2012; 62:816-47. [PMID: 22584224 PMCID: PMC3398395 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1257] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The anatomy of language has been investigated with PET or fMRI for more than 20 years. Here I attempt to provide an overview of the brain areas associated with heard speech, speech production and reading. The conclusions of many hundreds of studies were considered, grouped according to the type of processing, and reported in the order that they were published. Many findings have been replicated time and time again leading to some consistent and undisputable conclusions. These are summarised in an anatomical model that indicates the location of the language areas and the most consistent functions that have been assigned to them. The implications for cognitive models of language processing are also considered. In particular, a distinction can be made between processes that are localized to specific structures (e.g. sensory and motor processing) and processes where specialisation arises in the distributed pattern of activation over many different areas that each participate in multiple functions. For example, phonological processing of heard speech is supported by the functional integration of auditory processing and articulation; and orthographic processing is supported by the functional integration of visual processing, articulation and semantics. Future studies will undoubtedly be able to improve the spatial precision with which functional regions can be dissociated but the greatest challenge will be to understand how different brain regions interact with one another in their attempts to comprehend and produce language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy J Price
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, UCL, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
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da Silva Gonçalves JB, de Almeida CIR, Sens PM, de Souza MMN. Dichotic listening test in patients with chronic cerebellar disease. Am J Otolaryngol 2012; 33:326-31. [PMID: 22133971 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to identify alterations in the auditory processing of patients with chronic cerebellar disease using a dichotic listening test with alternating dissyllables, also known as the Staggered Spondaic Word (SSW) test. MATERIALS AND METHODS A study involving a control group of 20 subjects and a study group of 18 patients with chronic cerebellar disease of both sexes aged between 9 and 56 years was performed. The SSW test was conducted in accordance with strict standard protocols along with the analysis procedures. RESULTS Findings revealed a statistically significant difference in the quantitative alterations on the SSW test in the study group compared with the control group (P < .001). Results of the qualitative evaluation showed no statistically significant differences between the study and control groups for order or auditory effects. However, a statistically significant difference for presence of inversions was identified, with the worse result in the study group. CONCLUSION The present study identified quantitative and qualitative changes in auditory processing for decodifying, gradual memory loss, and organization modes on the dichotic listening test with alternating dissyllables (SSW) in individuals with chronic cerebellar disease.
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Sharda M, Singh NC. Auditory perception of natural sound categories--an fMRI study. Neuroscience 2012; 214:49-58. [PMID: 22522473 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite an extremely rich and complex auditory environment, human beings categorize sounds effortlessly. While it is now well-known that this ability is a result of complex interaction of bottom-up processing of low-level acoustic features and top-down influences like evolutionary relevance, it is yet unclear how these processes drive categorization. The objective of the current study was to use functional neuroimaging to investigate the contribution of these two processes for category selectivity in the cortex. We used a set of ecologically valid sounds that belonged to three different categories: animal vocalizations, environmental sounds and human non-speech sounds, all matched on acoustic structure attributes like harmonic-to-noise ratio to minimize differences in bottom-up processing as well as matched for familiarity to rule out other top-down influences. Participants performed a loudness judgment task in the scanner and data were acquired using a sparse-temporal sampling paradigm. Our functional imaging results show that there is category selectivity in the cortex only for species-specific vocalizations and this is revealed in six clusters in the right and left STG/STS. Category selectivity was not observed for any other category of sounds. Our findings suggest a potential role of evolutionary relevance for cortical processing of sounds. While this seems to be an appealing proposition, further studies are required to explore the role of top-down mechanisms arising from such features to drive category selectivity in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sharda
- National Brain Research Centre, NH-8, Nainwal Mode, Manesar, Gurgaon, India
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BOLD fMRI investigation of the rat auditory pathway and tonotopic organization. Neuroimage 2012; 60:1205-11. [PMID: 22297205 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.01.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodents share general anatomical, physiological and behavioral features in the central auditory system with humans. In this study, monaural broadband noise and pure tone sounds are presented to normal rats and the resulting hemodynamic responses are measured with blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI using a standard spin-echo echo planar imaging sequence (without sparse temporal sampling). The cochlear nucleus (CN), superior olivary complex, lateral lemniscus, inferior colliculus (IC), medial geniculate body and primary auditory cortex, all major auditory structures, are activated by broadband stimulation. The CN and IC BOLD signal changes increase monotonically with sound pressure level. Pure tone stimulation with three distinct frequencies (7, 20 and 40 kHz) reveals the tonotopic organization of the IC. The activated regions shift from dorsolateral to ventromedial IC with increasing frequency. These results agree with electrophysiology and immunohistochemistry findings, indicating the feasibility of auditory fMRI in rats. This is the first fMRI study of the rodent ascending auditory pathway.
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Gaillard WD, Berl MM. Functional magnetic resonance imaging: functional mapping. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2012; 107:387-398. [PMID: 22938984 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52898-8.00024-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William D Gaillard
- Center for Neuroscience, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA. wgaillar@childrensnational .org
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Westerberg CE, Voss JL, Reber PJ, Paller KA. Medial temporal contributions to successful face-name learning. Hum Brain Mapp 2011; 33:1717-26. [PMID: 21692147 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain mechanisms that enable us to form durable associations between different types of information are not completely understood. Although the hippocampus is widely thought to play a substantial role in forming associations, the role of surrounding cortical regions in the medial temporal lobe, including perirhinal and parahippocampal cortex, is controversial. Using anatomically constrained functional magnetic resonance imaging, we assessed medial temporal contributions to learning arbitrary associations between faces and names. By sorting learning trials based on subsequent performance in associative and item-specific memory tests, we characterized brain activity associated with successful face-name associative learning. We found that right hippocampal activity was greater when corresponding face-name associations were subsequently remembered than when only a face or a name, but not both, were remembered, or when single-item information or associative information was not remembered. Neither perirhinal nor parahippocampal cortex encoding activity differed across these same conditions. Furthermore, right hippocampal activity during successful face-name association learning was strongly correlated with activity in cortical regions involved in multimodal integration, supporting the idea that interactions between the hippocampus and neocortex contribute to associative memory. These results specifically implicate the hippocampus in associative memory formation, in keeping with theoretical formulations in which contributions to across-domain binding differ among brain structures in the medial temporal region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen E Westerberg
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.
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Leuthardt EC, Gaona C, Sharma M, Szrama N, Roland J, Freudenberg Z, Solis J, Breshears J, Schalk G. Using the electrocorticographic speech network to control a brain-computer interface in humans. J Neural Eng 2011; 8:036004. [PMID: 21471638 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/8/3/036004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Electrocorticography (ECoG) has emerged as a new signal platform for brain-computer interface (BCI) systems. Classically, the cortical physiology that has been commonly investigated and utilized for device control in humans has been brain signals from the sensorimotor cortex. Hence, it was unknown whether other neurophysiological substrates, such as the speech network, could be used to further improve on or complement existing motor-based control paradigms. We demonstrate here for the first time that ECoG signals associated with different overt and imagined phoneme articulation can enable invasively monitored human patients to control a one-dimensional computer cursor rapidly and accurately. This phonetic content was distinguishable within higher gamma frequency oscillations and enabled users to achieve final target accuracies between 68% and 91% within 15 min. Additionally, one of the patients achieved robust control using recordings from a microarray consisting of 1 mm spaced microwires. These findings suggest that the cortical network associated with speech could provide an additional cognitive and physiologic substrate for BCI operation and that these signals can be acquired from a cortical array that is small and minimally invasive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Leuthardt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 8057, 660 South Euclid, St Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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