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Dong W, Liu S, Li S, Wang Z. Cell reprogramming therapy for Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2444-2455. [PMID: 38526281 PMCID: PMC11090434 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.390965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is typically characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Many studies have been performed based on the supplementation of lost dopaminergic neurons to treat Parkinson's disease. The initial strategy for cell replacement therapy used human fetal ventral midbrain and human embryonic stem cells to treat Parkinson's disease, which could substantially alleviate the symptoms of Parkinson's disease in clinical practice. However, ethical issues and tumor formation were limitations of its clinical application. Induced pluripotent stem cells can be acquired without sacrificing human embryos, which eliminates the huge ethical barriers of human stem cell therapy. Another widely considered neuronal regeneration strategy is to directly reprogram fibroblasts and astrocytes into neurons, without the need for intermediate proliferation states, thus avoiding issues of immune rejection and tumor formation. Both induced pluripotent stem cells and direct reprogramming of lineage cells have shown promising results in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. However, there are also ethical concerns and the risk of tumor formation that need to be addressed. This review highlights the current application status of cell reprogramming in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, focusing on the use of induced pluripotent stem cells in cell replacement therapy, including preclinical animal models and progress in clinical research. The review also discusses the advancements in direct reprogramming of lineage cells in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, as well as the controversy surrounding in vivo reprogramming. These findings suggest that cell reprogramming may hold great promise as a potential strategy for treating Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Shuyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Shangang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Zhengbo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
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Park TY, Jeon J, Cha Y, Kim KS. Past, present, and future of cell replacement therapy for parkinson's disease: a novel emphasis on host immune responses. Cell Res 2024:10.1038/s41422-024-00971-y. [PMID: 38777859 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-024-00971-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) stands as the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease, and its prevalence continues to rise with the aging global population. Central to the pathophysiology of PD is the specific degeneration of midbrain dopamine neurons (mDANs) in the substantia nigra. Consequently, cell replacement therapy (CRT) has emerged as a promising treatment approach, initially supported by various open-label clinical studies employing fetal ventral mesencephalic (fVM) cells. Despite the initial favorable results, fVM cell therapy has intrinsic and logistical limitations that hinder its transition to a standard treatment for PD. Recent efforts in the field of cell therapy have shifted its focus towards the utilization of human pluripotent stem cells, including human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, to surmount existing challenges. However, regardless of the transplantable cell sources (e.g., xenogeneic, allogeneic, or autologous), the poor and variable survival of implanted dopamine cells remains a major obstacle. Emerging evidence highlights the pivotal role of host immune responses following transplantation in influencing the survival of implanted mDANs, underscoring an important area for further research. In this comprehensive review, building upon insights derived from previous fVM transplantation studies, we delve into the functional ramifications of host immune responses on the survival and efficacy of grafted dopamine cells. Furthermore, we explore potential strategic approaches to modulate the host immune response, ultimately aiming for optimal outcomes in future clinical applications of CRT for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Yoon Park
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Jeha Jeon
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Young Cha
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Kwang-Soo Kim
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA.
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA.
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Maheshwari S, Akram H, Bulstrode H, Kalia SK, Morizane A, Takahashi J, Natalwala A. Dopaminergic Cell Replacement for Parkinson's Disease: Addressing the Intracranial Delivery Hurdle. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2024; 14:415-435. [PMID: 38457149 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-230328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an increasingly prevalent neurological disorder, affecting more than 8.5 million individuals worldwide. α-Synucleinopathy in PD is considered to cause dopaminergic neuronal loss in the substantia nigra, resulting in characteristic motor dysfunction that is the target for current medical and surgical therapies. Standard treatment for PD has remained unchanged for several decades and does not alter disease progression. Furthermore, symptomatic therapies for PD are limited by issues surrounding long-term efficacy and side effects. Cell replacement therapy (CRT) presents an alternative approach that has the potential to restore striatal dopaminergic input and ameliorate debilitating motor symptoms in PD. Despite promising pre-clinical data, CRT has demonstrated mixed success clinically. Recent advances in graft biology have renewed interest in the field, resulting in several worldwide ongoing clinical trials. However, factors surrounding the effective neurosurgical delivery of cell grafts have remained under-studied, despite their significant potential to influence therapeutic outcomes. Here, we focus on the key neurosurgical factors to consider for the clinical translation of CRT. We review the instruments that have been used for cell graft delivery, highlighting current features and limitations, while discussing how future devices could address these challenges. Finally, we review other novel developments that may enhance graft accessibility, delivery, and efficacy. Challenges surrounding neurosurgical delivery may critically contribute to the success of CRT, so it is crucial that we address these issues to ensure that CRT does not falter at the final hurdle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Maheshwari
- The Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, UK
| | - Harith Akram
- Unit of Functional Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Harry Bulstrode
- Wellcome MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Academic Neurosurgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Suneil K Kalia
- Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Asuka Morizane
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Clinical Research and Innovation, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Jun Takahashi
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ammar Natalwala
- Unit of Functional Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
- Department for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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Harary PM, Jgamadze D, Kim J, Wolf JA, Song H, Ming GL, Cullen DK, Chen HI. Cell Replacement Therapy for Brain Repair: Recent Progress and Remaining Challenges for Treating Parkinson's Disease and Cortical Injury. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1654. [PMID: 38137103 PMCID: PMC10741697 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13121654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural transplantation represents a promising approach to repairing damaged brain circuitry. Cellular grafts have been shown to promote functional recovery through "bystander effects" and other indirect mechanisms. However, extensive brain lesions may require direct neuronal replacement to achieve meaningful restoration of function. While fetal cortical grafts have been shown to integrate with the host brain and appear to develop appropriate functional attributes, the significant ethical concerns and limited availability of this tissue severely hamper clinical translation. Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cells and tissues represent a more readily scalable alternative. Significant progress has recently been made in developing protocols for generating a wide range of neural cell types in vitro. Here, we discuss recent progress in neural transplantation approaches for two conditions with distinct design needs: Parkinson's disease and cortical injury. We discuss the current status and future application of injections of dopaminergic cells for the treatment of Parkinson's disease as well as the use of structured grafts such as brain organoids for cortical repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Harary
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (P.M.H.)
| | - Dennis Jgamadze
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (P.M.H.)
| | - Jaeha Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (P.M.H.)
| | - John A. Wolf
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (P.M.H.)
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- The Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Guo-li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - D. Kacy Cullen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (P.M.H.)
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - H. Isaac Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (P.M.H.)
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Wang F, Sun Z, Peng D, Gianchandani S, Le W, Boltze J, Li S. Cell-therapy for Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Transl Med 2023; 21:601. [PMID: 37679754 PMCID: PMC10483810 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04484-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell-based strategies focusing on replacement or protection of dopaminergic neurons have been considered as a potential approach to treat Parkinson's disease (PD) for decades. However, despite promising preclinical results, clinical trials on cell-therapy for PD reported mixed outcomes and a thorough synthesis of these findings is lacking. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate cell-therapy for PD patients. METHODS We systematically identified all clinical trials investigating cell- or tissue-based therapies for PD published before July 2023. Out of those, studies reporting transplantation of homogenous cells (containing one cell type) were included in meta-analysis. The mean difference or standardized mean difference in quantitative neurological scale scores before and after cell-therapy was analyzed to evaluate treatment effects. RESULTS The systematic literature search revealed 106 articles. Eleven studies reporting data from 11 independent trials (210 patients) were eligible for meta-analysis. Disease severity and motor function evaluation indicated beneficial effects of homogenous cell-therapy in the 'off' state at 3-, 6-, 12-, or 24-month follow-ups, and for motor function even after 36 months. Most of the patients were levodopa responders (61.6-100% in different follow-ups). Cell-therapy was also effective in improving the daily living activities in the 'off' state of PD patients. Cells from diverse sources were used and multiple transplantation modes were applied. Autografts did not improve functional outcomes, while allografts exhibited beneficial effects. Encouragingly, both transplantation into basal ganglia and to areas outside the basal ganglia were effective to reduce disease severity. Some trials reported adverse events potentially related to the surgical procedure. One confirmed and four possible cases of graft-induced dyskinesia were reported in two trials included in this meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis provides preliminary evidence for the beneficial effects of homogenous cell-therapy for PD, potentially to the levodopa responders. Allogeneic cells were superior to autologous cells, and the effective transplantation sites are not limited to the basal ganglia. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42022369760.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Central Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Zhengwu Sun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Central Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Daoyong Peng
- Department of Neurology, Central Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Shikha Gianchandani
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Weidong Le
- Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Johannes Boltze
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Shen Li
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Tieyi Road, Beijing, 100038, China.
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Skidmore S, Barker RA. Challenges in the clinical advancement of cell therapies for Parkinson's disease. Nat Biomed Eng 2023; 7:370-386. [PMID: 36635420 PMCID: PMC7615223 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-022-00987-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cell therapies as potential treatments for Parkinson's disease first gained traction in the 1980s, owing to the clinical success of trials that used transplants of foetal midbrain dopaminergic tissue. However, the poor standardization of the tissue for grafting, and constraints on its availability and ethical use, have hindered this treatment strategy. Recent advances in stem-cell technologies and in the understanding of the development of dopaminergic neurons have enabled preclinical advancements of promising stem-cell therapies. To move these therapies to the clinic, appropriate levels of safety screening, as well as optimization of the cell products and the scalability of their manufacturing, will be required. In this Review, we discuss how challenges pertaining to cell sources, functional and safety testing, manufacturing and storage, and clinical-trial design are being addressed to advance the translational and clinical development of cell therapies for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Skidmore
- Wellcome and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Roger A Barker
- Wellcome and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, For vie Site, Cambridge, UK.
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Barker RA, Björklund A. Restorative cell and gene therapies for Parkinson's disease. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 193:211-226. [PMID: 36803812 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-85555-6.00012-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
One of the core pathological features of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the loss of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway which lies at the heart of many of the motor features of this condition as well as some of the cognitive problems. The importance of this pathological event is evident through the clinical benefits that are seen when patients with PD are treated with dopaminergic agents, at least in early-stage disease. However, these agents create problems of their own through stimulation of more intact dopaminergic networks within the central nervous system causing major neuropsychiatric problems including dopamine dysregulation. In addition, over time the nonphysiological stimulation of striatal dopamine receptors by l-dopa containing drugs leads to the genesis of l-dopa-induced dyskinesias that can become very disabling in many cases. As such, there has been much interest in trying to better reconstitute the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway using either factors to regrow it, cells to replace it, or gene therapies to restore dopamine transmission in the striatum. In this chapter, we lay out the rationale, history and current status of these different therapies as well as highlighting where the field is heading and what new interventions might come to clinic in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger A Barker
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Anders Björklund
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Xue J, Wu Y, Bao Y, Zhao M, Li F, Sun J, Sun Y, Wang J, Chen L, Mao Y, Schweitzer JS, Song B. Clinical considerations in Parkinson's disease cell therapy. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 83:101792. [PMID: 36402405 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell replacement therapy is an area of increasing interest for treating Parkinson's disease (PD). However, to become a clinically practical option for PD patients, it must first overcome significant barriers, including establishment of safe and standardized surgical procedures, determination of appropriate perioperative medication regimens, demonstration of long-term graft survival and incorporation, and standardized, clinically meaningful follow-up measures. In this review, we will describe the current status of cell therapy for PD with special attention to these critical requirements, to define guideposts on the road to bring the benefit of this therapy to the Parkinson's clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yifan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yuting Bao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Minglai Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Fangzhou Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yimin Sun
- Institute of Neurology, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Neurology, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Ying Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai 200040, China.
| | - Jeffrey S Schweitzer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Bin Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Better Outcomes with Intranigral versus Intrastriatal Cell Transplantation: Relevance for Parkinson’s Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071191. [PMID: 35406755 PMCID: PMC8997951 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrastriatal embryonic ventral mesencephalon grafts have been shown to integrate, survive, and reinnervate the host striatum in clinical settings and in animal models of Parkinson’s disease. However, this ectopic location does not restore the physiological loops of the nigrostriatal pathway and promotes only moderate behavioral benefits. Here, we performed a direct comparison of the potential benefits of intranigral versus intrastriatal grafts in animal models of Parkinson’s disease. We report that intranigral grafts promoted better survival of dopaminergic neurons and that only intranigral grafts induced recovery of fine motor skills and normalized cortico-striatal responses. The increase in the number of toxic activated glial cells in host tissue surrounding the intrastriatal graft, as well as within the graft, may be one of the causes of the increased cell death observed in the intrastriatal graft. Homotopic localization of the graft and the subsequent physiological cell rewiring of the basal ganglia may be a key factor in successful and beneficial cell transplantation procedures.
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Shankar J, K.M G, Wilson B. Potential applications of nanomedicine for treating Parkinson's disease. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Müller T. View Point: Disease Modification and Cell Secretome Based Approaches in Parkinson's Disease: Are We on the Right Track? Biologics 2021; 15:307-316. [PMID: 34349499 PMCID: PMC8328382 DOI: 10.2147/btt.s267281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The term idiopathic Parkinson's disease describes an entity of various not well-characterized disorders resembling each other. They are characterized by chronic neuronal dying originating from various disease mechanisms. They result in the onset of motor and related non-motor features, both of which respond to administration of personalized drug combinations and surgical therapies. The unmet need is beneficial disease course modification with repair and neurogenesis. Objectives are to discuss the value of cell secretome based treatments including neuronal graft transplantation and to suggest as an alternative the stimulation of an endogenous available approach for neuronal repair. Chronic neurodegenerative processes result from different heterogeneous, but complementing metabolic, pathological cascade sequences. Accumulated evidence from experimental research suggested neuron transplantation, stem cell application and cell secretome-based therapies as a promising future treatment with cure as an ultimate goal. To date, clinical testing of disease-modifying treatments has focused on substitution or repair of the remaining dopamine synthesizing neurons following diagnosis. At diagnosis, many of the still surviving and functioning, but already affected neurons have lost most of their axons and are primed for cell death. A more promising therapeutic concept may be the stimulation of an existing, endogenous repair system in the peripheral and central nervous systems. The abundant protein repulsive guidance molecule A blocks restoration and neurogenesis, both of which are mediated via the neogenin receptor. Inhibition of the physiological effects of repulsive guidance molecule A is an endogenous available repair pathway in chronic neurodegeneration. Antagonism of this protein with antibodies or stimulation of the neogenin receptor should be considered as an initial repair step. It is an alternative to cell replacement, stem cell or associated cell secretome concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Müller
- Department of Neurology, St. Joseph Hospital Berlin-Weissensee, Berlin, 13088, Germany
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12
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Li JY, Li W. Postmortem Studies of Fetal Grafts in Parkinson's Disease: What Lessons Have We Learned? Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:666675. [PMID: 34055800 PMCID: PMC8155361 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.666675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural transplantation is a potential therapeutic method for Parkinson’s disease (PD). Fetal dopaminergic (DA) neurons have been important transplantation cell sources in the history of replacement therapy for PD. Several decades of preclinical animal experiments and clinical trials using fetal DA neuron transplantation in PD therapy have shown not only promising results but also problems. In order to reveal possible factors influencing the clinical outcomes, we reviewed fetal DA neuron transplantation therapies from 1970s to present, with a special focus on postmortem studies. Firstly, we gave a general description of the clinical outcomes and neuroanatomy of grafted cases; secondly, we summarized the main available postmortem studies, including the cell survival, reinnervation, and pathology development. In the end, we further discussed the link between function and structure of the grafts, seeking for the possible factors contributing to a functional graft. With our review, we hope to provide references for future transplantation trials from a histological point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yi Li
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Repair, Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Centre, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Wen Li
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Repair, Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Centre, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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13
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Persistent dyskinesias in patients with fetal tissue transplantation for Parkinson disease. NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 7:38. [PMID: 33893319 PMCID: PMC8065148 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-021-00183-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cell transplants are being developed for patients with Parkinson disease (PD) who have insufficient benefit with standard medical treatment. We describe the clinical features of five patients who developed persistent dyskinesias after fetal dopaminergic tissue transplantation. All had levodopa-induced dyskinesias preoperatively. We implanted fetal mesencephalic dopaminergic tissue into the putamina bilaterally in 34 patients with advanced PD. They were not immunosuppressed. Five of 34 patients (15%) developed troublesome choreic or dystonic dyskinesias that persisted despite lowering or discontinuing medications. Attempts to treat the involuntary movements with amantadine, clozapine, anticholinergics, dopamine depletors and other medicines had limited success. Metyrosine eliminated dyskinesias but led to the parkinsonian “off” state. Increasing the dose of levodopa worsened the dyskinesias. Three patients required placement of pallidal stimulators, bilaterally in two and unilaterally in one patient who had only contralateral dyskinesias. The two with the bilateral stimulators had improvement in dyskinesias. The patient with the unilateral pallidal stimulator had a substantial reduction of the dyskinesias, but attempts to treat residual “off” symptoms with levodopa were limited by worsening dyskinesias. Although the number of patients developing these persistent dyskinesias was small, these five patients had dramatic improvement after transplant. As a group, they had milder Parkinson signs at baseline and improved to the point of having minimal parkinsonism, with reduction or elimination of levodopa therapy prior to developing persistent dyskinesias. These involuntary movements establish the principle that fetal dopaminergic tissue transplants can mimic the effects of levodopa, not only in reducing bradykinesia, but also in provoking dyskinesias.
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14
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Ntetsika T, Papathoma PE, Markaki I. Novel targeted therapies for Parkinson's disease. Mol Med 2021; 27:17. [PMID: 33632120 PMCID: PMC7905684 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-021-00279-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second more common neurodegenerative disease with increasing incidence worldwide associated to the population ageing. Despite increasing awareness and significant research advancements, treatment options comprise dopamine repleting, symptomatic therapies that have significantly increased quality of life and life expectancy, but no therapies that halt or reverse disease progression, which remain a great, unmet goal in PD research. Large biomarker development programs are undertaken to identify disease signatures that will improve patient selection and outcome measures in clinical trials. In this review, we summarize PD-related mechanisms that can serve as targets of therapeutic interventions aiming to slow or modify disease progression, as well as previous and ongoing clinical trials in each field, and discuss future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Ntetsika
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center of Neurology, Academic Specialist Center, Solnavägen 1E, 113 65, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paraskevi-Evita Papathoma
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neurology, Danderyd Hospital Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ioanna Markaki
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Center of Neurology, Academic Specialist Center, Solnavägen 1E, 113 65, Stockholm, Sweden.
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15
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Jang SE, Qiu L, Chan LL, Tan EK, Zeng L. Current Status of Stem Cell-Derived Therapies for Parkinson's Disease: From Cell Assessment and Imaging Modalities to Clinical Trials. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:558532. [PMID: 33177975 PMCID: PMC7596695 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.558532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Curative therapies or treatments reversing the progression of Parkinson’s disease (PD) have attracted considerable interest in the last few decades. PD is characterized by the gradual loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons and decreased striatal dopamine levels. Current challenges include optimizing neuroprotective strategies, developing personalized drug therapy, and minimizing side effects from the long-term prescription of pharmacological drugs used to relieve short-term motor symptoms. Transplantation of DA cells into PD patients’ brains to replace degenerated DA has the potential to change the treatment paradigm. Herein, we provide updates on current progress in stem cell-derived DA neuron transplantation as a therapeutic alternative for PD. We briefly highlight cell sources for transplantation and focus on cell assessment methods such as identification of genetic markers, single-cell sequencing, and imaging modalities used to access cell survival and function. More importantly, we summarize clinical reports of patients who have undergone cell-derived transplantation in PD to better perceive lessons that can be drawn from past and present clinical outcomes. Modifying factors include (1) source of the stem cells, (2) quality of the stem cells, (3) age of the patient, (4) stage of disease progression at the time of cell therapy, (5) surgical technique/practices, and (6) the use of immunosuppression. We await the outcomes of joint efforts in clinical trials around the world such as NYSTEM and CiRA to further guide us in the selection of the most suitable parameters for cell-based neurotransplantation in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Eun Jang
- Neural Stem Cell Research Lab, Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lifeng Qiu
- Neural Stem Cell Research Lab, Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ling Ling Chan
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders Program, Duke University and National University of Singapore (DUKE-NUS), Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eng-King Tan
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders Program, Duke University and National University of Singapore (DUKE-NUS), Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General Hospital Campus, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li Zeng
- Neural Stem Cell Research Lab, Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders Program, Duke University and National University of Singapore (DUKE-NUS), Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Novena Campus, Singapore, Singapore
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16
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Salado-Manzano C, Perpiña U, Straccia M, Molina-Ruiz FJ, Cozzi E, Rosser AE, Canals JM. Is the Immunological Response a Bottleneck for Cell Therapy in Neurodegenerative Diseases? Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:250. [PMID: 32848630 PMCID: PMC7433375 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's (PD) and Huntington's disease (HD) are characterized by a selective detrimental impact on neurons in a specific brain area. Currently, these diseases have no cures, although some promising trials of therapies that may be able to slow the loss of brain cells are underway. Cell therapy is distinguished by its potential to replace cells to compensate for those lost to the degenerative process and has shown a great potential to replace degenerated neurons in animal models and in clinical trials in PD and HD patients. Fetal-derived neural progenitor cells, embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells are the main cell sources that have been tested in cell therapy approaches. Furthermore, new strategies are emerging, such as the use of adult stem cells, encapsulated cell lines releasing trophic factors or cell-free products, containing an enriched secretome, which have shown beneficial preclinical outcomes. One of the major challenges for these potential new treatments is to overcome the host immune response to the transplanted cells. Immune rejection can cause significant alterations in transplanted and endogenous tissue and requires immunosuppressive drugs that may produce adverse effects. T-, B-lymphocytes and microglia have been recognized as the main effectors in striatal graft rejection. This review aims to summarize the preclinical and clinical studies of cell therapies in PD and HD. In addition, the precautions and strategies to ensure the highest quality of cell grafts, the lowest risk during transplantation and the reduction of a possible immune rejection will be outlined. Altogether, the wide-ranging possibilities of advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) could make therapeutic treatment of these incurable diseases possible in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Salado-Manzano
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Networked Biomedical Research Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Unai Perpiña
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Networked Biomedical Research Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Francisco J. Molina-Ruiz
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Networked Biomedical Research Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emanuele Cozzi
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Transplant Immunology Unit, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Anne E. Rosser
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Josep M. Canals
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Networked Biomedical Research Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease typified by a movement disorder consisting of bradykinesia, rest tremor, rigidity, and postural instability. Treatment options for PD are limited, with most of the current approaches based on restoration of dopaminergic tone in the striatum. However, these do not alter disease course and do not treat the non-dopamine-dependent features of PD such as freezing of gait, cognitive impairment, and other non-motor features of the disorder, which often have the greatest impact on quality of life. As understanding of PD pathogenesis grows, novel therapeutic avenues are emerging. These include treatments that aim to control the symptoms of PD without the problematic side effects seen with currently available treatments and those that are aimed towards slowing pathology, reducing neuronal loss, and attenuating disease course. In this latter regard, there has been much interest in drug repurposing (the use of established drugs for a new indication), with many drugs being reported to affect PD-relevant intracellular processes. This approach offers an expedited route to the clinic, given that pharmacokinetic and safety data are potentially already available. In terms of better symptomatic therapies that are also regenerative, gene therapies and cell-based treatments are beginning to enter clinical trials, and developments in other neurosurgical strategies such as more nuanced deep brain stimulation approaches mean that the landscape of PD treatment is likely to evolve considerably over the coming years. In this review, we provide an overview of the novel therapeutic approaches that are close to, or are already in, clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Stoker
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
- Department of Neurology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, UK
| | - Roger A Barker
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
- Wellcome Trust – Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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18
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Henchcliffe C, Sarva H. Restoring Function to Dopaminergic Neurons: Progress in the Development of Cell-Based Therapies for Parkinson's Disease. CNS Drugs 2020; 34:559-577. [PMID: 32472450 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-020-00727-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There is escalating interest in cell-based therapies to restore lost dopamine inputs in Parkinson's disease. This is based upon the rationale that implanting dopamine progenitors into the striatum can potentially improve dopamine-responsive motor symptoms. A rich body of data describing clinical trials of previous cell transplantation exists. These have included multiple cell sources for transplantation including allogeneic (human embryonic mesencephalic tissue, retinal pigment epithelial cells) and autologous (carotid body, adrenal medullary tissue) cells, as well as xenotransplantation. However, there are multiple limitations related to these cell sources, including availability of adequate numbers of cells for transplant, heterogeneity within cells transplanted, imprecisely defined mechanisms of action, and poor cell survival after transplantation in some cases. Nonetheless, evidence has accrued from a subset of trials to support the rationale for such a regenerative approach. Recent rapid advances in stem cell technology may now overcome these prior limitations. For example, dopamine neuron precursor cells for transplant can be generated from induced pluripotent cells and human embryonic stem cells. The benefits of these innovative approaches include: the possibility of scalability; a high degree of quality control; and improved understanding of mechanisms of action with rigorous preclinical testing. In this review, we focus on the potential for cell-based therapies in Parkinson's disease to restore the function of dopaminergic neurons, we critically review previous attempts to harness such strategies, we discuss potential benefits and predicted limitations, and we address how previous roadblocks may be overcome to bring a cell-based approach to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Henchcliffe
- Department of Neurology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 428 East 72nd Street, Suite 400, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
| | - Harini Sarva
- Department of Neurology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 428 East 72nd Street, Suite 400, New York, NY, 10021, USA
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19
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Willis CM, Nicaise AM, Peruzzotti-Jametti L, Pluchino S. The neural stem cell secretome and its role in brain repair. Brain Res 2020; 1729:146615. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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20
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Parmar M, Grealish S, Henchcliffe C. The future of stem cell therapies for Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2020; 21:103-115. [DOI: 10.1038/s41583-019-0257-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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21
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Nielsen JJJ, Lillethorup TP, Glud AN, Sørensen JCH, Orlowski D. The application of iPSCs in Parkinson’s disease. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2020. [DOI: 10.21307/ane-2020-024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Han F, Hu B. Stem Cell Therapy for Parkinson's Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1266:21-38. [PMID: 33105493 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-4370-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases caused by specific degeneration and loss of dopamine neurons in substantia nigra of the midbrain. PD is clinically characterized by motor dysfunctions and non-motor symptoms. Even though the dopamine replacement can improve the motor symptoms of PD, it cannot stop the neural degeneration and disease progression. Electrical deep brain stimulation (DBS) to the specific brain areas can improve the symptoms, but it eventually loses the effectiveness. Stem cell transplantation provides an exciting potential for the treatment of PD. Current available cell sources include neural stem cells (NSCs) from fetal brain tissues, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) isolated from blastocyst, and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) reprogrammed from the somatic cells such as the fibroblasts and blood cells. Here, we summarize the research advance in experimental and clinical studies to transplant these cells into animal models and clinical patients, and specifically highlight the studies to use hESCs /iPSCs-derived dopaminergic precursor cells and dopamine neurons for the treatment of PD, at last propose future challenges for developing clinical-grade dopaminergic cells for treating the PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabin Han
- The Institute for Translational Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China. .,The Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Liaocheng University/Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, China. .,Shenzhen Research Institute, Shandong University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Baoyang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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23
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Simorgh S, Alizadeh R, Eftekharzadeh M, Haramshahi SMA, Milan PB, Doshmanziari M, Ramezanpour F, Gholipourmalekabadi M, Seifi M, Moradi F. Olfactory mucosa stem cells: An available candidate for the treatment of the Parkinson's disease. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:23763-23773. [PMID: 31173364 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory ectomesenchymal stem cells (OE-MSCs) possess the immunosuppressive activity and regeneration capacity and hold a lot of promises for neurodegenerative disorders treatment. This study aimed to determine OE-MSCs which are able to augment and differentiate into functional neurons and regenerate the CNS and also examine whether the implantation of OE-MSCs in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra (SNpc) can improve Parkinson's symptoms in a rat model-induced with 6-hydroxydopamine. We isolated OE-MSCs from lamina propria in olfactory mucosa and characterized them using flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry. The therapeutic potential of OE-MSCs was evaluated by the transplantation of isolated cells using a rat model of acute SN injury as a Parkinson's disease. Significant behavioral improvement in Parkinsonian rats was elicited by the OE-MSCs. The results demonstrate that the expression of PAX2, PAX5, PITX3, dopamine transporter, and tyrosine hydroxylase was increased by OE-MSCs compared to the control group which is analyzed with real-time polymerase chain reaction technique and immunohistochemical staining. In the outcome, the transplantation of 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3'3'-tetramethyl indocarbocyanine perchlorate labeled OE-MSCs that were fully differentiated to dopaminergic neurons contribute to a substantial improvement in patients with Parkinson's. Together, our results provide that using OE-MSCs in neurodegenerative disorders might lead to better neural regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Simorgh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rafieh Alizadeh
- ENT and Head & Neck Research Center and Department, The Five Senses Institute, Hazrat Rasoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Eftekharzadeh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Amin Haramshahi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Peiman Brouki Milan
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Doshmanziari
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farnaz Ramezanpour
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Morteza Seifi
- Departments of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Fatemeh Moradi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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24
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. It is characterised by a typical movement disorder that occurs in part because of the selective degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta. Current treatment for the motor disorder of Parkinson's disease consists of dopaminergic medications, but these come with significant adverse effects, themselves an important part of the clinical course of Parkinson's disease, particularly in advanced stages. Therefore, treatment is needed that can restore dopaminergic tone in the striatum in a physiological and targeted manner to avert these side effects. A number of potential regenerative treatments have been developed with a view to achieving this. Following decades of optimisation and development of stem-cell-based treatments and viral gene delivery, clinical trials are on the horizon. For these treatments to be widely useful, they must be clinically effective, cost efficient and safe, and a number of practical aspects regarding storage and delivery of treatment must be optimised. Many barriers have been overcome, and the field of regenerative medicine for Parkinson's disease is now increasingly focussed on how these treatments will be delivered, demonstrating the significant progress that has been made and the optimism surrounding these approaches.
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25
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de Natale ER, Wilson H, Pagano G, Politis M. Imaging Transplantation in Movement Disorders. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2018; 143:213-263. [PMID: 30473196 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell replacement therapy with graft transplantation has been tested as a disease-modifying treatment in neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the damage of a predominant cell type, such as substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD) or striatal medium spiny projection neurons in Huntington's disease (HD). The results of these trials are mixed with success in preclinical and pilot open-label trials, which were not consistently reproduced in randomized controlled trials. Positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) molecular imaging and functional magnetic resonance imaging allow the graft survival, and its relationship with the host tissues to be studied in vivo. In PD, PET with [18F]DOPA showed that graft survival does not necessarily correlate with the clinical improvement and PD patients with worse outcome had lower binding in the ventral striatum and a high serotonin ([11C]DASB PET) to dopamine ([18F]DOPA PET) ratio in the grafted neurons. In HD, PET with [11C]PK11195 showed the graft survival and the clinical responses may be related to the reactive activation of the host inflammatory/immune system. Findings from these studies have been used to refine study protocols and patient selection in current clinical trials, which includes identifying suitable candidates for transplantation using imaging markers and employing multiple and/or novel PET tracers to better assess graft functions and inflammatory responses to grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Rosario de Natale
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Heather Wilson
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gennaro Pagano
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marios Politis
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
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26
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Stoker TB, Torsney KM, Barker RA. Emerging Treatment Approaches for Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:693. [PMID: 30349448 PMCID: PMC6186796 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, manifesting as a characteristic movement disorder with a number of additional non-motor features. The pathological hallmark of PD is the presence of intra-neuronal aggregates of α-synuclein (Lewy bodies). The movement disorder of PD occurs largely due to loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra, resulting in striatal dopamine depletion. There are currently no proven disease modifying treatments for PD, with management options consisting mainly of dopaminergic drugs, and in a limited number of patients, deep brain stimulation. Long-term use of established dopaminergic therapies for PD results in significant adverse effects, and there is therefore a requirement to develop better means of restoring striatal dopamine, as well as treatments that are able to slow progression of the disease. A number of exciting treatments have yielded promising results in pre-clinical and early clinical trials, and it now seems likely that the landscape for the management of PD will change dramatically in the short to medium term future. Here, we discuss the promising regenerative cell-based and gene therapies, designed to treat the dopaminergic aspects of PD whilst limiting adverse effects, as well as novel approaches to reducing α-synuclein pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Stoker
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Neurology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kelli M Torsney
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Medicine for the Elderly, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Roger A Barker
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Neurology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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27
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Parmar M, Torper O, Drouin-Ouellet J. Cell-based therapy for Parkinson's disease: A journey through decades toward the light side of the Force. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 49:463-471. [PMID: 30099795 PMCID: PMC6519227 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review describes the history, development, and evolution of cell‐based replacement therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD), from the first pioneering trials with fetal ventral midbrain progenitors to future trials using stem cells as well as reprogrammed cells. In the spirit of Tom Isaacs, the review takes parallels to the storyline of Star Wars, including the temptations from the dark side and the continuous fight for the light side of the Force. It is subdivided into headings based on the original movies, spanning from A New Hope to the Last Jedi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Parmar
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Olof Torper
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Janelle Drouin-Ouellet
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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28
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Moriarty N, Parish CL, Dowd E. Primary tissue for cellular brain repair in Parkinson's disease: Promise, problems and the potential of biomaterials. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 49:472-486. [PMID: 29923311 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine precursor, levodopa, remains the "gold standard" treatment for Parkinson's disease, and, although it provides superlative efficacy in the early stages of the disease, its long-term use is limited by the development of severe motor side effects and a significant abating of therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, there remains a major unmet clinical need for the development of effective neuroprotective, neurorestorative or neuroreparatory therapies for this condition. The relatively selective loss of dopaminergic neurons from the nigrostriatal pathway makes Parkinson's disease an ideal candidate for reparative cell therapies, wherein the dopaminergic neurons that are lost in the condition are replaced through direct cell transplantation into the brain. To date, this approach has been developed, validated and clinically assessed using dopamine neuron-rich foetal ventral mesencephalon grafts which have been shown to survive and reinnervate the denervated brain after transplantation, and to restore motor function. However, despite long-term symptomatic relief in some patients, significant limitations, including poor graft survival and the impact this has on the number of foetal donors required, have prevented this therapy being more widely adopted as a restorative approach for Parkinson's disease. Injectable biomaterial scaffolds have the potential to improve the delivery, engraftment and survival of these grafts in the brain through provision of a supportive microenvironment for cell adhesion, growth and immune shielding. This article will briefly review the development of primary cell therapies for brain repair in Parkinson's disease and will consider the emerging literature which highlights the potential of using injectable biomaterial hydrogels in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Moriarty
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics and Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Clare L Parish
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eilís Dowd
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics and Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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Dupont AC, Largeau B, Guilloteau D, Santiago Ribeiro MJ, Arlicot N. The Place of PET to Assess New Therapeutic Effectiveness in Neurodegenerative Diseases. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2018; 2018:7043578. [PMID: 29887768 PMCID: PMC5985069 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7043578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In vivo exploration of neurodegenerative diseases by positron emission tomography (PET) imaging has matured over the last 20 years, using dedicated radiopharmaceuticals targeting cellular metabolism, neurotransmission, neuroinflammation, or abnormal protein aggregates (beta-amyloid and intracellular microtubule inclusions containing hyperphosphorylated tau). The ability of PET to characterize biological processes at the cellular and molecular levels enables early detection and identification of molecular mechanisms associated with disease progression, by providing accurate, reliable, and longitudinally reproducible quantitative biomarkers. Thus, PET imaging has become a relevant imaging method for monitoring response to therapy, approved as an outcome measure in bioclinical trials. The aim of this paper is to review and discuss the current inputs of PET in the assessment of therapeutic effectiveness in neurodegenerative diseases connected by common pathophysiological mechanisms, including Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, and also in psychiatric disorders. We also discuss opportunities for PET imaging to drive more personalized neuroprotective and therapeutic strategies, taking into account individual variability, within the growing framework of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Claire Dupont
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France
- CHRU de Tours, Unité de Radiopharmacie, Tours, France
| | | | - Denis Guilloteau
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France
- CHRU de Tours, Service de Médecine Nucléaire in vitro, Tours, France
- INSERM CIC 1415, University Hospital, Tours, France
| | - Maria Joao Santiago Ribeiro
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France
- INSERM CIC 1415, University Hospital, Tours, France
- CHRU de Tours, Service de Médecine Nucléaire in vivo, Tours, France
| | - Nicolas Arlicot
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France
- CHRU de Tours, Unité de Radiopharmacie, Tours, France
- INSERM CIC 1415, University Hospital, Tours, France
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Shall G, Menosky M, Decker S, Nethala P, Welchko R, Leveque X, Lu M, Sandstrom M, Hochgeschwender U, Rossignol J, Dunbar G. Effects of Passage Number and Differentiation Protocol on the Generation of Dopaminergic Neurons from Rat Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19030720. [PMID: 29498713 PMCID: PMC5877581 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple studies have demonstrated the ability of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to differentiate into dopamine-producing cells, in vitro and in vivo, indicating their potential to be used in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, there are discrepancies among studies regarding the optimal time (i.e., passage number) and method for dopaminergic induction, in vitro. In the current study, we compared the ability of early (P4) and later (P40) passaged bone marrow-derived MSCs to differentiate into dopaminergic neurons using two growth-factor-based approaches. A direct dopaminergic induction (DDI) was used to directly convert MSCs into dopaminergic neurons, and an indirect dopaminergic induction (IDI) was used to direct MSCs toward a neuronal lineage prior to terminal dopaminergic differentiation. Results indicate that both early and later passaged MSCs exhibited positive expression of neuronal and dopaminergic markers following either the DDI or IDI protocols. Additionally, both early and later passaged MSCs released dopamine and exhibited spontaneous neuronal activity following either the DDI or IDI. Still, P4 MSCs exhibited significantly higher spiking and bursting frequencies as compared to P40 MSCs. Findings from this study provide evidence that early passaged MSCs, which have undergone the DDI, are more efficient at generating dopaminergic-like cells in vitro, as compared to later passaged MSCs or MSCs that have undergone the IDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Shall
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
| | - Megan Menosky
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
| | - Sarah Decker
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
| | - Priya Nethala
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
| | - Ryan Welchko
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
| | - Xavier Leveque
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
| | - Ming Lu
- Neuroscience Program, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
| | - Michael Sandstrom
- Neuroscience Program, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- College of Humanities and Social and Behavioral Sciences, Psychology Department, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
| | - Ute Hochgeschwender
- Neuroscience Program, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859 USA.
- Field Neurosciences Institute, 4677 Towne Centre Rd. Suite 101, Saginaw, MI 48604, USA.
| | - Julien Rossignol
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859 USA.
| | - Gary Dunbar
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- College of Humanities and Social and Behavioral Sciences, Psychology Department, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859 USA.
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Abstract
Neurotransplantation may be a promising approach for therapy of cerebellar diseases characterized by a substantial loss of neurons. Neurotransplantation could rescue neurons from degeneration and maintain cerebellar reserve, facilitate cerebellar compensation, or help reconstruct damaged neural circuits by cell substitution. These mechanisms of action can be of varying importance according to the type of cerebellar disease. Neurotransplantation therapy in cerebellar ataxias is still at the stage of experimental studies. There is currently little knowledge regarding cerebellar patients. Nevertheless, data provided by experiments in animal models of cerebellar degeneration and both clinical studies and experiences in patients with other neurologic diseases enable us to suggest basic principles, expectations, limitations, and future directions of neurotransplantation therapy for cerebellar diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Cendelin
- Department of Pathological Physiology and Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic.
| | - Hiroshi Mitoma
- Department of Medical Education, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Napoli E, Lippert T, Borlongan CV. Stem Cell Therapy: Repurposing Cell-Based Regenerative Medicine Beyond Cell Replacement. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1079:87-91. [PMID: 29480446 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2018_174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells exhibit simple and naive cellular features, yet their exact purpose for regenerative medicine continues to elude even the most elegantly designed research paradigms from developmental biology to clinical therapeutics. Based on their capacity to divide indefinitely and their dynamic differentiation into any type of tissue, the advent of transplantable stem cells has offered a potential treatment for aging-related and injury-mediated diseases. Recent laboratory evidence has demonstrated that transplanted human neural stem cells facilitate endogenous reparative mechanisms by initiating multiple regenerative processes in the brain neurogenic areas. Within these highly proliferative niches reside a myriad of potent regenerative molecules, including anti-inflammatory cytokines, proteomes, and neurotrophic factors, altogether representing a biochemical cocktail vital for restoring brain function in the aging and diseased brain. Here, we advance the concept of therapeutically repurposing stem cells not towards cell replacement per se, but rather exploiting the cells' intrinsic properties to serve as the host brain regenerative catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Napoli
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Trenton Lippert
- Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Cesar V Borlongan
- Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA.
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Abstract
Purpose of Review The purpose of this review was to review the imaging, particularly positron emission tomography (PET), findings in neurorestoration studies in movement disorders, with specific focus on neural transplantation in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Huntington’s disease (HD). Recent Findings PET findings in PD transplantation studies have shown that graft survival as reflected by increases in dopaminergic PET markers does not necessarily correlate with clinical improvement. PD patients with more denervated ventral striatum and more imbalanced serotonin-to-dopamine ratio in the grafted neurons tended to have worse outcome. In HD transplantation studies, variable graft survival and clinical responses may be related to host inflammatory/immune responses to the grafts. Summary Information gleaned from imaging findings in previous neural transplantation studies has been used to refine study protocol and patient selection in future trials. This includes identifying suitable candidates for transplantation using imaging markers, employing multiple and/or novel PET tracers to better assess graft functions and inflammatory responses to grafts.
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34
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Sun AX, Tan EK. Towards better cellular replacement therapies in Parkinson disease. J Neurosci Res 2017; 96:219-221. [PMID: 28791710 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Xuyang Sun
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General Hospital, Duke NUS Medical School, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eng-King Tan
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General Hospital, Duke NUS Medical School, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
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Kim SM, Lim MS, Lee EH, Jung SJ, Chung HY, Kim CH, Park CH. Efficient Generation of Dopamine Neurons by Synthetic Transcription Factor mRNAs. Mol Ther 2017; 25:2028-2037. [PMID: 28705346 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of functional dopamine (DA) neurons is an essential step for the development of effective cell therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). The generation of DA neurons can be accomplished by overexpression of DA-inducible genes using virus- or DNA-based gene delivery methods. However, these gene delivery methods often cause chromosomal anomalies. In contrast, mRNA-based gene delivery avoids this problem and therefore is considered safe to use in the development of cell-based therapy. Thus, we used mRNA-based gene delivery method to generate safe DA neurons. In this study, we generated transformation-free DA neurons by transfection of mRNA encoding DA-inducible genes Nurr1 and FoxA2. The delivery of mRNA encoding dopaminergic fate inducing genes proved sufficient to induce naive rat forebrain precursor cells to differentiate into neurons exhibiting the biochemical, electrophysiological, and functional properties of DA neurons in vitro. Additionally, the generation efficiency of DA neurons was improved by the addition of small molecules, db-cAMP, and the adjustment of transfection timing. The successful generation of DA neurons using an mRNA-based method offers the possibility of developing clinical-grade cell sources for neuronal cell replacement treatment for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Mi Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Mi-Sun Lim
- R&D Center, Jeil Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yongin 17172, Korea; Institute of Reproductive Medicine and Population, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 06360, Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Sung Jun Jung
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Hee Yong Chung
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea.
| | | | - Chang-Hwan Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea.
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36
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Napoli E. Endogenous repair mechanisms enhanced in Parkinson's disease following stem cell therapy. Brain Circ 2017; 3:163-166. [PMID: 30276319 PMCID: PMC6057692 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_22_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This mini-review highlights the innovative observation that transplanted human neural stem cells can bring about endogenous brain repair through the stimulation of multiple regenerative processes in the neurogenic area (i.e., subventricular zone [SVZ]) in an animal model of Parkinson's disease (PD). In addition, we convey that identifying anti-inflammatory cytokines, therapeutic proteomes, and neurotrophic factors within the SVZ may be essential to induce brain repair and behavioral recovery. This work opens up a new area of research for further understanding the pathology and treatment of PD. This paper is a review article. Referred literature in this paper has been listed in the references section. The datasets supporting the conclusions of this article are available online by searching various databases, including PubMed. Some original points in this article come from the laboratory practice in our research center and the authors’ experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Napoli
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, 95616 USA
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37
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Farrington M, Wreghitt TG, Lever AML, Dunnett SB, Rosser AE, Barker RA. Neural Transplantation in Huntington's Disease: The NEST-UK Donor Tissue Microbiological Screening Program and Review of the Literature. Cell Transplant 2017; 15:279-94. [PMID: 16898222 DOI: 10.3727/000000006783981927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural transplantation of human fetal tissue for Huntington's disease (HD) is now entering the clinical arena. The safety of the procedure has now been demonstrated in a number of studies, although the efficacy of such an approach is still being investigated. Stringent but practicable screening of the donor tissue for potential pathogens is an essential prerequisite for successful implementation of any novel transplant program that uses human fetal tissue. In this article we summarize the UK-NEST protocol for the screening of human fetal tissue being grafted to patients with mild to moderate HD. We describe the results of microbiological screening of 87 potential tissue donors in a pilot study, and of the first four donor–recipient patients included in the UK-NEST series. The rationale for the adoption and interpretation of the various tests is described and our methodology is compared with those previously used by other centers. This article therefore presents a comprehensive, logical yet pragmatic screening program that could be employed in any clinical studies that use human fetal tissue for neurotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Farrington
- Clinical Microbiology and Public Health Laboratory, Health Protection Agency & Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
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38
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Inaji M, Yoshizaki T, Okauchi T, Maeda J, Nagai Y, Nariai T, Ohno K, Ando K, Okano H, Obayashi S, Suhara T. In Vivo PET Measurements with [11C]PE2I to Evaluate Fetal Mesencephalic Transplantations to Unilateral 6-OHDA-Lesioned Rats. Cell Transplant 2017; 14:655-63. [PMID: 16405076 DOI: 10.3727/000000005783982684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a useful tool to assess and visualize neurotransmissions in vivo. In this study, we performed repeated PET scans with [11C]PE2I, a tracer of the dopamine transporter, to evaluate the alteration of the expression of dopamine (DA) transmission component after a fetal mesencephalic transplantation. The fetal mesencephalic cells were transplanted into the striatum of unilateral 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. PET scans with [11C]PE2I were performed to evaluate the DA transporter before and 2 and 4 weeks after the transplantation. Rotation behavior tests, in vitro autoradiography, measurements of DA contents in the striatum by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immuno-histological examinations were performed at the same time points and examined for their relationship to changes in the dopamine transporter. The number of ipsilateral rotations induced by methamphetamine injections decreased. DA contents in the striatum measured with HPLC significantly increased. In the PET study, the binding potential of [11C]PE2I increased at 4 weeks. The results of the in vitro autoradiography study corresponded with those of the PET study. The degrees of the change in the binding potentials correlated with those of the numbers of rotations in the behavioral study and the DA contents in the striatum. In the histological examination, TH-positive cells with axons were observed at 2 and 4 weeks after the transplantation. As the dopamine transporter exists only in the axon terminal of DA neurons, these results suggested that PET measurements of [11C]PE2I binding indicated not only survival, but maturity and functioning of the transplanted cells. Repeated PET measurements of DA transporters are a useful tool in assessing the effectiveness of neural transplantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Inaji
- Brain Imaging Project, National Institute of Radiological Science, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
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39
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Watts C. Book Review: Cell Transplantation for Neurological Disorders. Towards Reconstruction of the Human Central Nervous System. Cell Transplant 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/096368979900800512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Colin Watts
- Academic Department of Neurosurgery E.D. Adrian Building Forvie Site, Robinson Way Cambridge CB2 2PY, UK
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40
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Rajakumar B, Flumerfelt BA, Hrycyshyn AW, Rajakumar N. Nitric Oxide-Containing Neurons in Long-Term Grafts in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. Cell Transplant 2017; 16:449-59. [PMID: 17708335 DOI: 10.3727/000000007783464975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The role that nitric oxide may play in modulating graft function in long-term fetal ventral mesencephalic grafts in an animal model of Parkinson's disease was investigated. Mature grafts harvested from the entire fetal ventral mesencephalon possessed a large number of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)/NADPH-diaphorase-containing neurons throughout the graft intermingled with dopaminergic neurons. The morphological and neurochemical characteristics of these NADPH-diaphorase neurons resembled those in centers adjacent to the substantia nigra of adult brain but not that of the striatum. Pretreatment with the nNOS blocker, 7-nitroindazole, resulted in contralateral rotations following methamphetamine challenge in long-term grafted animals that previously showed normalized rotational behavior. In contrast, mature grafts derived from fetal ventral mesencephalon without the midline areas possessed only a few nNOS-containing neurons within the grafts, and a similar methamphetamine challenge following 7-nitroindazole pretreatment in long-term grafted rats that previously showed normalized rotational behavior resulted in random movements. Our results indicate that nitric oxide-containing neurons inadvertently included during grafting may affect graft function, and excluding the midline areas of the ventral mesencephalon during tissue harvesting may minimize this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rajakumar
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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41
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Borlongan CV, Su TP, Wang Y. Delta Opioid Peptide Augments Functional Effects and Intrastriatal Graft Survival of Rat Fetal Ventral Mesencephalic Cells. Cell Transplant 2017. [DOI: 10.3727/000000001783987007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cesario V. Borlongan
- Cellular Neurobiology, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Tsung-Ping Su
- Cellular Neurobiology, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Yun Wang
- Cellular Neurobiology, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224
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42
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Napoli E, Borlongan CV. Cell Therapy in Parkinson's Disease: Host Brain Repair Machinery Gets a Boost From Stem Cell Grafts. Stem Cells 2017; 35:1443-1445. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Napoli
- Department of Molecular Biosciences; University of California Davis; Davis California USA
| | - Cesar V. Borlongan
- Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair; University of South Florida College of Medicine; Tampa Florida USA
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Pires AO, Teixeira FG, Mendes-Pinheiro B, Serra SC, Sousa N, Salgado AJ. Old and new challenges in Parkinson's disease therapeutics. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 156:69-89. [PMID: 28457671 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and/or loss od neuronal projections, in several dopaminergic networks. Current treatments for idiopathic PD rely mainly on the use of pharmacologic agents to improve motor symptomatology of PD patients. Nevertheless, so far PD remains an incurable disease. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to establish new therapeutic strategies for PD treatment. Over the last 20 years, several molecular, gene and cell/stem-cell therapeutic approaches have been developed with the aim of counteracting or retarding PD progression. The scope of this review is to provide an overview of PD related therapies and major breakthroughs achieved within this field. In order to do so, this review will start by focusing on PD characterization and current treatment options covering thereafter molecular, gene and cell/stem cell-based therapies that are currently being studied in animal models of PD or have recently been tested in clinical trials. Among stem cell-based therapies, those using MSCs as possible disease modifying agents for PD therapy and, specifically, the MSCs secretome contribution to meet the clinical challenge of counteracting or retarding PD progression, will be more deeply explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana O Pires
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - F G Teixeira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - B Mendes-Pinheiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Sofia C Serra
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - António J Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
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44
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Natalwala A, Kunath T. Preparation, characterization, and banking of clinical-grade cells for neural transplantation: Scale up, fingerprinting, and genomic stability of stem cell lines. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2017; 230:133-150. [PMID: 28552226 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a complex and progressive neurodegenerative condition that is characterized by the severe loss of midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons, which innervate the striatum. Cell transplantation therapies to rebuild this dopaminergic network have been attempted for over 30 years. The most promising outcomes were observed when human fetal mesencephalic tissue was used as the source of cells for transplantation. However, reliance on terminations for a Parkinson's therapy presents significant logistical and ethical hurdles. An alternative source of transplantable mDA neurons is urgently needed, and the solution may come from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Protocols to differentiate hESCs/iPSCs toward mDA neurons are now robust and efficient, and upon grafting the cells rescue preclinical animal models of Parkinson's disease. The challenge now is to apply Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) to the academic discoveries and protocols to produce clinical-grade transplantable mDA cells. Major technical and logistical considerations include (i) source of hESC or iPSC line, (ii) GMP compliance of the differentiation protocol and all reagents, (iii) characterization of the cell product in terms of identity, safety, and efficacy, (iv) characterization of genomic state and stability, and (v) banking of a transplantation-ready cell product. Approaches and solutions to these challenges are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Natalwala
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Translational Neurosurgery Group, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Tilo Kunath
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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Fjodorova M, Torres EM, Dunnett SB. Transplantation site influences the phenotypic differentiation of dopamine neurons in ventral mesencephalic grafts in Parkinsonian rats. Exp Neurol 2017; 291:8-19. [PMID: 28131726 PMCID: PMC5354310 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Foetal midbrain progenitors have been shown to survive, give rise to different classes of dopamine neurons and integrate into the host brain alleviating Parkinsonian symptoms following transplantation in patients and animal models of the disease. Dopamine neuron subpopulations in the midbrain, namely A9 and A10, can be identified anatomically based on cell morphology and ascending axonal projections. G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium channel Girk2 and the calcium binding protein Calbindin are the two best available histochemical markers currently used to label (with some overlap) A9- and A10-like dopamine neuron subtypes, respectively, in tyrosine hydroxylase expressing neurons both in the midbrain and grafts. Both classes of dopamine neurons survive in grafts in the striatum and extend axonal projections to their normal dorsal and ventral striatal targets depending on phenotype. Nevertheless, grafts transplanted into the dorsal striatum, which is an A9 input nucleus, are enriched for dopamine neurons that express Girk2. It remains to be elucidated whether different transplantation sites favour the differential survival and/or development of concordant dopamine neuron subtypes within the grafts. Here we used rat foetal midbrain progenitors at two developmental stages corresponding to a peak in either A9 or A10 neurogenesis and examined their commitment to respective dopaminergic phenotypes by grafting cells into different forebrain regions that contain targets of either nigral A9 dopamine innervation (dorsal striatum), ventral tegmental area A10 dopamine innervation (nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex), or only sparse dopamine but rich noradrenaline innervation (hippocampus). We demonstrate that young (embryonic day, E12), but not older (E14), mesencephalic tissue and the transplant environment influence survival and functional integration of specific subtypes of dopamine neurons into the host brain. We also show that irrespective of donor age A9-like, Girk2-expressing neurons are more responsive to environmental cues in adopting a dopaminergic phenotype during differentiation post-grafting. These novel findings suggest that dopamine progenitors use targets of A9/A10 innervation in the transplantation site to complete maturation and the efficacy of foetal cell replacement therapy in patients may be improved by deriving midbrain tissue at earlier developmental stages than in current practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Fjodorova
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, Wales CF10 3AX, UK.
| | - Eduardo M Torres
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, Wales CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Stephen B Dunnett
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, Wales CF10 3AX, UK
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Ghourichaee SS, Powell EM, Leach JB. Enhancement of human neural stem cell self-renewal in 3D hypoxic culture. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 114:1096-1106. [PMID: 27869294 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The pathology of neurological disorders is associated with the loss of neuronal and glial cells that results in functional impairments. Human neural stem cells (hNSCs), due to their self-renewing and multipotent characteristics, possess enormous tissue-specific regenerative potential. However, the efficacy of clinical applications is restricted due to the lack of standardized in vitro cell production methods with the capability of generating hNSC populations with well-defined cellular compositions. At any point, a population of hNSCs may include undifferentiated stem cells, intermediate and terminally differentiated progenies, and dead cells. Due to the plasticity of hNSCs, environmental cues play crucial roles in determining the cellular composition of hNSC cultures over time. Here, we investigated the independent and synergistic effect of three important environmental factors (i.e., culture dimensionality, oxygen concentration, and growth factors) on the survival, renewal potential, and differentiation of hNSCs. Our experimental design included two dimensional (2D) versus three dimensional (3D) cultures and normoxic (21% O2 ) versus hypoxic (3% O2 ) conditions in the presence and absence of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2). Additionally, we discuss the feasibility of mathematical models that predict hNSC growth and differentiation under these culture conditions by adopting a negative feedback regulatory term. Our results indicate that the synergistic effect of culture dimensionality and hypoxic oxygen concentration in the presence of growth factors enhances the proliferation of viable, undifferentiated hNSCs. Moreover, the same synergistic effect in the absence of growth factors promotes the differentiation of hNSCs. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 1096-1106. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasan Sharee Ghourichaee
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical & Environmental Engineering, UMBC, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland, 21250
| | - Elizabeth M Powell
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Psychiatry, and Bioengineering, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jennie B Leach
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical & Environmental Engineering, UMBC, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland, 21250
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Abstract
Over the past three decades, significant progress has been made in the development of potential regenerative cell-based therapies for neurodegenerative disease, with most success being seen in Parkinson's disease. Cell-based therapies face many challenges including ethical considerations, potential for immune-mediated rejection with allogeneic and xenogeneic tissue, pathological spread of protein-related disease into the grafted tissue as well as the risk of graft overgrowth and tumorigenesis in stem cell-derived transplants. Preclinical trials have looked at many tissue types of which the most successful to date have been those using fetal ventral mesencephalon grafts, which led to clinical trials, which have shown that in some cases they can work very well. With important proof-of-concept derived from these studies, there is now much interest in how dopaminergic neurons derived from stem cell sources could be used to develop cell-based therapies suitable for clinical use, with clinical trials poised to enter the clinic in the next couple of years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Stoker
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK.,Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge
| | - Roger A Barker
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK.,Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge
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48
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Gonzalez R, Garitaonandia I, Poustovoitov M, Abramihina T, McEntire C, Culp B, Attwood J, Noskov A, Christiansen-Weber T, Khater M, Mora-Castilla S, To C, Crain A, Sherman G, Semechkin A, Laurent LC, Elsworth JD, Sladek J, Snyder EY, Redmond DE, Kern RA. Neural Stem Cells Derived from Human Parthenogenetic Stem Cells Engraft and Promote Recovery in a Nonhuman Primate Model of Parkinson's Disease. Cell Transplant 2016; 25:1945-1966. [DOI: 10.3727/096368916x691682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy has attracted considerable interest as a promising therapeutic alternative for patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Clinical studies have shown that grafted fetal neural tissue can achieve considerable biochemical and clinical improvements in PD. However, the source of fetal tissue grafts is limited and ethically controversial. Human parthenogenetic stem cells offer a good alternative because they are derived from unfertilized oocytes without destroying potentially viable human embryos and can be used to generate an unlimited supply of neural cells for transplantation. We have previously reported that human parthenogenetic stem cell-derived neural stem cells (hpNSCs) successfully engraft, survive long term, and increase brain dopamine (DA) levels in rodent and nonhuman primate models of PD. Here we report the results of a 12-month transplantation study of hpNSCs in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-lesioned African green monkeys with moderate to severe clinical parkinsonian symptoms. The hpNSCs manufactured under current good manufacturing practice (cGMP) conditions were injected bilaterally into the striatum and substantia nigra of immunosuppressed monkeys. Transplantation of hpNSCs was safe and well tolerated by the animals with no dyskinesia, tumors, ectopic tissue formation, or other test article-related serious adverse events. We observed that hpNSCs promoted behavioral recovery; increased striatal DA concentration, fiber innervation, and number of dopaminergic neurons; and induced the expression of genes and pathways downregulated in PD compared to vehicle control animals. These results provide further evidence for the clinical translation of hpNSCs and support the approval of the world's first pluripotent stem cell-based phase I/IIa study for the treatment of PD (Clinical Trial Identifier NCT02452723).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ben Culp
- Axion Research Foundation, Hamden, CT, USA
| | | | | | | | - Marwa Khater
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sergio Mora-Castilla
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Cuong To
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Crain
- Stem Cell Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Glenn Sherman
- International Stem Cell Corporation, Carlsbad, CA, USA
| | | | - Louise C. Laurent
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John D. Elsworth
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - John Sladek
- Department of Neurology, Pediatrics and Neuroscience, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Evan Y. Snyder
- Stem Cell Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - D. Eugene Redmond
- Axion Research Foundation, Hamden, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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49
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Zhang Q, Chen W, Tan S, Lin T. Stem Cells for Modeling and Therapy of Parkinson's Disease. Hum Gene Ther 2016; 28:85-98. [PMID: 27762639 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2016.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most frequent neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease, which is characterized by a low level of dopamine being expressing in the striatum and a deterioration of dopaminergic neurons (DAn) in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Generation of PD-derived DAn, including differentiation of human embryonic stem cells, human neural stem cells, human-induced pluripotent stem cells, and direct reprogramming, provides an ideal tool to model PD, creating the possibility of mimicking key essential pathological processes and charactering single-cell changes in vitro. Furthermore, thanks to the understanding of molecular neuropathogenesis of PD and new advances in stem-cell technology, it is anticipated that optimal functionally transplanted DAn with targeted correction and transgene-free insertion will be generated for use in cell transplantation. This review elucidates stem-cell technology for modeling PD and offering desired safe cell resources for cell transplantation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxi Zhang
- 1 Center for Regenerative and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine) , Guangzhou, China .,2 Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanling Chen
- 1 Center for Regenerative and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine) , Guangzhou, China .,2 Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Tan
- 2 Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Tongxiang Lin
- 1 Center for Regenerative and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine) , Guangzhou, China .,3 Stem Cell Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , Fuzhou, China
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50
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Jessberger S. Stem Cell-Mediated Regeneration of the Adult Brain. Transfus Med Hemother 2016; 43:321-326. [PMID: 27781019 DOI: 10.1159/000447646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute or chronic injury of the adult mammalian brain is often associated with persistent functional deficits as its potential for regeneration and capacity to rebuild lost neural structures is limited. However, the discovery that neural stem cells (NSCs) persist throughout life in discrete regions of the brain, novel approaches to induce the formation of neuronal and glial cells, and recently developed strategies to generate tissue for exogenous cell replacement strategies opened novel perspectives how to regenerate the adult brain. Here, we will review recently developed approaches for brain repair and discuss future perspectives that may eventually allow for developing novel treatment strategies in acute and chronic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Jessberger
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Brain Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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