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Wei J, Liu Y, Sun Y, Bai J, Gao H, Yang Z, Pan L. Continuous Synthesis of a Macrocyclic Sulfite of Polyethylene Glycol by Cascaded Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors (CSTRs). Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304319. [PMID: 38277192 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Many macrocyclic compounds are attractive drug-like molecules or intermediates due to their special properties. However, the bulk synthesis of such compounds are hindered by the necessity of using diluted solutions, in order to prevent intermolecular reactions that yields oligomer impurities, thereby resulting in a low production efficiency. Such challenge can be adequately addressed by using continuous reactors, allowing improved efficiency with smaller space footprints. In this work, we proposed a novel continuous process for the synthesis of a macrocyclic sulfite of tetraethylene glycol (PEG4-MCSi), which is a precursor to a very useful building block, PEG4-macrocyclic sulfate (PEG4-MCS). The basic reaction parameters, including stoichiometry and temperature, were first confirmed with small batch reactions, and the effectiveness of coiled reactors and continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTRs) were compared. Cascaded CSTRs were proven to be suitable, and the reaction parameters were subject to further optimization to give a robust continuous process. The process was then tested with 4 parallel runs for up to 64 h. Finally, the merits and demerits of batch and continuous reactions were also compared, demonstrating the suitability of latter in the bulk production of macrocyclic PEG-MCSi compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichang Wei
- Institute for Advanced Pharmaceutical Materials, Asymchem Life Sciences (Tianjin) Co., Ltds., No. 265, South Avenue, TEDA West, Tianjin, 300301, P. R. China
| | - Yinli Liu
- Institute for Advanced Pharmaceutical Materials, Asymchem Life Sciences (Tianjin) Co., Ltds., No. 265, South Avenue, TEDA West, Tianjin, 300301, P. R. China
| | - Yuchen Sun
- Institute for Advanced Pharmaceutical Materials, Asymchem Life Sciences (Tianjin) Co., Ltds., No. 265, South Avenue, TEDA West, Tianjin, 300301, P. R. China
| | - Jun Bai
- Institute for Advanced Pharmaceutical Materials, Asymchem Life Sciences (Tianjin) Co., Ltds., No. 265, South Avenue, TEDA West, Tianjin, 300301, P. R. China
| | - He Gao
- Institute for Advanced Pharmaceutical Materials, Asymchem Life Sciences (Tianjin) Co., Ltds., No. 265, South Avenue, TEDA West, Tianjin, 300301, P. R. China
| | - Zhaojun Yang
- Institute for Advanced Pharmaceutical Materials, Asymchem Life Sciences (Tianjin) Co., Ltds., No. 265, South Avenue, TEDA West, Tianjin, 300301, P. R. China
| | - Long Pan
- Institute for Advanced Pharmaceutical Materials, Asymchem Life Sciences (Tianjin) Co., Ltds., No. 265, South Avenue, TEDA West, Tianjin, 300301, P. R. China
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Bento C, Katz M, Santos MMM, Afonso CAM. Striving for Uniformity: A Review on Advances and Challenges To Achieve Uniform Polyethylene Glycol. Org Process Res Dev 2024; 28:860-890. [PMID: 38660381 PMCID: PMC11036406 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.3c00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is the polymer of choice in drug delivery systems due to its biocompatibility and hydrophilicity. For over 20 years, this polymer has been widely used in the drug delivery of small drugs, proteins, oligonucleotides, and liposomes, improving the stability and pharmacokinetics of many drugs. However, despite the extensive clinical experience with PEG, concerns have emerged related to its use. These include hypersensitivity, purity, and nonbiodegradability. Moreover, conventional PEG is a mixture of polymers that can complicate drug synthesis and purification leading to unwanted immunogenic reactions. Studies have shown that uniform PEGylated drugs may be more effective than conventional PEGylated drugs as they can overcome issues related to molecular heterogeneity and immunogenicity. This has led to significant research efforts to develop synthetic procedures to produce uniform PEGs (monodisperse PEGs). As a result, iterative step-by-step controlled synthesis methods have been created over time and have shown promising results. Nonetheless, these procedures have presented numerous challenges due to their iterative nature and the requirement for multiple purification steps, resulting in increased costs and time consumption. Despite these challenges, the synthetic procedures went through several improvements. This review summarizes and discusses recent advances in the synthesis of uniform PEGs and its derivatives with a focus on overall yields, scalability, and purity of the polymers. Additionally, the available characterization methods for assessing polymer monodispersity are discussed as well as uniform PEG applications, side effects, and possible alternative polymers that can overcome the drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Bento
- Hovione
Farmaciência S.A., Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, Campus do Lumiar, Edifício
R, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal
- Research
Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marianna Katz
- Hovione
Farmaciência S.A., Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, Campus do Lumiar, Edifício
R, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria M. M. Santos
- Research
Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carlos A. M. Afonso
- Research
Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
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Toti KS, Pribut N, D’Erasmo M, Dasari M, Sharma SK, Bartsch PW, Burton SL, Gold HB, Bushnev A, Derdeyn CA, Basson AE, Liotta DC, Miller EJ. Expanding the toolbox of metabolically stable lipid prodrug strategies. Front Pharmacol 2023; 13:1083284. [PMID: 36686712 PMCID: PMC9852841 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1083284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside- and nucleotide-based therapeutics are indispensable treatment options for patients suffering from malignant and viral diseases. These agents are most commonly administered to patients as prodrugs to maximize bioavailability and efficacy. While the literature provides a practical prodrug playbook to facilitate the delivery of nucleoside and nucleotide therapeutics, small context-dependent amendments to these popular prodrug strategies can drive dramatic improvements in pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles. Herein we offer a brief overview of current prodrug strategies, as well as a case study involving the fine-tuning of lipid prodrugs of acyclic nucleoside phosphonate tenofovir (TFV), an approved nucleotide HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NtRTI) and the cornerstone of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Installation of novel lipid terminal motifs significantly reduced fatty acid hepatic ω-oxidation while maintaining potent antiviral activity. This work contributes important insights to the expanding repertoire of lipid prodrug strategies in general, but particularly for the delivery and distribution of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran S. Toti
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Nicole Pribut
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Michael D’Erasmo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Madhuri Dasari
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Savita K. Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Perry W. Bartsch
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Samantha L. Burton
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Hannah B. Gold
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Anatoliy Bushnev
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Cynthia A. Derdeyn
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Adriaan E. Basson
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Dennis C. Liotta
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Eric J. Miller
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Forsythe NL, Tan MF, Maynard HD. Diazido Macrocyclic Sulfates as a Platform for the Synthesis of Sequence-Defined Polymers for Antibody Drug Conjugates. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3888-3893. [PMID: 35432892 PMCID: PMC8966716 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06242e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the efficacy of antibody drug conjugates (ADCs), there has been significant focus on increasing the drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) in order to deliver more payload. However, due to the...
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil L Forsythe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles California 90095-1569 USA
| | - Mikayla F Tan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles California 90095-1569 USA
| | - Heather D Maynard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles California 90095-1569 USA
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Khanal A, Fang S. Solid Phase Stepwise Synthesis of Polyethylene Glycols. Chemistry 2017; 23:15133-15142. [PMID: 28834652 PMCID: PMC5658237 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and derivatives with eight and twelve ethylene glycol units were synthesized by stepwise addition of tetraethylene glycol monomers on a polystyrene solid support. The monomer contains a tosyl group at one end and a dimethoxytrityl group at the other. The Wang resin, which contains the 4-benzyloxy benzyl alcohol function, was used as the support. The synthetic cycle consists of deprotonation, Williamson ether formation (coupling), and detritylation. Cleavage of PEGs from solid support was achieved with trifluoroacetic acid. The synthesis including monomer synthesis was entirely chromatography-free. PEG products including those with different functionalities at the two termini were obtained in high yields. The products were analyzed with ESI and MALDI-TOF MS and were found close to monodispersity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Khanal
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
| | - Shiyue Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
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Liu X, Yuan Y, Bo S, Li Y, Yang Z, Zhou X, Chen S, Jiang ZX. Monitoring Fluorinated Dendrimer-Based Self-Assembled Drug-Delivery Systems with 19
F Magnetic Resonance. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for fluorinated Pharmaceuticals; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; 430071 Wuhan China
| | - Yaping Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics; Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 430071 Wuhan China
| | - Shaowei Bo
- Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for fluorinated Pharmaceuticals; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; 430071 Wuhan China
| | - Yu Li
- Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for fluorinated Pharmaceuticals; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; 430071 Wuhan China
| | - Zhigang Yang
- Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for fluorinated Pharmaceuticals; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; 430071 Wuhan China
| | - Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics; Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 430071 Wuhan China
| | - Shizhen Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics; Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 430071 Wuhan China
| | - Zhong-Xing Jiang
- Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for fluorinated Pharmaceuticals; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; 430071 Wuhan China
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials; Dong Hua University; 201620 Shanghai China
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