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Rajasekaran VV, Ghosh A, Kundu S, Mondal D, Paululat T, Schmittel M. Synchronizing Two Distinct Nano-Circular Sliding Motions in Six-Component Machinery for Double Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202212473. [PMID: 36197751 PMCID: PMC9828345 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The heteroleptic multi-component double slider-on-deck system DS3 exhibits tight coupling of motional speed of two distinct nano-circular sliders (k298 =77 and 41 kHz) despite a 2.2 nm separation. In comparison, the single sliders in DS1 and DS2 move at vastly different speed (k298 =1.1 vs. 350 kHz). Synchronization of the motions in DS3 remains even when one slows the movement of the faster slider using small molecular brake pads. In contrast to the individual DS1 and DS2 systems, DS3 is a powerful catalyst for a two-step reaction by using the motion of both sliders to drive two catalytic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Verman Rajasekaran
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and (Bio)TechnologyOrganische Chemie IUniversity of SiegenAdolf-Reichwein Str. 257068SiegenGermany
| | - Amit Ghosh
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and (Bio)TechnologyOrganische Chemie IUniversity of SiegenAdolf-Reichwein Str. 257068SiegenGermany
| | - Sohom Kundu
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and (Bio)TechnologyOrganische Chemie IUniversity of SiegenAdolf-Reichwein Str. 257068SiegenGermany
| | - Debabrata Mondal
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and (Bio)TechnologyOrganische Chemie IUniversity of SiegenAdolf-Reichwein Str. 257068SiegenGermany
| | - Thomas Paululat
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and (Bio)TechnologyOrganische Chemie IIUniversity of SiegenAdolf-Reichwein Str. 257068SiegenGermany
| | - Michael Schmittel
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and (Bio)TechnologyOrganische Chemie IUniversity of SiegenAdolf-Reichwein Str. 257068SiegenGermany
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2
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Abstract
This review highlights the major efforts devoted to the development of molecular gears over the past 40 years, from pioneering covalent bis-triptycyl systems undergoing intramolecular correlated rotation in solution, to the most recent examples of gearing systems anchored on a surface, which allow intermolecular transmission of mechanical power. Emphasis is laid on the different strategies devised progressively to control the architectures of molecular bevel and spur gears, as intramolecular systems in solution or intermolecular systems on surfaces, while aiming at increased efficiency, complexity and functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Gisbert
- CEMES, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 29, rue Marvig, 31055, Toulouse, France
| | - Seifallah Abid
- CEMES, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 29, rue Marvig, 31055, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Kammerer
- CEMES, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 29, rue Marvig, 31055, Toulouse, France
| | - Gwénaël Rapenne
- CEMES, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 29, rue Marvig, 31055, Toulouse, France.,Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Nara, Japan
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3
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Abstract
The synthesis of an NHC-containing porphyrinoid ligand is presented. The formally antiaromatic 20 πe- macrocyclic framework can be obtained via a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition ("click-reaction") to form two triazole moieties which were alkylated to the respective triazolium macrocycle. Deprotonation of the ligand precursor with lithium bases to the respective dilithio carbenaporphyrin complex and transmetallation to scandium lead to complexes that exhibit orange fluorescence. Optical property combined with TD-DFT studies verify an aromatic character for each heterocyclic moiety rather than an antiaromatic macrocycle in the ligand precursor as well as in the complexes. While the geometric features of the carbenaporphyrin ligand strongly resemble those of porphyrin, DFT calculations reveal a stronger electron-donating ability of the new ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Maulbetsch
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieEberhard Karls Universität TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
| | - Doris Kunz
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieEberhard Karls Universität TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Maulbetsch
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Deutschland
| | - Doris Kunz
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Deutschland
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5
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Nakamura T, Feng RY, Nabeshima T. A Sandwich‐Shaped Hexanuclear Silver Complex with a Giant Cavity Constructed from a Macrocycle with Inward Chelating Units. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakamura
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS) University of Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305–8571 Japan
| | - Rui Yun Feng
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS) University of Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305–8571 Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nabeshima
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS) University of Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305–8571 Japan
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6
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Abstract
The dynamics of hydrogen bonding do not only play an important role in many biochemical processes but also in Nature's multicomponent machines. Here, a three-component nanorotor is presented where both the self-assembly and rotational dynamics are guided by hydrogen bonding. In the rate-limiting step of the rotational exchange, two phenolic O-H-N,N(phenanthroline) hydrogen bonds are cleaved, a process that was followed by variable-temperature 1 H NMR spectroscopy. Activation data (ΔG≠ 298 =46.7 kJ mol-1 at 298 K, ΔH≠ =55.3 kJ mol-1 , and ΔS≠ =28.8 J mol-1 K-1 ) were determined, furnishing a rotational exchange frequency of k298 =40.0 kHz. Fully reversible disassembly/assembly of the nanorotor was achieved by addition of 5.0 equivalents of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)/1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) over three cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pronay Kumar Biswas
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie IUniversity of SiegenAdolf-Reichwein Str. 257068SiegenGermany
| | - Abir Goswami
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie IUniversity of SiegenAdolf-Reichwein Str. 257068SiegenGermany
| | - Suchismita Saha
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie IUniversity of SiegenAdolf-Reichwein Str. 257068SiegenGermany
| | - Michael Schmittel
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie IUniversity of SiegenAdolf-Reichwein Str. 257068SiegenGermany
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeongsu Jeong
- Department of Chemistry Chung‐Ang University Heukseok‐ro, Dongjak‐gu 06974 Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoon Park
- Department of Chemistry Chung‐Ang University Heukseok‐ro, Dongjak‐gu 06974 Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Sunbum Kwon
- Department of Chemistry Chung‐Ang University Heukseok‐ro, Dongjak‐gu 06974 Seoul Republic of Korea
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8
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Goswami A, Schmittel M. Double Rotors with Fluxional Axles: Domino Rotation and Azide-Alkyne Huisgen Cycloaddition Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:12362-12366. [PMID: 32315496 PMCID: PMC7383839 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The simple preparation of the multicomponent devices [Cu4 (A)2 ]4+ and [Cu2 (A)(B)]2+ , both rotors with fluxional axles undergoing domino rotation, highlights the potential of self-sorting. The concept of domino rotation requires the interconversion of axle and rotator, allowing the spatiotemporal decoupling of two degenerate exchange processes in [Cu4 (A)2 ]4+ occurring at 142 kHz. Addition of two equiv of B to rotor [Cu4 (A)2 ]4+ afforded the heteromeric two-axle rotor [Cu2 (A)(B)]2+ with two distinct exchange processes (64.0 kHz and 0.55 Hz). The motion requiring a pyridine→zinc porphyrin bond cleavage is 1.2×105 times faster than that operating via a terpyridine→[Cu(phenAr2 )]+ rupture. Finally, both rotors are catalysts due to their copper(I) content. The fast domino rotor (142 kHz) was shown to suppress product inhibition in the catalysis of the azide-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir Goswami
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie IUniversity of SiegenAdolf-Reichwein Str. 257068SiegenGermany
| | - Michael Schmittel
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie IUniversity of SiegenAdolf-Reichwein Str. 257068SiegenGermany
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9
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Goswami A, Schmittel M. Doppelrotoren mit fluktuierenden Achsen: Domino‐Rotation und Katalyse der Azid‐Alkin‐Huisgen‐Cycloaddition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202002739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abir Goswami
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie I Universität Siegen Adolf-Reichwein Straße 2 57068 Siegen Deutschland
| | - Michael Schmittel
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie I Universität Siegen Adolf-Reichwein Straße 2 57068 Siegen Deutschland
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Miki
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringKyoto University Katsura Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615–8510 Japan
| | - Kouichi Ohe
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringKyoto University Katsura Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615–8510 Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Youzhi Xu
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Neue MaterialienUniversität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
| | - Max Delius
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Neue MaterialienUniversität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
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12
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Abstract
Since 1996, a growing number of strained macrocycles, comprising only sp2 - or sp-hybridized carbon atoms within the ring, have become synthetically accessible, with the [n]cycloparaphenyleneacetylenes (CPPAs) and the [n]cycloparaphenylenes (CPPs) being the most prominent examples. Now that robust and relatively general synthetic routes toward a diverse range of nanohoop structures have become available, the research focus is beginning to shift towards the exploration of their properties and applications. From a supramolecular chemistry perspective, these macrocycles offer unique opportunities as a result of their near-perfect circular shape, the unusually high degree of shape-persistence, and the presence of both convex and concave π-faces. In this Minireview, we give an overview on the use of strained carbon-rich nanohoops in host-guest chemistry, the preparation of mechanically interlocked architectures, and crystal engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youzhi Xu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Max von Delius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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13
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Abstract
Detailed mechanistic information is crucial to our understanding of reaction pathways and selectivity. Dynamic exchange NMR techniques, in particular 2D exchange spectroscopy (EXSY) and its modifications, provide indispensable intricate information on the mechanisms of organic and inorganic reactions and other phenomena, for example, the dynamics of interfacial processes. In this Review, key results from exchange NMR studies of small molecules over the last few decades are systemised and discussed. After a brief introduction to the theory, the key types of dynamic processes are identified and fundamental examples given of intra- and intermolecular reactions, which, in turn, could involve, or not, bond-making and bond-breaking events. Following that logic, internal molecular rotation, intramolecular stereomutation and molecular recognition will first be considered because they do not typically involve bond breaking. Then, rearrangements, substitution-type reactions, cyclisations, additions and other processes affecting chemical bonds will be discussed. Finally, interfacial molecular dynamics and unexpected combinations of different types of fluxional processes will also be highlighted. How exchange NMR spectroscopy helps to identify conformational changes, coordination and molecular recognition processes as well as quantify reaction energy barriers and extract detailed mechanistic information by using reaction rate theory in conjunction with computational techniques will be shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Nikitin
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ryan O'Gara
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin A. Majewski
- Wydział Chemii; Uniwersytet Wrocławski; ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Polen
| | - Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii; Uniwersytet Wrocławski; ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Polen
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15
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Majewski MA, Stępień M. Bowls, Hoops, and Saddles: Synthetic Approaches to Curved Aromatic Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 58:86-116. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201807004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin A. Majewski
- Wydział Chemii; Uniwersytet Wrocławski; ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii; Uniwersytet Wrocławski; ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille S. Bols
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; Chemistry Research Laboratory; Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Harry L. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; Chemistry Research Laboratory; Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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17
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Bols PS, Anderson HL. Shadow Mask Templates for Site-Selective Metal Exchange in Magnesium Porphyrin Nanorings. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:7874-7877. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pernille S. Bols
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; Chemistry Research Laboratory; Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Harry L. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; Chemistry Research Laboratory; Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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18
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van Leeuwen T, Danowski W, Pizzolato SF, Štacko P, Wezenberg SJ, Feringa BL. Braking of a Light-Driven Molecular Rotary Motor by Chemical Stimuli. Chemistry 2017; 24:81-84. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas van Leeuwen
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Wojciech Danowski
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Stefano F. Pizzolato
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Peter Štacko
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Sander J. Wezenberg
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
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20
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Jiang Z, Li Y, Wang M, Liu D, Yuan J, Chen M, Wang J, Newkome GR, Sun W, Li X, Wang P. Constructing High-Generation Sierpiński Triangles by Molecular Puzzling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201705480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhilong Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Central South University; Changsha Hunan- 410083 China
| | - Yiming Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Central South University; Changsha Hunan- 410083 China
- Department of Chemistry; University of South Florida; Tampa FL 78666 USA
| | - Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun Jilin- 130012 China
| | - Die Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Central South University; Changsha Hunan- 410083 China
| | - Jie Yuan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Central South University; Changsha Hunan- 410083 China
| | - Mingzhao Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Central South University; Changsha Hunan- 410083 China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Central South University; Changsha Hunan- 410083 China
| | - George R. Newkome
- Departments of Polymer Science; Maurice Morton Institute of Polymer Science; Department of Polymer Engineering and Chemistry; The University of Akron; Akron OH 44325 USA
| | - Wei Sun
- College of Mineral Processing and Bioengineering; Central South University; Changsha Hunan- 410083 China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- Department of Chemistry; University of South Florida; Tampa FL 78666 USA
| | - Pingshan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Central South University; Changsha Hunan- 410083 China
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Jiang Z, Li Y, Wang M, Liu D, Yuan J, Chen M, Wang J, Newkome GR, Sun W, Li X, Wang P. Constructing High-Generation Sierpiński Triangles by Molecular Puzzling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:11450-11455. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201705480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhilong Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Central South University; Changsha Hunan- 410083 China
| | - Yiming Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Central South University; Changsha Hunan- 410083 China
- Department of Chemistry; University of South Florida; Tampa FL 78666 USA
| | - Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun Jilin- 130012 China
| | - Die Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Central South University; Changsha Hunan- 410083 China
| | - Jie Yuan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Central South University; Changsha Hunan- 410083 China
| | - Mingzhao Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Central South University; Changsha Hunan- 410083 China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Central South University; Changsha Hunan- 410083 China
| | - George R. Newkome
- Departments of Polymer Science; Maurice Morton Institute of Polymer Science; Department of Polymer Engineering and Chemistry; The University of Akron; Akron OH 44325 USA
| | - Wei Sun
- College of Mineral Processing and Bioengineering; Central South University; Changsha Hunan- 410083 China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- Department of Chemistry; University of South Florida; Tampa FL 78666 USA
| | - Pingshan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Central South University; Changsha Hunan- 410083 China
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22
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Mao B, Calatayud DG, Mirabello V, Kuganathan N, Ge H, Jacobs RMJ, Shepherd AM, Ribeiro Martins JA, Bernardino De La Serna J, Hodges BJ, Botchway SW, Pascu SI. Fluorescence-Lifetime Imaging and Super-Resolution Microscopies Shed Light on the Directed- and Self-Assembly of Functional Porphyrins onto Carbon Nanotubes and Flat Surfaces. Chemistry 2017; 23:9772-9789. [PMID: 28444700 PMCID: PMC5724654 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Functional porphyrins have attracted intense attention due to their remarkably high extinction coefficients in the visible region and potential for optical and energy‐related applications. Two new routes to functionalised SWNTs have been established using a bulky ZnII‐porphyrin featuring thiolate groups at the periphery. We probed the optical properties of this zinc(II)‐substituted, bulky aryl porphyrin and those of the corresponding new nano‐composites with single walled carbon nanotube (SWNTs) and coronene, as a model for graphene. We report hereby on: i) the supramolecular interactions between the pristine SWNTs and ZnII‐porphyrin by virtue of π–π stacking, and ii) a novel covalent binding strategy based on the Bingel reaction. The functional porphyrins used acted as dispersing agent for the SWNTs and the resulting nanohybrids showed improved dispersibility in common organic solvents. The synthesized hybrid materials were probed by various characterisation techniques, leading to the prediction that supramolecular polymerisation and host–guest functionalities control the fluorescence emission intensity and fluorescence lifetime properties. For the first time, XPS studies highlighted the differences in covalent versus non‐covalent attachments of functional metalloporphyrins to SWNTs. Gas‐phase DFT calculations indicated that the ZnII‐porphyrin interacts non‐covalently with SWNTs to form a donor–acceptor complex. The covalent attachment of the porphyrin chromophore to the surface of SWNTs affects the absorption and emission properties of the hybrid system to a greater extent than in the case of the supramolecular functionalisation of the SWNTs. This represents a synthetic challenge as well as an opportunity in the design of functional nanohybrids for future sensing and optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Mao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY, Bath, UK.,National Graphene Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Booth Street East, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - David G Calatayud
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY, Bath, UK.,Department of Electroceramics, Instituto de Ceramica y Vidrio - CSIC, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Vincenzo Mirabello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY, Bath, UK
| | | | - Haobo Ge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY, Bath, UK
| | - Robert M J Jacobs
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Ashley M Shepherd
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - José A Ribeiro Martins
- Centro de Engenharia Biológica and Departamento de Química, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | | | - Benjamin J Hodges
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY, Bath, UK
| | - Stanley W Botchway
- Central Laser Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Sofia I Pascu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY, Bath, UK
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23
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Abstract
An off-axis supramolecular rotor was composed of four components: a zinc-porphyrin based stator with four phenanthroline stations and a zinc-salphen based rotator were self-assembled with DABCO and four copper(i) ions to furnish the rotor ROT-2 in quantitative yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve S. Özer
- Center for Micro- and Nanochemistry and Engineering
- Organische Chemie I
- Universität Siegen
- D-57068 Siegen
- Germany
| | - Anup Rana
- Center for Micro- and Nanochemistry and Engineering
- Organische Chemie I
- Universität Siegen
- D-57068 Siegen
- Germany
| | - Pronay K. Biswas
- Center for Micro- and Nanochemistry and Engineering
- Organische Chemie I
- Universität Siegen
- D-57068 Siegen
- Germany
| | - Michael Schmittel
- Center for Micro- and Nanochemistry and Engineering
- Organische Chemie I
- Universität Siegen
- D-57068 Siegen
- Germany
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24
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Hou X, Ke C, Zhou Y, Xie Z, Alngadh A, Keane DT, Nassar MS, Botros YY, Mirkin CA, Stoddart JF. Concurrent Covalent and Supramolecular Polymerization. Chemistry 2016; 22:12301-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xisen Hou
- Department of Chemistry; Northwestern University; 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208-3113 USA
| | - Chenfeng Ke
- Department of Chemistry; Dartmouth College; 41 College Street Hanover NH 03755-2562 USA
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Northwestern University; Evanston IL 60208-3113 USA
| | - Zhuang Xie
- Department of Chemistry; Northwestern University; 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208-3113 USA
| | - Ahmed Alngadh
- Joint Center of Excellence in Integrated Nano-Systems; King Abdul-Aziz City for Science and Technology; P.O. Box 6086 Riyadh 11442 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Denis T. Keane
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Northwestern University; Evanston IL 60208-3113 USA
| | - Majed S. Nassar
- Joint Center of Excellence in Integrated Nano-Systems; King Abdul-Aziz City for Science and Technology; P.O. Box 6086 Riyadh 11442 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Youssry Y. Botros
- Joint Center of Excellence in Integrated Nano-Systems; King Abdul-Aziz City for Science and Technology; P.O. Box 6086 Riyadh 11442 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Chad A. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry; Northwestern University; 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208-3113 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Northwestern University; Evanston IL 60208-3113 USA
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry; Northwestern University; 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208-3113 USA
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25
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Abstract
A stacked assembly composed of a porphyrin and two phthalocyanines was prepared through fourfold rotaxane formation. Two phthalocyanine molecules, bearing four 24-crown-8 units, were assembled onto a porphyrin template incorporating four sidechains with two dialkylammonium ions each through pseudorotaxane formation between crown ether units and ammonium ions. The Staudinger phosphite reaction, as the stoppering reaction, resulted in the formation of the stacked heterotrimer composed of a porphyrin and two phthalocyanines connected through a fourfold rotaxane structure. UV/Vis spectroscopic and electrochemical studies of the heterotrimer indicated that there is a significant electronic interaction between the two phthalocyanine units due to the close stacking. The electrochemical oxidation process of the stacked heterotrimer was studied by cyclic voltammetry and spectroelectrochemistry. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy of a dinuclear Cu(II) complex, in which two Cu(II) phthalocyanines were assembled on a metal-free porphyrin template, revealed that two Cu(II) phthalocyanines were located within the stacking distance, which resulted in an antiferromagnetic interaction between the two S=1/2 spins in the ground state of the Cu(2+) ions in the heterotrimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Naogya, 464-8602, Japan.,Research Center for Materials Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Naogya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Tatsuhisa Kato
- Department of Interdisciplinary Environment, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshidanihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kentaro Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Naogya, 464-8602, Japan.
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26
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Löffler S, Lübben J, Wuttke A, Mata RA, John M, Dittrich B, Clever GH. Internal dynamics and guest binding of a sterically overcrowded host. Chem Sci 2016; 7:4676-4684. [PMID: 30155116 PMCID: PMC6013793 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc00985a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Substituent control in self-assembled host systems allows for a fine-tuning of structure, dynamics and guest preference. Flat banana-shaped ligands L1 assemble with Pd(ii) cations into the interpenetrated coordination cage dimer [3BF4@Pd4L18], capable of sequential guest uptake. In contrast, the introduction of bulky adamantyl groups in ligand L2 prevents dimerization and results in the clean formation of monomeric cage species [Pd2L24]. Owing to steric crowding, the adamantyl substituent is considerably bent sideways with respect to the ligand backbone, and is rapidly flipping between both faces of the free ligand giving rise to two energetically degenerate conformers. Surprisingly, the flipping is preserved in the cage, albeit at a lower rate due to entropic reasons. Despite the very dense packing within the self-assembled structure, the cage is able to encapsulate a series of bis-anionic guests in an induced-fit fashion. Electronic structure calculations revealed a substantial contribution from dispersion interactions between the guest and the surrounding adamantyl groups that stabilize the host-guest complex. Guest exchange kinetics were quantified and the influence that encapsulated guests imparted on the ligand flipping dynamics was examined by a series of 2D NMR experiments. Four synchrotron X-ray structures of the cage and its host-guest complexes are presented, allowing for unprecedented insight into the host-guest interactions of a sterically overcrowded host and its guest-induced distortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Löffler
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Biology , TU Dortmund University , Otto-Hahn-Str. 6 , 44227 Dortmund , Germany .
| | - Jens Lübben
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry , Georg-August-University Göttingen , Tammannstr. 4 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Axel Wuttke
- Institute for Physical Chemistry , Georg-August-University Göttingen , Tammannstr. 6 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Ricardo A Mata
- Institute for Physical Chemistry , Georg-August-University Göttingen , Tammannstr. 6 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Michael John
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry , Georg-August-University Göttingen , Tammannstr. 4 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Birger Dittrich
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Structural Chemistry , Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf , Universitätsstr. 1 , 40225 Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Guido H Clever
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Biology , TU Dortmund University , Otto-Hahn-Str. 6 , 44227 Dortmund , Germany .
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27
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Lungerich D, Reger D, Hölzel H, Riedel R, Martin MMJC, Hampel F, Jux N. Eine Strategie zur Synthese ungewöhnlicher Hexaarylbenzole im Multigramm‐Maßstab. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201600841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Lungerich
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Henkestraße 42 91054 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - David Reger
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Henkestraße 42 91054 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Helen Hölzel
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Henkestraße 42 91054 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - René Riedel
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Henkestraße 42 91054 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Max M. J. C. Martin
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Henkestraße 42 91054 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Frank Hampel
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Henkestraße 42 91054 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Norbert Jux
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Henkestraße 42 91054 Erlangen Deutschland
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28
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Lungerich D, Reger D, Hölzel H, Riedel R, Martin MMJC, Hampel F, Jux N. A Strategy towards the Multigram Synthesis of Uncommon Hexaarylbenzenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:5602-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201600841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Lungerich
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Henkestrasse 42 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - David Reger
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Henkestrasse 42 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Helen Hölzel
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Henkestrasse 42 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - René Riedel
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Henkestrasse 42 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Max M. J. C. Martin
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Henkestrasse 42 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Frank Hampel
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Henkestrasse 42 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Norbert Jux
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Henkestrasse 42 91054 Erlangen Germany
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen K. Samanta
- Forschungszentrum für Mikro-/Nanochemie und -technologie Organische Chemie I; Universität Siegen; Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 2 57068 Siegen Deutschland
| | - Anup Rana
- Forschungszentrum für Mikro-/Nanochemie und -technologie Organische Chemie I; Universität Siegen; Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 2 57068 Siegen Deutschland
| | - Michael Schmittel
- Forschungszentrum für Mikro-/Nanochemie und -technologie Organische Chemie I; Universität Siegen; Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 2 57068 Siegen Deutschland
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30
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Samanta SK, Rana A, Schmittel M. Conformational Slippage Determines Rotational Frequency in Five-Component Nanorotors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:2267-72. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201509108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soumen K. Samanta
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie I; Universität Siegen; Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse 2 57068 Siegen Germany
| | - Anup Rana
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie I; Universität Siegen; Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse 2 57068 Siegen Germany
| | - Michael Schmittel
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie I; Universität Siegen; Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse 2 57068 Siegen Germany
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31
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Kammerer C, Rapenne G. Scorpionate Hydrotris(indazolyl)borate Ligands as Tripodal Platforms for Surface-Mounted Molecular Gears and Motors. Eur J Inorg Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201501222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Kammerer
- UPS; Université de Toulouse; 29 rue J. Marvig 31055 Toulouse France
- NanoSciences Group; CEMES; CNRS UPR 8011; 29 rue J. Marvig 31055 Toulouse France
| | - Gwénaël Rapenne
- UPS; Université de Toulouse; 29 rue J. Marvig 31055 Toulouse France
- NanoSciences Group; CEMES; CNRS UPR 8011; 29 rue J. Marvig 31055 Toulouse France
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32
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Chérioux F, Galangau O, Palmino F, Rapenne G. Controlled Directional Motions of Molecular Vehicles, Rotors, and Motors: From Metallic to Silicon Surfaces, a Strategy to Operate at Higher Temperatures. Chemphyschem 2015; 17:1742-51. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Chérioux
- Institut FEMTO-ST; Université de Franche-Comté, CNRS, UBFC; 15B Avenue des Montboucons 25030 Besançon France
| | - Olivier Galangau
- NanoSciences Group; CEMES, CNRS UPR 8011; 29 rue J. Marvig 31055 Toulouse France
- International Collaborative Laboratory for Supraphotoactive Systems; NAIST-CEMES, CNRS UPR 8011; 29 rue J. Marvig 31055 Toulouse France
| | - Frank Palmino
- Institut FEMTO-ST; Université de Franche-Comté, CNRS, UBFC; 15B Avenue des Montboucons 25030 Besançon France
| | - Gwénaël Rapenne
- Université de Toulouse, UPS; 29 rue J. Marvig 31055 Toulouse France
- NanoSciences Group; CEMES, CNRS UPR 8011; 29 rue J. Marvig 31055 Toulouse France
- International Collaborative Laboratory for Supraphotoactive Systems; NAIST-CEMES, CNRS UPR 8011; 29 rue J. Marvig 31055 Toulouse France
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33
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Huang W, Lee SK, Sung YM, Peng F, Yin B, Ma M, Chen B, Liu S, Kirk SR, Kim D, Song J. Azobenzene-Bridged Porphyrin Nanorings: Syntheses, Structures, and Photophysical Properties. Chemistry 2015; 21:15328-38. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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34
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Neuhaus P, Cnossen A, Gong JQ, Herz LM, Anderson HL. A Molecular Nanotube with Three-Dimensional π-Conjugation. Angew Chem Weinheim Bergstr Ger 2015; 127:7452-7456. [PMID: 27478266 PMCID: PMC4955231 DOI: 10.1002/ange.201502735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A π-conjugated twelve-porphyrin tube is synthesized in 32 % yield by a template-directed coupling reaction that joins together six porphyrin dimers, forming twelve new C-C bonds. The nanotube has two bound templates, enclosing an internal volume of approximately 4.5 nm3. Its UV/Vis/NIR absorption and fluorescence spectra resemble those of a previously reported six-porphyrin ring, but are red-shifted by approximately 300 cm-1, reflecting increased conjugation. Ultrafast fluorescence spectroscopy demonstrates extensive excited-state delocalization. Transfer of electronic excitation from an initially formed state polarized in the direction of the nanotube axis (z axis) to an excited state polarized in the xy plane occurs within 200 fs, resulting in a negative fluorescence anisotropy on excitation at 742 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Neuhaus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA (UK) http://hla.chem.ox.ac.uk/
| | - Arjen Cnossen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA (UK) http://hla.chem.ox.ac.uk/
| | - Juliane Q. Gong
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU (UK)
| | - Laura M. Herz
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU (UK)
| | - Harry L. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA (UK) http://hla.chem.ox.ac.uk/
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35
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Neuhaus P, Cnossen A, Gong JQ, Herz LM, Anderson HL. A Molecular Nanotube with Three-Dimensional π-Conjugation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:7344-8. [PMID: 25950655 PMCID: PMC4510782 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201502735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A π-conjugated twelve-porphyrin tube is synthesized in 32 % yield by a template-directed coupling reaction that joins together six porphyrin dimers, forming twelve new C=C bonds. The nanotube has two bound templates, enclosing an internal volume of approximately 4.5 nm3. Its UV/Vis/NIR absorption and fluorescence spectra resemble those of a previously reported six-porphyrin ring, but are red-shifted by approximately 300 cm−1, reflecting increased conjugation. Ultrafast fluorescence spectroscopy demonstrates extensive excited-state delocalization. Transfer of electronic excitation from an initially formed state polarized in the direction of the nanotube axis (z axis) to an excited state polarized in the xy plane occurs within 200 fs, resulting in a negative fluorescence anisotropy on excitation at 742 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Neuhaus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA (UK) http://hla.chem.ox.ac.uk/
| | - Arjen Cnossen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA (UK) http://hla.chem.ox.ac.uk/
| | - Juliane Q Gong
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU (UK)
| | - Laura M Herz
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU (UK)
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA (UK) http://hla.chem.ox.ac.uk/.
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