1
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Changmai S, Sultana S, Saikia AK. Review of electrochemical transition‐metal‐catalyzed C−H functionalization reactions. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumi Changmai
- Applied Organic Chemistry Chemical Sciences & Technology Division CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology 785006 Jorhat India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) 201002 Ghaziabad India
| | | | - Anil K. Saikia
- Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati Department of Chemistry Guwahati 781039 Assam India
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2
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Baroliya PK, Dhaker M, Panja S, Al-Thabaiti SA, Albukhari SM, Alsulami QA, Dutta A, Maiti D. Transition Metal-Catalyzed C-H Functionalization Through Electrocatalysis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023:e202202201. [PMID: 36881013 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202202201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemically promoted transition metal-catalyzed C-H functionalization has emerged as a promising area of research over the last few decades. However, development in this field is still at an early stage compared to traditional functionalization reactions using chemical-based oxidizing agents. Recent reports have shown increased attention on electrochemically promoted metal-catalyzed C-H functionalization. From the standpoint of sustainability, environmental friendliness, and cost effectiveness, electrochemically promoted oxidation of a metal catalyst offers a mild, efficient, and atom-economical alternative to traditional chemical oxidants. This Review discusses advances in the field of transition metal-electrocatalyzed C-H functionalization over the past decade and describes how the unique features of electricity enable metal-catalyzed C-H functionalization in an economic and sustainable way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhat Kumar Baroliya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, India
| | - Mukesh Dhaker
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, India
| | - Subir Panja
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Shaeel Ahmed Al-Thabaiti
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soha M Albukhari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qana A Alsulami
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arnab Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
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3
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Mondal A, van Gemmeren M. Silver-Free C-H Activation: Strategic Approaches towards Realizing the Full Potential of C-H Activation in Sustainable Organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202210825. [PMID: 36062882 PMCID: PMC9828228 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The activation of carbon-hydrogen bonds is considered as one of the most attractive techniques in synthetic organic chemistry because it bears the potential to shorten synthetic routes as well as to produce complementary product scopes compared to traditional synthetic strategies. However, many current methods employ silver salts as additives, leading to stoichiometric metal waste and thereby preventing the full potential of C-H activation to be exploited. Therefore, the development of silver-free protocols has recently received increasing attention. Mechanistically, silver can serve various roles in C-H activation and thus, avoiding the use of silver requires different approaches based on the role it serves in a given process. In this Review, we present the comparison of silver-based and silver-free methods. Focusing on the strategic approaches to develop silver-free C-H activation, we provide the reader with the means to develop sustainable methods for C-H activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arup Mondal
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 3648149MünsterGermany
| | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische ChemieChristian-Albrechts-Universität zu KielOtto-Hahn-Platz 424118KielGermany
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4
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Aloia A, Casiello M, D'Accolti L, Fusco C, Nacci A, Monopoli A. Direct Synthesis of 3-Aryl Substituted Isocoumarins and Phthalides through Palladium Acetate Catalyzed C(sp 2 )-H Activation in Ionic Liquids. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202350. [PMID: 35997238 PMCID: PMC9826210 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel Pd-catalysed oxidative coupling between benzoic acids and vinylarenes or acrylates to furnish isocoumarins and phthalides is reported. The reaction proceeds smoothly in molten tetrabutylammonium acetate via a selective C-H bond activation, with very low percentage of ligand-free palladium acetate as the catalyst, under atmospheric pressure of oxygen. Sub-stoichiometric amount of copper acetate is also required as a reoxidant for the palladium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Aloia
- Chemistry DepartmentUniversità degli Studi di Bari Aldo MoroVia Orabona 470126BariItaly
| | - Michele Casiello
- Chemistry DepartmentUniversità degli Studi di Bari Aldo MoroVia Orabona 470126BariItaly
| | - Lucia D'Accolti
- Chemistry DepartmentUniversità degli Studi di Bari Aldo MoroVia Orabona 470126BariItaly
- CNR – Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici (ICCOM) Bari SectionConsiglio Nazionale delle RicercheVia Orabona 470126BariItaly
| | - Caterina Fusco
- CNR – Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici (ICCOM) Bari SectionConsiglio Nazionale delle RicercheVia Orabona 470126BariItaly
| | - Angelo Nacci
- Chemistry DepartmentUniversità degli Studi di Bari Aldo MoroVia Orabona 470126BariItaly
- CNR – Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici (ICCOM) Bari SectionConsiglio Nazionale delle RicercheVia Orabona 470126BariItaly
| | - Antonio Monopoli
- Chemistry DepartmentUniversità degli Studi di Bari Aldo MoroVia Orabona 470126BariItaly
- CNR – Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici (ICCOM) Bari SectionConsiglio Nazionale delle RicercheVia Orabona 470126BariItaly
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5
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Zhang J, Das B, Verho O, Bäckvall J. Electrochemical Palladium‐Catalyzed Oxidative Carbonylation‐Cyclization of Enallenols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202212131. [PMID: 36222322 PMCID: PMC10098644 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report an electrochemical oxidative palladium-catalyzed carbonylation-carbocyclization of enallenols to afford γ-lactones and spirolactones, which proceeds with excellent chemoselectivity. Interestingly, electrocatalysis was found to have an accelerating effect on the rate of the tandem process, leading to a more efficient reaction than that under chemical redox conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Zhang
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory Stockholm University 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Biswanath Das
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory Stockholm University 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Oscar Verho
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry Uppsala Biomedical Center, BMC Uppsala University 75236 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Jan‐E. Bäckvall
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory Stockholm University 10691 Stockholm Sweden
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6
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Wang Y, Simon H, Chen X, Lin Z, Chen S, Ackermann L. Distal Ruthenaelectro-Catalyzed meta-C-H Bromination with Aqueous HBr. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201595. [PMID: 35172030 PMCID: PMC9310730 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
While electrochemical ortho-selective C-H activations are well established, distal C-H activations continue to be underdeveloped. In contrast, we herein describe the electrochemical meta-C-H functionalization. The remote C-H bromination was accomplished in an undivided cell by RuCl3 ⋅3 H2 O with aqueous HBr. The electrohalogenation proceeded under exogenous ligand- and electrolyte-free conditions. Notably, pyrazolylarenes were meta-selectively brominated at the benzenoid moiety, rather than on the electron-rich pyrazole ring for the first time. Mechanistic studies were suggestive of an initial ruthenacycle formation, and a subsequent ligand-to-ligand hydrogen transfer (LLHT) process to liberate the brominated product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Wang
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh)Georg-August-UniversitätTammanstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Hendrik Simon
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh)Georg-August-UniversitätTammanstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Xinran Chen
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh)Georg-August-UniversitätTammanstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Zhipeng Lin
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh)Georg-August-UniversitätTammanstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Shan Chen
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh)Georg-August-UniversitätTammanstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh)Georg-August-UniversitätTammanstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
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7
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Wang Y, Simon H, Chen X, Lin Z, Chen S, Ackermann L. Distale Ruthenaelektro‐katalysierte
meta
‐C−H‐Bromierung mit wässriger HBr. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Wang
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie und Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh) Georg-August-Universität Tammanstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Hendrik Simon
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie und Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh) Georg-August-Universität Tammanstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Xinran Chen
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie und Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh) Georg-August-Universität Tammanstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
- Institut für Chemie Zhejiang Universität Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Zhipeng Lin
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie und Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh) Georg-August-Universität Tammanstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Shan Chen
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie und Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh) Georg-August-Universität Tammanstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie und Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh) Georg-August-Universität Tammanstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
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8
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Feng T, Wang S, Liu Y, Liu S, Qiu Y. Electrochemical Desaturative β‐Acylation of Cyclic
N
‐Aryl Amines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202115178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Feng
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Siyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Yin Liu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Shouzhuo Liu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Youai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
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9
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Choi I, Messinis AM, Hou X, Ackermann L. A Strategy for Site‐ and Chemoselective C−H Alkenylation through Osmaelectrooxidative Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Choi
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh) Georg-August-Universität Tammanstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Antonis M. Messinis
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh) Georg-August-Universität Tammanstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Xiaoyan Hou
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh) Georg-August-Universität Tammanstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh) Georg-August-Universität Tammanstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
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10
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Choi I, Messinis AM, Hou X, Ackermann L. A Strategy for Site- and Chemoselective C-H Alkenylation through Osmaelectrooxidative Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:27005-27012. [PMID: 34665924 PMCID: PMC9298884 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we disclose osmaelectrocatalyzed C-H activations that set the stage for electrooxidative alkyne annulations by benzoic acids. The osmium electrocatalysis enables site- and chemoselective electrooxidative C-H activations with unique levels of selectivity. The isolation of unprecedented osmium(0) and osmium(II) intermediates, along with crystallographic characterization and analyses by spectrometric and spectroscopic in operando techniques delineate a synergistic osmium redox catalyst regime. Detailed mechanistic studies revealed a facile C-H cleavage, which allows for an ample substrate scope, providing provide robust and user-friendly access to annulated heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Choi
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh)Georg-August-UniversitätTammanstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Antonis M. Messinis
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh)Georg-August-UniversitätTammanstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Xiaoyan Hou
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh)Georg-August-UniversitätTammanstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh)Georg-August-UniversitätTammanstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
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11
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Feng T, Wang S, Liu Y, Liu S, Qiu Y. Electrochemical Desaturative β-Acylation of Cyclic N-Aryl Amines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202115178. [PMID: 34878215 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202115178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we disclose a straightforward, robust, and simple route to access β-substituted desaturated cyclic amines via an electrochemically driven desaturative β-functionalization of cyclic amines. This transformation is based on multiple single-electron oxidation processes using catalytic amounts of ferrocene. The reaction proceeds in the absence of stoichiometric amounts of electrolyte under mild conditions, affording the desired products with high chemo- and regioselectivity. The reaction was tolerant of a broad range of substrates and also enables late-stage β-C(sp3 )-H acylation of potentially valuable products. Preliminary mechanistic studies using cyclic voltammetry reveal the key role of ferrocene as a redox mediator in the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Feng
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Siyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yin Liu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Shouzhuo Liu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Youai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
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12
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Li X, Li W, Wei W, Fan J, Liu Z, Shi X. Sequential Cobalt/Rhodium‐Catalyzed Tandem Cyclization of Aromatic Aldehydes with Acrylates for Preparing 3‐Substituted Phthalides in Oxygen Atmosphere and Neat Water. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin‐Ran Li
- Key Laboratory of Syngas Conversion of Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710062 P. R. China
| | - Wan‐Di Li
- Key Laboratory of Syngas Conversion of Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710062 P. R. China
| | - Wen‐Ting Wei
- Key Laboratory of Syngas Conversion of Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710062 P. R. China
| | - Juan Fan
- Key Laboratory of Syngas Conversion of Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710062 P. R. China
| | - Zhong‐Wen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Syngas Conversion of Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710062 P. R. China
| | - Xian‐Ying Shi
- Key Laboratory of Syngas Conversion of Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710062 P. R. China
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13
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Samanta RC, Ackermann L. Evolution of Earth-Abundant 3 d-Metallaelectro-Catalyzed C-H Activation: From Chelation-Assistance to C-H Functionalization without Directing Groups. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2430-2441. [PMID: 34028175 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Catalyzed C-H functionalizations have emerged as a transformative platform for molecular syntheses. Despite of indisputable advances, oxidative C-H activations have been largely restricted to precious transition metals and stoichiometric amounts of chemical oxidants. In contrast, we herein discuss the potential of earth-abundant, environmentally-benign 3d transition metals for C-H activation, which has recently gained major momentum. Thus, a strategy for full resource economy has been established in our group, with green electricity as a renewable redox agent, giving valuable hydrogen as the sole byproduct under redox mediator-free conditions. In this account, we detail our accomplishments in 3d metallaelectrocatalysis towards green syntheses until March 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh C Samanta
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Woehler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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14
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Wang Y, Oliveira JCA, Lin Z, Ackermann L. Electrooxidative Rhodium-Catalyzed [5+2] Annulations via C-H/O-H Activations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:6419-6424. [PMID: 33471952 PMCID: PMC7986427 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Electrooxidative annulations involving mild transition metal-catalyzed C-H activation have emerged as a transformative strategy for the rapid construction of five- and six-membered heterocycles. In contrast, we herein describe the first electrochemical metal-catalyzed [5+2] cycloadditions to assemble valuable seven-membered benzoxepine skeletons by C-H/O-H activation. The efficient alkyne annulation featured ample substrate scope, using electricity as the only oxidant. Mechanistic studies provided strong support for a rhodium(III/I) regime, involving a benzoxepine-coordinated rhodium(I) sandwich complex as the catalyst resting state, which was re-oxidized to rhodium(III) by anodic oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Wang
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable ChemistryGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstrasse 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - João C. A. Oliveira
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable ChemistryGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstrasse 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Zhipeng Lin
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable ChemistryGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstrasse 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable ChemistryGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstrasse 237077GöttingenGermany
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15
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Tan X, Hou X, Rogge T, Ackermann L. Ruthenaelectro-Catalyzed Domino Three-Component Alkyne Annulation for Expedient Isoquinoline Assembly. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:4619-4624. [PMID: 33270973 PMCID: PMC7985882 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemical three-component assembly of isoquinolines has been accomplished by ruthenaelectro-catalyzed C-H/N-H functionalization. The robustness of the electrocatalysis was reflected by an ample substrate scope, an efficient electrooxidation, and an operationally friendly procedure. The isolation of key intermediates and detailed mechanistic studies, including unprecedented cyclovoltammetric analysis of a seven-membered ruthenacycle, provided support for an unusual ruthenium(II/III/I) regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Tan
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstrasse 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Xiaoyan Hou
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstrasse 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Torben Rogge
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstrasse 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstrasse 237077GöttingenGermany
- Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable ChemistryGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstrasse 237077GöttingenGermany
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16
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Wang Y, Oliveira JCA, Lin Z, Ackermann L. Elektrooxidative Rhodium‐katalysierte [5+2]‐Anellierung durch C‐H/O‐H‐Aktivierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202016895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Wang
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, und Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - João C. A. Oliveira
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, und Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Zhipeng Lin
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, und Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, und Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
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17
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Tan X, Hou X, Rogge T, Ackermann L. Ruthenaelektro‐katalysierte Domino‐Drei‐Komponenten‐Alkinanellierung für nützliche Isochinolin‐Synthesen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Tan
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Xiaoyan Hou
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Torben Rogge
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
- Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
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18
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Sun K, Lei J, Liu Y, Liu B, Chen N. Electrochemically Enabled Intramolecular and Intermolecular Annulations of Alkynes. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Anyang Normal University Anyang 455000 People's Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy Harbin University of Commerce Harbin 150076 People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Lei
- School of Pharmacy Harbin University of Commerce Harbin 150076 People's Republic of China
| | - Yingjie Liu
- School of Pharmacy Harbin University of Commerce Harbin 150076 People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Liu
- School of Pharmacy Harbin University of Commerce Harbin 150076 People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Chen
- School of Pharmacy Harbin University of Commerce Harbin 150076 People's Republic of China
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19
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Zhang S, Samanta RC, Del Vecchio A, Ackermann L. Evolution of High-Valent Nickela-Electrocatalyzed C-H Activation: From Cross(-Electrophile)-Couplings to Electrooxidative C-H Transformations. Chemistry 2020; 26:10936-10947. [PMID: 32329534 PMCID: PMC7497266 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
C-H activation has emerged as one of the most efficient tools for the formation of carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds, avoiding the use of prefunctionalized materials. In spite of tremendous progress in the field, stoichiometric quantities of toxic and/or costly chemical redox reagents, such as silver(I) or copper(II) salts, are largely required for oxidative C-H activations. Recently, electrosynthesis has experienced a remarkable renaissance that enables the use of storable, safe and waste-free electric current as a redox equivalent. While major recent momentum was gained in electrocatalyzed C-H activations by 4d and 5d metals, user-friendly and inexpensive nickela-electrocatalysis has until recently proven elusive for oxidative C-H activations. Herein, the early developments of nickela-electrocatalyzed reductive cross-electrophile couplings as well as net-redox-neutral cross-couplings are first introduced. The focus of this Minireview is, however, the recent emergence of nickel-catalyzed electrooxidative C-H activations until April 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou‐Kun Zhang
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Ramesh C. Samanta
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Antonio Del Vecchio
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
- Woehler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh)Georg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
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20
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Samanta RC, Struwe J, Ackermann L. Nickela-electrocatalyzed Mild C-H Alkylations at Room Temperature. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:14154-14159. [PMID: 32324948 PMCID: PMC7496282 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202004958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Direct alkylations of carboxylic acid derivatives are challenging and particularly nickel catalysis commonly requires high reaction temperatures and strong bases, translating into limited substrate scope. Herein, nickel-catalyzed C-H alkylations of unactivated 8-aminoquinoline amides have been realized under exceedingly mild conditions, namely at room temperature, with a mild base and a user-friendly electrochemical setup. This electrocatalyzed C-H alkylation displays high functional group tolerance and is applicable to both the primary and secondary alkylation. Based on detailed mechanistic studies, a nickel(II/III/I) catalytic manifold has been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh C. Samanta
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstrasse 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Julia Struwe
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstrasse 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstrasse 237077GöttingenGermany
- Woehler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh)Georg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstrasse 237077GöttingenGermany
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21
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Dhawa U, Tian C, Wdowik T, Oliveira JCA, Hao J, Ackermann L. Enantioselective Pallada-Electrocatalyzed C-H Activation by Transient Directing Groups: Expedient Access to Helicenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:13451-13457. [PMID: 32243685 PMCID: PMC7497116 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric pallada-electrocatalyzed C-H olefinations were achieved through the synergistic cooperation with transient directing groups. The electrochemical, atroposelective C-H activations were realized with high position-, diastereo-, and enantio-control under mild reaction conditions to obtain highly enantiomerically-enriched biaryls and fluorinated N-C axially chiral scaffolds. Our strategy provided expedient access to, among others, novel chiral BINOLs, dicarboxylic acids and helicenes of value to asymmetric catalysis. Mechanistic studies by experiments and computation provided key insights into the catalyst's mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttam Dhawa
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Cong Tian
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Tomasz Wdowik
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - João C. A. Oliveira
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Jiping Hao
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
- Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh)Georg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
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22
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Samanta RC, Struwe J, Ackermann L. Nickelaelektrokatalysierte, milde C‐H‐Alkylierungen bei Raumtemperatur. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202004958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh C. Samanta
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Julia Struwe
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
- Woehler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh) Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
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23
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Dhawa U, Tian C, Wdowik T, Oliveira JCA, Hao J, Ackermann L. Enantioselektive Pallada‐elektrokatalysierte C‐H‐Aktivierung durch transiente dirigierende Gruppen: Ein nützlicher Zugang zu Helicenen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uttam Dhawa
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Cong Tian
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Tomasz Wdowik
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - João C. A. Oliveira
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Jiping Hao
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
- Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh) Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
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24
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Liu X, Liu R, Qiu J, Cheng X, Li G. Chemical‐Reductant‐Free Electrochemical Deuteration Reaction using Deuterium Oxide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering National Demonstration Center for, Experimental Chemistry Education Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Ruoyu Liu
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering National Demonstration Center for, Experimental Chemistry Education Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Jiaxing Qiu
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering National Demonstration Center for, Experimental Chemistry Education Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering National Demonstration Center for, Experimental Chemistry Education Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310032 China
| | - Guigen Li
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering National Demonstration Center for, Experimental Chemistry Education Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Texas Tech University Lubbock TX USA
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25
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Liu X, Liu R, Qiu J, Cheng X, Li G. Chemical-Reductant-Free Electrochemical Deuteration Reaction using Deuterium Oxide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:13962-13967. [PMID: 32394494 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We report a method for the electrochemical deuteration of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds under catalyst- and external-reductant-free conditions, with deuteration rates as high as 99 % and yields up to 91 % in 2 h. The use of graphite felt for both the cathode and the anode was key to ensuring chemoselectivity and high deuterium incorporation under neutral conditions without the need for an external reductant. This method has a number of advantages over previously reported deuteration reactions that use stoichiometric metallic reductants. Mechanistic experiments showed that O2 evolution at the anode not only eliminates the need for an external reductant but also regulates the pH of the reaction mixture, keeping it approximately neutral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for, Experimental Chemistry Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ruoyu Liu
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for, Experimental Chemistry Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jiaxing Qiu
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for, Experimental Chemistry Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for, Experimental Chemistry Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.,State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Guigen Li
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for, Experimental Chemistry Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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26
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Yang L, Steinbock R, Scheremetjew A, Kuniyil R, Finger LH, Messinis AM, Ackermann L. Azaruthena(II)‐bicyclo[3.2.0]heptadien: Schlüsselintermediat für Ruthenaelektro(II/III/I)‐katalysierte Alkinanellierungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202000762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Long Yang
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie und Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable ChemistryGeorg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Ralf Steinbock
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie und Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable ChemistryGeorg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Alexej Scheremetjew
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie und Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable ChemistryGeorg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Rositha Kuniyil
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie und Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable ChemistryGeorg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Lars H. Finger
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie und Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable ChemistryGeorg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Antonis M. Messinis
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie und Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable ChemistryGeorg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie und Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable ChemistryGeorg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
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27
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Yang L, Steinbock R, Scheremetjew A, Kuniyil R, Finger LH, Messinis AM, Ackermann L. Azaruthena(II)-bicyclo[3.2.0]heptadiene: Key Intermediate for Ruthenaelectro(II/III/I)-catalyzed Alkyne Annulations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:11130-11135. [PMID: 32129528 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202000762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A ruthenium-catalyzed electrochemical dehydrogenative annulation reaction of imidazoles with alkynes has been established, enabling the preparation of various bridgehead N-fused [5,6]-bicyclic heteroarenes through regioselective electrochemical C-H/N-H annulation without chemical metal oxidants. Novel azaruthenabicyclo[3.2.0]heptadienes were fully characterized and identified as key intermediates. Mechanistic studies are suggestive of an oxidatively induced reductive elimination pathway within a ruthenium(II/III) regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Yang
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ralf Steinbock
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexej Scheremetjew
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rositha Kuniyil
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lars H Finger
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Antonis M Messinis
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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28
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Qiu Y, Scheremetjew A, Finger LH, Ackermann L. Electrophotocatalytic Undirected C-H Trifluoromethylations of (Het)Arenes. Chemistry 2020; 26:3241-3246. [PMID: 31875327 PMCID: PMC7155051 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Electrophotochemistry has enabled arene C-H trifluoromethylation with the Langlois reagent CF3 SO2 Na under mild reaction conditions. The merger of electrosynthesis and photoredox catalysis provided a chemical oxidant-free approach for the generation of the CF3 radical. The electrophotochemistry was carried out in an operationally simple manner, setting the stage for challenging C-H trifluoromethylations of unactivated arenes and heteroarenes. The robust nature of the electrophotochemical manifold was reflected by a wide scope, including electron-rich and electron-deficient benzenes, as well as naturally occurring heteroarenes. Electrophotochemical C-H trifluoromethylation was further achieved in flow with a modular electro-flow-cell equipped with an in-operando monitoring unit for on-line flow-NMR spectroscopy, providing support for the single electron transfer processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youai Qiu
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstrasse 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Alexej Scheremetjew
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstrasse 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Lars H. Finger
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstrasse 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstrasse 237077GöttingenGermany
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29
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Listratova AV, Sbei N, Voskressensky LG. Catalytic Electrosynthesis of N
,O
-Heterocycles - Recent Advances. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna V. Listratova
- Organic Chemistry Department; Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University); 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St. 117198 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Najoua Sbei
- Organic Chemistry Department; Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University); 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St. 117198 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Leonid G. Voskressensky
- Organic Chemistry Department; Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University); 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St. 117198 Moscow Russian Federation
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30
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Zhang S, Struwe J, Hu L, Ackermann L. Nickela-electrocatalyzed C-H Alkoxylation with Secondary Alcohols: Oxidation-Induced Reductive Elimination at Nickel(III). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:3178-3183. [PMID: 31729814 PMCID: PMC7028089 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nickela-electrooxidative C-H alkoxylations with challenging secondary alcohols were accomplished in a fully dehydrogenative fashion, thereby avoiding stoichiometric chemical oxidants, with H2 as the only stoichiometric byproduct. The nickela-electrocatalyzed oxygenation proved viable with various (hetero)arenes, including naturally occurring secondary alcohols, without racemization. Detailed mechanistic investigation, including DFT calculations and cyclovoltammetric studies of a well-defined C-H activated nickel(III) intermediate, suggest an oxidation-induced reductive elimination at nickel(III).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou‐Kun Zhang
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstrasse 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Julia Struwe
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstrasse 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Lianrui Hu
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstrasse 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstrasse 237077GöttingenGermany
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31
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Kong W, Shen Z, Finger LH, Ackermann L. Elektrochemischer Zugang zu aza‐polycyclischen aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen: Rhoda‐elektrokatalytische Domino‐Alkin‐Anellierungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201914775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei‐Jun Kong
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Zhigao Shen
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Lars H. Finger
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
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32
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Kong WJ, Shen Z, Finger LH, Ackermann L. Electrochemical Access to Aza-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Rhoda-Electrocatalyzed Domino Alkyne Annulations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:5551-5556. [PMID: 31793169 PMCID: PMC7155118 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen-doped polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (aza-PAHs) have found broad applications in material sciences. Herein, a modular electrochemical synthesis of aza-PAHs was developed via a rhodium-catalyzed cascade C-H activation and alkyne annulation. A multifunctional O-methylamidoxime enabled the high chemo- and regioselectivity. The isolation of two key rhodacyclic intermediates made it possible to delineate the exact order of three C-H activation steps. In addition, the metalla-electrocatalyzed multiple C-H transformation is characterized by unique functional group tolerance, including highly reactive iodo and azido groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jun Kong
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Zhigao Shen
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lars H Finger
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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33
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Zhang S, Struwe J, Hu L, Ackermann L. Nickelaelektro‐katalysierte C‐H‐Alkoxylierung mit sekundären Alkoholen: oxidationsinduzierte reduktive Eliminierung an Nickel(III). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shou‐Kun Zhang
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Julia Struwe
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Lianrui Hu
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
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34
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Wild U, Hübner O, Himmel H. Redox-Active Guanidines in Proton-Coupled Electron-Transfer Reactions: Real Alternatives to Benzoquinones? Chemistry 2019; 25:15988-15992. [PMID: 31535741 PMCID: PMC7065378 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Guanidino-functionalized aromatics (GFAs) are readily available, stable organic redox-active compounds. In this work we apply one particular GFA compound, 1,2,4,5-tetrakis(tetramethylguanidino)benzene, in its oxidized form in a variety of oxidation/oxidative coupling reactions to demonstrate the scope of its proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reactivity. Addition of an excess of acid boosts its oxidation power, enabling the oxidative coupling of substrates with redox potentials of at least +0.77 V vs. Fc+ /Fc. The green recyclability by catalytic re-oxidation with dioxygen is also shown. Finally, a direct comparison indicates that GFAs are real alternatives to toxic halo- or cyano-substituted benzoquinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Wild
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Olaf Hübner
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Hans‐Jörg Himmel
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
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35
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Sau SC, Mei R, Struwe J, Ackermann L. Cobaltaelectro-Catalyzed C-H Activation with Carbon Monoxide or Isocyanides. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:3023-3027. [PMID: 30897295 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201900378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical oxidative C-H/N-H activations with isocyanides have been realized with a versatile cobalt catalyst. The widely applicable cobalt catalysis manifold further enabled electrooxidative C-H/N-H carbonylations with carbon monoxide under ambient conditions. The C-H functionalizations were efficiently realized with ample scope and outstanding functional group tolerance in a user-friendly undivided cell setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaresh Chandra Sau
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ruhuai Mei
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Julia Struwe
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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36
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Liu D, Ma H, Fang P, Mei T. Nickel‐Catalyzed Thiolation of Aryl Halides and Heteroaryl Halides through Electrochemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:5033-5037. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201900956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic ChemistryCenter for Excellence in Molecular SynthesisShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Hong‐Xing Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYancheng Institute of Technology Yancheng 224051 China
| | - Ping Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic ChemistryCenter for Excellence in Molecular SynthesisShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Tian‐Sheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic ChemistryCenter for Excellence in Molecular SynthesisShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
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37
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Kong WJ, Finger LH, Oliveira JCA, Ackermann L. Rhodaelectrocatalysis for Annulative C-H Activation: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons through Versatile Double Electrocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:6342-6346. [PMID: 30835907 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Rapid access to structurally diversified polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a controlled manner is of key significance in materials sciences. Herein, we describe a strategy featuring two distinct electrocatalytic C-H transformations for the synthesis of novel nonplanar PAHs. The combination of rhodaelectrooxidative C-H activation/[2+2+2] alkyne annulation of easily accessible boronic acids with electrocatalytic cyclodehydrogenation provided modular access to diversely substituted PAHs with electricity as a sustainable oxidant. The unique molecular topology as well as the photophysical and electronic properties of the thus obtained PAHs were fully analyzed. The unique power of this metallaelectrocatalysis method was demonstrated by the chemoselective assembly of synthetically useful iodo-substituted PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jun Kong
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lars H Finger
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - João C A Oliveira
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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38
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Kong W, Finger LH, Oliveira JCA, Ackermann L. Rhodaelectrocatalysis for Annulative C−H Activation: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons through Versatile Double Electrocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201901565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei‐Jun Kong
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Lars H. Finger
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - João C. A. Oliveira
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
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39
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Liu D, Ma H, Fang P, Mei T. Nickel‐Catalyzed Thiolation of Aryl Halides and Heteroaryl Halides through Electrochemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201900956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic ChemistryCenter for Excellence in Molecular SynthesisShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Hong‐Xing Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYancheng Institute of Technology Yancheng 224051 China
| | - Ping Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic ChemistryCenter for Excellence in Molecular SynthesisShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Tian‐Sheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic ChemistryCenter for Excellence in Molecular SynthesisShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
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40
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Chen J, Lv S, Tian S. Electrochemical Transition-Metal-Catalyzed C-H Bond Functionalization: Electricity as Clean Surrogates of Chemical Oxidants. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:115-132. [PMID: 30280508 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201801946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Transition-metal-catalyzed C-H activation has attracted much attention from the organic synthetic community because it obviates the need to prefunctionalize substrates. However, superstoichiometric chemical oxidants, such as copper- or silver-based metal oxidants, benzoquinones, organic peroxides, K2 S2 O8 , hypervalent iodine, and O2 , are required for most of the reactions. Thus, the development of environmentally benign and user-friendly C-H bond activation protocols, in the absence of chemical oxidants, are urgently desired. The inherent advantages and unique characteristics of organic electrosynthesis make fill this gap. Herein, recent progress in this area (until the end of September 2018) is summarized for different transition metals to highlight the potential sustainability of electro-organic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, PR China
| | - Shide Lv
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, PR China
| | - Siyu Tian
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, PR China
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41
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Zhang SK, Samanta RC, Sauermann N, Ackermann L. Nickel-Catalyzed Electrooxidative C-H Amination: Support for Nickel(IV). Chemistry 2018; 24:19166-19170. [PMID: 30379363 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nickel-catalyzed electrochemical C-H aminations were accomplished by chemo- and position-selective C-H activation with ample scope. Detailed mechanistic studies highlighted a facile C-H cleavage with unique chemo-selectivity, while cyclovoltammetric analysis provided support for a nickel(II/III/IV) manifold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Kun Zhang
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ramesh C Samanta
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Sauermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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