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Zupanc A, Install J, Jereb M, Repo T. Sustainable and Selective Modern Methods of Noble Metal Recycling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214453. [PMID: 36409274 PMCID: PMC10107291 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Noble metals exhibit broad arrange of applications in industry and several aspects of human life which are becoming more and more prevalent in modern times. Due to their limited sources and constantly and consistently expanding demand, recycling of secondary and waste materials must accompany the traditional mineral extractions. This Minireview covers the most recent solvometallurgical developments in regeneration of Pd, Pt, Rh, Ru, Ir, Os, Ag and Au with emphasis on sustainability and selectivity. Processing-by selective oxidative dissolution, reductive precipitation, solvent extraction, co-precipitation, membrane transfer and trapping to solid media-of eligible multi-metal substrates for recycling from waste printed circuit boards to end-of-life automotive catalysts are discussed. Outlook for possible future direction for noble metal recycling is proposed with emphasis on sustainable approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anže Zupanc
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 (A. I. Virtasen aukio 1), 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Joseph Install
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 (A. I. Virtasen aukio 1), 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjan Jereb
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Timo Repo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 (A. I. Virtasen aukio 1), 00014, Helsinki, Finland
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Nag A, Morrison CA, Love JB. Rapid Dissolution of Noble Metals in Organic Solvents. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202201285. [PMID: 35929761 PMCID: PMC9804267 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The dissolution of elemental noble metals (NMs) such as gold, platinum, palladium, and copper is necessary for their recycling but carries a high environmental burden due to the use of strong acids and toxic reagents. Herein, a new approach was developed for the rapid dissolution of elemental NMs in organic solvents using mixtures of triphenylphosphine dichloride or oxalyl chloride and hydrogen peroxide, forming metal chloride salts directly. Almost quantitative dissolution of metallic Au, Pd, and Cu was observed within minutes at room temperature. For Pt, dissolution was achieved, albeit more slowly, using the chlorinating oxidant alone but was inhibited on addition of hydrogen peroxide. After leaching, transfer of PtIV and PdII chloride salts from the organic phase into a 6 m HCl aqueous phase facilitated their separation by precipitation of PtIV using a simple diamide ligand. In contrast, the retention of AuIII chloridometalate in the organic phase allowed its selective separation from Ni and Cu from a leachate solution obtained from electronic CPUs. This new approach has potential application in the hydrometallurgical leaching and purification of NMs from ores, spent catalysts, and electronic and nano-wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Nag
- EaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3FJUnited Kingdom
| | - Carole A. Morrison
- EaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3FJUnited Kingdom
| | - Jason B. Love
- EaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3FJUnited Kingdom
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3
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Zupanc A, Heliövaara E, Moslova K, Eronen A, Kemell M, Podlipnik Č, Jereb M, Repo T. Iodine‐Catalysed Dissolution of Elemental Gold in Ethanol. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117587. [PMID: 35106899 PMCID: PMC9305299 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Gold is a scarce element in the Earth's crust but indispensable in modern electronic devices. New, sustainable methods of gold recycling are essential to meet the growing eco‐social demand of gold. Here, we describe a simple, inexpensive, and environmentally benign dissolution of gold under mild conditions. Gold dissolves quantitatively in ethanol using 2‐mercaptobenzimidazole as a ligand in the presence of a catalytic amount of iodine. Mechanistically, the dissolution of gold begins when I2 oxidizes Au0 and forms a [AuII2]− species, which undergoes subsequent ligand‐exchange reactions and forms a stable bis‐ligand AuI complex. H2O2 oxidizes free iodide and regenerated I2 returns back to the catalytic cycle. Addition of a reductant to the reaction mixture precipitates gold quantitatively and partially regenerates the ligand. We anticipate our work will open a new pathway to more sustainable metal recycling with the utilization of just catalytic amounts of reagents and green solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anže Zupanc
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Helsinki A. I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology University of Ljubljana Večna pot 113 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Eeva Heliövaara
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Helsinki A. I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Karina Moslova
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Helsinki A. I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Aleksi Eronen
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Helsinki A. I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Marianna Kemell
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Helsinki A. I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Črtomir Podlipnik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology University of Ljubljana Večna pot 113 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Marjan Jereb
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology University of Ljubljana Večna pot 113 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Timo Repo
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Helsinki A. I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
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Zupanc A, Heliövaara E, Moslova K, Eronen A, Kemell M, Podlipnik Č, Jereb M, Repo T. Iodine‐Catalysed Dissolution of Elemental Gold in Ethanol. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anže Zupanc
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Helsinki A. I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology University of Ljubljana Večna pot 113 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Eeva Heliövaara
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Helsinki A. I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Karina Moslova
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Helsinki A. I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Aleksi Eronen
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Helsinki A. I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Marianna Kemell
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Helsinki A. I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Črtomir Podlipnik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology University of Ljubljana Večna pot 113 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Marjan Jereb
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology University of Ljubljana Večna pot 113 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Timo Repo
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Helsinki A. I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
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Heliövaara E, Liljeqvist H, Muuronen M, Eronen A, Moslova K, Repo T. Cooperative Ligands in Dissolution of Gold. Chemistry 2021; 27:8668-8672. [PMID: 33881191 PMCID: PMC8251914 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Development of new, environmentally benign dissolution methods for metallic gold is driven by needs in the circular economy. Gold is widely used in consumer electronics, but sustainable and selective dissolution methods for Au are scarce. Herein, we describe a quantitative dissolution of gold in organic solution under mild conditions by using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant. In the dissolution reaction, two thiol ligands, pyridine-4-thiol and 2-mercaptobenzimidazole, work in a cooperative manner. The mechanistic investigations suggest that two pyridine-4-thiol molecules form a complex with Au0 that can be oxidized, whereas the role of inexpensive 2-mercaptobenzimidazole is to stabilize the formed AuI species through a ligand exchange process. Under optimized conditions, the reaction proceeds vigorously and gold dissolves quantitatively in two hours. The demonstrated ligand-exchange mechanism with two thiols allows to drastically reduce the thiol consumption and may lead to even more effective gold dissolution methods in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eeva Heliövaara
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiP.O. Box 55Helsinki00014Finland
| | - Henri Liljeqvist
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiP.O. Box 55Helsinki00014Finland
| | - Mikko Muuronen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiP.O. Box 55Helsinki00014Finland
- BASF SECarl-Bosch-Strasse 3867056LudwigshafenGermany)y
| | - Aleksi Eronen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiP.O. Box 55Helsinki00014Finland
| | - Karina Moslova
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiP.O. Box 55Helsinki00014Finland
| | - Timo Repo
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiP.O. Box 55Helsinki00014Finland
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Wang Y, Jia X, Yang H, Wang Y, Chen X, Hong AN, Li J, Bu X, Feng P. A Strategy for Constructing Pore‐Space‐Partitioned MOFs with High Uptake Capacity for C
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Hydrocarbons and CO
2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:19027-19030. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan Shanxi 030024 China
- Department of Chemistry University of California Riverside CA 92521 USA
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Gas Energy Efficient and Clean Utilization Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan Shanxi 030024 China
| | - Xiaoxia Jia
- Department of Chemistry University of California Riverside CA 92521 USA
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Gas Energy Efficient and Clean Utilization Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan Shanxi 030024 China
| | - Huajun Yang
- Department of Chemistry University of California Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Yanxiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry University of California Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Xitong Chen
- Department of Chemistry University of California Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Anh N. Hong
- Department of Chemistry University of California Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Jinping Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Gas Energy Efficient and Clean Utilization Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan Shanxi 030024 China
| | - Xianhui Bu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry California State University Long Beach Long Beach CA 90840 USA
| | - Pingyun Feng
- Department of Chemistry University of California Riverside CA 92521 USA
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Wang Y, Jia X, Yang H, Wang Y, Chen X, Hong AN, Li J, Bu X, Feng P. A Strategy for Constructing Pore‐Space‐Partitioned MOFs with High Uptake Capacity for C
2
Hydrocarbons and CO
2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan Shanxi 030024 China
- Department of Chemistry University of California Riverside CA 92521 USA
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Gas Energy Efficient and Clean Utilization Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan Shanxi 030024 China
| | - Xiaoxia Jia
- Department of Chemistry University of California Riverside CA 92521 USA
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Gas Energy Efficient and Clean Utilization Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan Shanxi 030024 China
| | - Huajun Yang
- Department of Chemistry University of California Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Yanxiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry University of California Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Xitong Chen
- Department of Chemistry University of California Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Anh N. Hong
- Department of Chemistry University of California Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Jinping Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Gas Energy Efficient and Clean Utilization Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan Shanxi 030024 China
| | - Xianhui Bu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry California State University Long Beach Long Beach CA 90840 USA
| | - Pingyun Feng
- Department of Chemistry University of California Riverside CA 92521 USA
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Holthoff JM, Engelage E, Kowsari AB, Huber SM, Weiss R. Noble Metal Corrosion: Halogen Bonded Iodocarbenium Iodides Dissolve Elemental Gold-Direct Access to Gold-Carbene Complexes. Chemistry 2019; 25:7480-7484. [PMID: 30994943 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A common method to dissolve elemental gold involves the combination of an oxidant with a Lewis base that coordinates to the gold surface, thus lowering the metal's redox potential. Herein we report the usage of organic iodide salts, which provide both oxidative power and a coordinating ligand, to dissolve gold under formation of organo-gold complexes. The obtained products were identified as AuIII complexes, all featuring Au-C bonds, as shown by X-ray single-crystal analysis, and can be isolated in good yields. Additionally, our method provides direct access to N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC-type) complexes and avoids costly organometallic precursors. The investigated complexes show dynamic behavior in acetonitrile and in the case of the NHC(-type) complexes, the involved species could be identified as a monocarbene [AuI3 (carbene)] and biscarbene complex [AuI2 (carbene)2 ]+ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana M Holthoff
- Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Elric Engelage
- Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Alexander B Kowsari
- Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefan M Huber
- Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Robert Weiss
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
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