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Avula S, Jhun BH, Jo U, Heo S, Lee JY, You Y. Achieving Long-Wavelength Electroluminescence Using Two-Coordinate Gold(I) Complexes: Overcoming the Energy Gap Law. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2024; 11:e2305745. [PMID: 37953418 PMCID: PMC10767458 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Two-coordinate coinage metal complexes have emerged as promising emitters for highly efficient organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs). However, achieving efficient long-wavelength electroluminescence emission from these complexes remains as a daunting challenge. To address this challenge, molecular design strategies aimed at bolstering the photoluminescence quantum yield (Φ) of Au(I) complex emitters in low-energy emission regions are investigated. By varying amido ligands, a series of two-coordinate Au(I) complexes is developed that exhibit photoluminescence peak wavelengths over a broad range of 533-750 nm. These complexes, in particular, maintain Φ values up to 10% even in the near-infrared emission region, overcoming the constraints imposed by an energy gap. Quantum chemical calculations and photophysical analyses reveal the action of radiative control, which serves to overcome the energy gap law, becomes more pronounced as the overlap between hole and electron distributions (Sr (r)) in the excited state increases. It is further elucidated that Sr (r) increases with the distance between the hole-distribution centroid and the nitrogen atom in an amido ligand. Finally, multilayer OLEDs involving the Au(I) complex emitters exhibit performances beyond the borderline of the electroluminescence wavelength-external quantum efficiency space set by previous devices of coinage metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreenivas Avula
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringYonsei UniversitySeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Hak Jhun
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringYonsei UniversitySeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Unhyeok Jo
- School of Chemical EngineeringSungkyunkwan UniversitySuwonGyeonggi‐do16419Republic of Korea
| | - Seunga Heo
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceEwha Womans UniversitySeoul03760Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Yeob Lee
- School of Chemical EngineeringSungkyunkwan UniversitySuwonGyeonggi‐do16419Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmin You
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringYonsei UniversitySeoul03722Republic of Korea
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2
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Marques A, Carabineiro SAC, Aureliano M, Faleiro L. Evaluation of Gold Complexes to Address Bacterial Resistance, Quorum Sensing, Biofilm Formation, and Their Antiviral Properties against Bacteriophages. Toxics 2023; 11:879. [PMID: 37999531 PMCID: PMC10674251 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11110879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide increase in antibiotic resistance poses a significant challenge, and researchers are diligently seeking new drugs to combat infections and prevent bacterial pathogens from developing resistance. Gold (I and III) complexes are suitable for this purpose. In this study, we tested four gold (I and III) complexes, (1) chlorotrimethylphosphine gold(I); (2) chlorotriphenylphosphine gold(I); (3) dichloro(2-pyridinecarboxylate) gold (III); and (4) 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazole-2-ylidene gold(I) chloride, for their antibacterial, antibiofilm, antiviral, and anti-quorum sensing activities. Results reveal that 1 significantly inhibits Escherichia coli DSM 1077 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, while 2, 3, and 4 only inhibit S. aureus ATCC 6538. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1 for S. aureus ATCC 6538 is 0.59 μg/mL (1.91 μM), and for methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains MRSA 12 and MRSA 15, it is 1.16 μg/mL (3.75 μM). For E. coli DSM 1077 (Gram-negative), the MIC is 4.63 μg/mL (15 μM), and for multi-resistant E. coli I731940778-1, it is 9.25 μg/mL (30 μM). Complex 1 also disrupts biofilm formation in E. coli and S. aureus after 6 h or 24 h exposure. Moreover, 1 and 2 inhibit the replication of two enterobacteria phages. Anti-quorum sensing potential still requires further clarification. These findings highlight the potential of gold complexes as effective agents to combat bacterial and viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marques
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal;
- Algarve Biomedical Center—Research Institute, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Sónia A. C. Carabineiro
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
| | - Manuel Aureliano
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal;
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMar), Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Leonor Faleiro
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal;
- Algarve Biomedical Center—Research Institute, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- Champalimaud Research Program, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
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3
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Scattolin T, Tonon G, Botter E, Guillet SG, Tzouras NV, Nolan SP. Gold(I)-N-Heterocyclic Carbene Synthons in Organometallic Synthesis. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301961. [PMID: 37463071 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
The prominent role of gold-N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes in numerous research areas such as homogeneous (photo)catalysis, medicinal chemistry and materials science has prompted organometallic chemists to design gold-based synthons that permit access to target complexes through simple synthetic steps under mild conditions. In this review, the main gold-NHC synthons employed in organometallic synthesis are discussed. Mechanistic aspects involved in their synthesis and reactivity as well as applications of gold-NHC synthons as efficient pre-catalysts, antitumor agents and/or photo-emissive materials are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Scattolin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli studi di Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tonon
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Università Ca' Foscari Campus Scientifico, Via Torino 155, 30174, Venezia-Mestre, Italy
| | - Eleonora Botter
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Università Ca' Foscari Campus Scientifico, Via Torino 155, 30174, Venezia-Mestre, Italy
| | - Sebastien G Guillet
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nikolaos V Tzouras
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steven P Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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4
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Horký F, Neubrand M, Císařová I, Schulz J, Štěpnička P. Synthesis of Hybrid Ligands with Nitrile and Cage Phosphane Donor Groups and their Applications in Gold-Mediated Reactions. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202300196. [PMID: 37283065 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Altering the donor properties of phosphane ligands through substituent variation is an established tool in coordination chemistry and catalysis. This contribution describes the synthesis of two new hybrid donors (L) combining 1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-2,4,6-trioxa-8-phosphaadamantane-8-yl (PCg) and nitrile donor groups at different molecular scaffolds, viz. ferrocene-1,1'-diyl (fc) and 1,2-phenylene. These ligands were used to prepare dimeric Au(I) complexes [Au2 (μ(P,N)-L)2 ][SbF6 ]2 , which were evaluated as silver-free, preformed catalysts in Au-mediated cycloisomerization of (Z)-3-methylpent-2-en-4-yn-1-ol to 2,3-dimethylfuran. The catalyst featuring the ferrocene-based ligand, viz., [Au2 (μ(P,N)-CgPfcCN)2 ][SbF6 ]2 , showed the best catalytic performance at low catalyst loading (0.5 or 0.15 mol.%), which exceeded that of its diphenylphosphanyl analog [Au2 (μ(P,N)-Ph2 PfcCN)2 ][SbF6 ]2 studied earlier and the prototypical Au(I) precatalyst [Au(PPh3 )(MeCN)][SbF6 ].
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Horký
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Maren Neubrand
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40, Prague, Czech Republic
- Visiting Erasmus student from, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart (Germany)
| | - Ivana Císařová
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Schulz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Štěpnička
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40, Prague, Czech Republic
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Abstract
Plain language summary From jewels and coinage to anticancer and antiviral agents, the peculiar 'soft' character as well as physicochemical, redox and ligand exchange properties of gold can be exploited to design novel bioactive complexes, which may open up new perspectives to the development of drugs for therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Brescia
- School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Luca Ronconi
- School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
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Orek C, Bartolomei M, Coletti C, Bulut N. Graphene as Nanocarrier for Gold(I)-Monocarbene Complexes: Strength and Nature of Physisorption. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093941. [PMID: 37175351 PMCID: PMC10180098 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Gold(I) metal complexes are finding increasing applications as therapeutic agents against a variety of diseases. As their potential use as effective metallodrugs is continuously confirmed, the issue of their administration, distribution and delivery to desired biological targets emerges. Graphene and its derivatives possess attractive properties in terms of high affinity and low toxicity, suggesting that they can efficaciously be used as drug nanocarriers. In the present study, we computationally address the adsorption of a gold(I) N-heterocyclic monocarbene, namely, IMeAuCl (where IMe = 1,3-dimethylimidazol-2-ylidene), on graphene. The Au(I) N-heterocyclic carbene family has indeed shown promising anticancer activity and the N-heterocyclic ring could easily interact with planar graphene nanostructures. By means of high-level electronic structure approaches, we investigated the strength and nature of the involved interaction using small graphene prototypes, which allow us to benchmark the best-performing DFT functionals as well as assess the role of the different contributions to total interaction energies. Moreover, realistic adsorption enthalpies and free energy values are obtained by exploiting the optimal DFT method to describe the drug adsorption on larger graphene models. Such values (ΔHads = -18.4 kcal/mol and ΔGads= -7.20 kcal/mol for the largest C150H30 model) indicate a very favorable adsorption, mainly arising from the dispersion component of the interaction, with the electrostatic attraction also playing a non-negligible role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cahit Orek
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Firat University, Elazig 23119, Turkey
| | - Massimiliano Bartolomei
- Instituto de Fisica Fundamental, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (IFF-CSIC), Serrano 123, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cecilia Coletti
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Niyazi Bulut
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Firat University, Elazig 23119, Turkey
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Tikhonov S, Morozova N, Plutinskaya A, Plotnikova E, Pankratov A, Abramova O, Diachkova E, Vasil’ev Y, Grin M. N-Heterocyclic Carbenes and Their Metal Complexes Based on Histidine and Histamine Derivatives of Bacteriopurpurinimide for the Combined Chemo- and Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415776. [PMID: 36555417 PMCID: PMC9779690 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is currently regarded as a promising method for the treatment of oncological diseases. However, it involves a number of limitations related to the specific features of the method and the specific characteristics of photosensitizer molecules, including tumor hypoxia, small depth of light penetration into the tumor tissue, and low accumulation sensitivity. These drawbacks can be overcome by combining PDT with other treatment methods, for example, chemotherapy. In this work, we were the first to obtain agents that contain bacteriopurpurinimide as a photodynamic subunit and complexes of gold(I) that implement the chemotherapy effect. To bind the latter agents, N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) based on histidine and histamine were obtained. We considered alternative techniques for synthesizing the target conjugates and selected an optimal one that enabled the production of preparative amounts for biological assays. In vitro studies showed that all the compounds obtained exhibited high photoinduced activity. The C-donor Au(I) complexes exhibited the maximum specific activity at longer incubation times compared to the other derivatives, both under exposure to light and without irradiation. In in vivo studies, the presence of histamine in the NHC-derivative of dipropoxy-BPI (7b) had no significant effect on its antitumor action, whereas the Au(I) metal complex of histamine NHC-derivative with BPI (8b) resulted in enhanced antitumor activity and in an increased number of remissions after photodynamic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Tikhonov
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Biologically Active Compounds, Medicinal and Organic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA-Russian Technological University, 86 Vernadsky Avenue, 119571 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Morozova
- P. Hertsen Moscow Oncology Research Institute—Branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 2nd Botkinsky pr., 3, 125284 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Plutinskaya
- P. Hertsen Moscow Oncology Research Institute—Branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 2nd Botkinsky pr., 3, 125284 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Plotnikova
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Biologically Active Compounds, Medicinal and Organic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA-Russian Technological University, 86 Vernadsky Avenue, 119571 Moscow, Russia
- P. Hertsen Moscow Oncology Research Institute—Branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 2nd Botkinsky pr., 3, 125284 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Pankratov
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Biologically Active Compounds, Medicinal and Organic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA-Russian Technological University, 86 Vernadsky Avenue, 119571 Moscow, Russia
- P. Hertsen Moscow Oncology Research Institute—Branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 2nd Botkinsky pr., 3, 125284 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Abramova
- A. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Center—Branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (A. Tsyb MRRC), 249031 Obninsk, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Diachkova
- Department of Oral Surgery of Borovsky Institute of Dentistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Trubetskaya St. Bldg. 8\2, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Operative Surgery and Topographic Anatomy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Trubetskaya St. Bldg. 8\2, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuriy Vasil’ev
- Department of Operative Surgery and Topographic Anatomy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Trubetskaya St. Bldg. 8\2, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Grin
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Biologically Active Compounds, Medicinal and Organic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA-Russian Technological University, 86 Vernadsky Avenue, 119571 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
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Kong D, Foley SR, Wilson LD. An Overview of Modified Chitosan Adsorbents for the Removal of Precious Metals Species from Aqueous Media. Molecules 2022; 27:978. [PMID: 35164243 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This mini-review provides coverage of chitosan-based adsorbents and their modified forms as sustainable solid-phase extraction (SPE) materials for precious metal ions, such as gold species, and their complexes in aqueous media. Modified forms of chitosan-based adsorbents range from surface-functionalized systems to biomaterial composites that contain inorganic or other nanomaterial components. An overview of the SPE conditions such as pH, temperature, contact time, and adsorbent dosage was carried out to outline how these factors affect the efficiency of the sorption process, with an emphasis on gold species. This review provides insight into the structure-property relationships for chitinaceous adsorbents and their metal-ion removal mechanism in aqueous media. Cross-linked chitosan sorbents showed a maximum for Au(III) uptake capacity (600 mg/g), while S-containing cross-linked chitosan display favourable selectivity and uptake capacity with Au(III) species. Compared to industrial adsorbents such as activated carbon, modified chitosan sorbents display favourable uptake of Au(III) species, especially in aqueous media at low pH. In turn, this contribution is intended to catalyze further research directed at the rational design of tailored SPE materials that employ biopolymer scaffolds to yield improved uptake properties of precious metal species in aqueous systems. The controlled removal of gold and precious metal species from aqueous media is highly relevant to sustainable industrial processes and environmental remediation.
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Costa JP, Sousa SA, Soeiro C, Leitão JH, Galvão AM, Marques F, Carvalho MFNN. Synthesis and Characterization of Camphorimine Au(I) Complexes with a Remarkably High Antibacterial Activity towards B. contaminans and P. aeruginosa. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1272. [PMID: 34680852 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10101272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fourteen new camphorimine Au(I) complexes were synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic (NMR, FTIR) and elemental analysis. The structural arrangement of three selected examples were computed by Density Functional Theory (DFT) showing that the complexes essentially keep the {AuI-CN} unit. The Minimum Inhibition Concentrations (MIC) were assessed for all complexes showing that they are active towards the Gram-negative strains E. coli ATCC25922, P. aeruginosa 477, and B. contaminans IST408 and the Gram-positive strain S. aureus Newman. The complexes display very high activity towards P. aeruginosa 477 and B. contaminans IST408 with selectivity towards B. contaminans. An inverse correlation between the MIC values and the gold content was found for B. contaminans and P. aeruginosa. However, plots of MIC values and Au content for P. aeruginosa 477 and B. contaminans IST408 follow distinct trends. No clear relationship could be established between the MIC values and the redox potentials of the complexes measured by cyclic voltammetry. The MIC values are essentially independent of the redox potentials either cathodic or anodic. The complexes K3[{Au(CN)2}3(A4L)] (8, Y = m-OHC6H4) and K3[{Au(CN)2}3(B2L)]·3H2O (14, Z = p-C6H4) display the lower MIC values for the two strains. In normal fibroblast cells, the IC50 values for the complexes are ca. one order of magnitude lower than their MIC values, although higher than that of the precursor KAu(CN)2.
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Ganadu ML, Demartin F, Panzanelli A, Zangrando E, Peana M, Medici S, Zoroddu MA. Gold Clusters: From the Dispute on a Gold Chair to the Golden Future of Nanostructures. Molecules 2021; 26:5014. [PMID: 34443602 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26165014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work opens with an acknowledgement to the research activity performed by Luciana Naldini while affiliated at the Università degli Studi di Sassari (Italy), in particular towards gold complexes and clusters, as a tribute to her outstanding figure in a time and a society where being a woman in science was rather difficult, hoping her achievements could be of inspiration to young female chemists in pursuing their careers against the many hurdles they may encounter. Naldini’s findings will be a key to introduce the most recent results in this field, showing how the chemistry of gold compounds has changed throughout the years, to reach levels of complexity and elegance that were once unimagined. The study of gold complexes and clusters with various phosphine ligands was Naldini’s main field of research because of the potential application of these species in diverse research areas including electronics, catalysis, and medicine. As the conclusion of a vital period of study, here we report Naldini’s last results on a hexanuclear cationic gold cluster, [(PPh3)6Au6(OH)2]2+, having a chair conformation, and on the assumption, supported by experimental data, that it comprises two hydroxyl groups. This contribution, within the fascinating field of inorganic chemistry, provides the intuition of how a simple electron counting may lead to predictable species of yet unknown molecular architectures and formulation, nowadays suggesting interesting opportunities to tune the electronic structures of similar and higher nuclearity species thanks to new spectroscopic and analytical approaches and software facilities. After several decades since Naldini’s exceptional work, the chemistry of the gold cluster has reached a considerable degree of complexity, dealing with new, single-atom precise, materials possessing interesting physico-chemical properties, such as luminescence, chirality, or paramagnetic behavior. Here we will describe some of the most significant contributions.
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11
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Zhang D, Suzuki S, Naota T. Rapid Luminescent Enhancement Triggered by One-shot Needlestick-stimulus Using a Liquescent Gold(I) Salt. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19701-19704. [PMID: 34180117 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Luminescence from a gold(I) complex with an N-heterocycliccarbene-based ligand, 1+ ⋅NTf2 - , increased rapidly upon the application of one-shot needlestick-stimulus. The weakly orange-emitting solid-state of 1+ ⋅NTf2 - was prepared by cooling its melted liquid to 90 °C. Upon applying a weak pinpoint stimulus with a needle, this weakly orange-emitting solid state transformed into an intensively violet-blue-emitting state on a timescale of seconds. The emission after applying the stimulus could be visualized upon UV excitation even under ambient room light. This sequential phase transition from a stable solid to a liquid and then to a metastable solid could occur repeatedly without any measurable degradation of the complex. Various shapes could be prepared by casting the liquid-state complex into molds of different designs. This rapid response is thought to be triggered by the flexible intermolecular interactions in the kinetically generated aggregates formed upon cooling the liquid state, and by the strong Au-Au interactions in the thermodynamically stable crystals after applying the needlestick-stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Shuichi Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Takeshi Naota
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
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12
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Eppel D, Penert P, Stemmer J, Bauer C, Rudolph M, Brückner M, Rominger F, Hashmi ASK. Environmentally Friendly, Photochemical Access to [ N ∧ C ∧ N ]Au III Pincer Complexes By Oxidative Addition. Chemistry 2021; 27:8673-8677. [PMID: 33929076 PMCID: PMC8252402 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Starting from commercially available DMSAuCl and diazonium salts, cationic [N∧C∧N
]AuIII complexes were synthesized in a selective, photosensitizer‐free, photochemical reaction by irradiation with blue LED light. This new protocol represents the first easy synthesis of these types of pincer complexes in moderate to excellent yield starting from a readily available gold(I) precursor with nitrogen as the only by‐product. Owing to the disadvantages of known protocols, especially the toxicity in the case of a transmetalation with mercury or the necessity for a mostly twofold excess of a gold precursor, this method offers an attractive alternative towards this kind of gold(III) complexes. In addition, the first arylated [N∧C∧N
]Au(III) pincer complex was synthesized by using this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Eppel
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - Philipp Penert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - Johanna Stemmer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - Christina Bauer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - Matthias Rudolph
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - Margit Brückner
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - A Stephen K Hashmi
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland.,Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi-Arabia.,Heidelberg Center for the Environment (HCE), Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland
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13
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Duensing F, Gruber E, Martini P, Goulart M, Gatchell M, Rasul B, Echt O, Zappa F, Mahmoodi-Darian M, Scheier P. Complexes with Atomic Gold Ions: Efficient Bis-Ligand Formation. Molecules 2021; 26:3484. [PMID: 34201126 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Complexes of atomic gold with a variety of ligands have been formed by passing helium nanodroplets (HNDs) through two pickup cells containing gold vapor and the vapor of another dopant, namely a rare gas, a diatomic molecule (H2, N2, O2, I2, P2), or various polyatomic molecules (H2O, CO2, SF6, C6H6, adamantane, imidazole, dicyclopentadiene, and fullerene). The doped HNDs were irradiated by electrons; ensuing cations were identified in a high-resolution mass spectrometer. Anions were detected for benzene, dicyclopentadiene, and fullerene. For most ligands L, the abundance distribution of AuLn+ versus size n displays a remarkable enhancement at n = 2. The propensity towards bis-ligand formation is attributed to the formation of covalent bonds in Au+L2 which adopt a dumbbell structure, L-Au+-L, as previously found for L = Xe and C60. Another interesting observation is the effect of gold on the degree of ionization-induced intramolecular fragmentation. For most systems gold enhances the fragmentation, i.e., intramolecular fragmentation in AuLn+ is larger than in pure Ln+. Hydrogen, on the other hand, behaves differently, as intramolecular fragmentation in Au(H2)n+ is weaker than in pure (H2)n+ by an order of magnitude.
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14
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van der Westhuizen D, Slabber CA, Fernandes MA, Joubert DF, Kleinhans G, van der Westhuizen CJ, Stander A, Munro OQ, Bezuidenhout DI. A Cytotoxic Bis(1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidene)carbazolide Gold(III) Complex Targets DNA by Partial Intercalation. Chemistry 2021; 27:8295-8307. [PMID: 33822431 PMCID: PMC8251726 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses of bis(triazolium)carbazole precursors and their corresponding coinage metal (Au, Ag) complexes are reported. For alkylated triazolium salts, di- or tetranuclear complexes with bridging ligands were isolated, while the bis(aryl) analogue afforded a bis(carbene) AuI -CNC pincer complex suitable for oxidation to the redox-stable [AuIII (CNC)Cl]+ cation. Although the ligand salt and the [AuIII (CNC)Cl]+ complex were both notably cytotoxic toward the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231, the AuIII complex was somewhat more selective. Electrophoresis, viscometry, UV-vis, CD and LD spectroscopy suggest the cytotoxic [AuIII (CNC)Cl]+ complex behaves as a partial DNA intercalator. In silico screening indicated that the [AuIII (CNC)Cl]+ complex can target DNA three-way junctions with good specificity, several other regular B-DNA forms, and Z-DNA. Multiple hydrophobic π-type interactions involving T and A bases appear to be important for B-form DNA binding, while phosphate O⋅⋅⋅Au interactions evidently underpin Z-DNA binding. The CNC ligand effectively stabilizes the AuIII ion, preventing reduction in the presence of glutathione. Both the redox stability and DNA affinity of the hit compound might be key factors underpinning its cytotoxicity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cathryn A. Slabber
- Molecular Sciences InstituteSchool of ChemistryUniversity of the Witwatersrand2050JohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Manuel A. Fernandes
- Molecular Sciences InstituteSchool of ChemistryUniversity of the Witwatersrand2050JohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Daniël F. Joubert
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of Pretoria0031PretoriaSouth Africa
| | - George Kleinhans
- Molecular Sciences InstituteSchool of ChemistryUniversity of the Witwatersrand2050JohannesburgSouth Africa
- Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of Pretoria0028PretoriaSouth Africa
| | - C. Johan van der Westhuizen
- Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of Pretoria0028PretoriaSouth Africa
- Future Production: ChemicalsPharmaceutical Technologies Research GroupCouncil for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)0184PretoriaSouth Africa
| | - André Stander
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of Pretoria0031PretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Orde Q. Munro
- Molecular Sciences InstituteSchool of ChemistryUniversity of the Witwatersrand2050JohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Daniela I. Bezuidenhout
- Molecular Sciences InstituteSchool of ChemistryUniversity of the Witwatersrand2050JohannesburgSouth Africa
- Laboratory of Inorganic ChemistryEnvironmental and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Oulu3000OuluFinland
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15
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Massai L, Grguric-Sipka S, Liu W, Bertrand B, Pratesi A. Editorial: The Golden Future in Medicinal Chemistry: Perspectives and Resources From Old and New Gold-Based Drug Candidates. Front Chem 2021; 9:665244. [PMID: 33816443 PMCID: PMC8012545 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.665244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lara Massai
- Laboratory of Metals in Medicine (MetMed), Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Wukun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Benoît Bertrand
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), Paris, France
| | - Alessandro Pratesi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry (DCCI), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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16
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Rosa LB, Aires RL, Oliveira LS, Fontes JV, Miguel DC, Abbehausen C. A "Golden Age" for the discovery of new antileishmanial agents: Current status of leishmanicidal gold complexes and prospective targets beyond the trypanothione system. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:1681-1695. [PMID: 33615725 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is one of the most neglected diseases worldwide and is considered a serious public health issue. The current therapeutic options have several disadvantages that make the search for new therapeutics urgent. Gold compounds are emerging as promising candidates based on encouraging in vitro and limited in vivo results for several AuI and AuIII complexes. The antiparasitic mechanisms of these molecules remain only partially understood. However, a few studies have proposed the trypanothione redox system as a target, similar to the mammalian thioredoxin system, pointed out as the main target for several gold compounds with significant antitumor activity. In this review, we present the current status of the investigation and design of gold compounds directed at treating leishmaniasis. In addition, we explore potential targets in Leishmania parasites beyond the trypanothione system, taking into account previous studies and structure modulation performed for gold-based compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia B Rosa
- Institute of Biology, University of Campinas UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rochanna L Aires
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, PO Box 6154, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil)
| | - Laiane S Oliveira
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, PO Box 6154, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil)
| | - Josielle V Fontes
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, PO Box 6154, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil)
| | - Danilo C Miguel
- Institute of Biology, University of Campinas UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Camilla Abbehausen
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, PO Box 6154, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil)
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17
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Abstract
Direct targeting of intrinsically disordered proteins, including MYC, by small molecules for biomedical applications would resolve a longstanding issue in chemical biology and medicine. Thus, we developed gold-based small-molecule MYC reagents that engage MYC inside cells and modulate MYC transcriptional activity. Lead compounds comprise an affinity ligand and a gold(I) or gold(III) warhead capable of protein chemical modification. Cell-based MYC target engagement studies via CETSA and co-immunoprecipitation reveal specific interaction of compounds with MYC in cells. The lead gold(I) reagent, 1, demonstrates superior cell-killing potential (up to 35-fold) in a MYC-dependent manner when compared to 10058-F4 in cells including the TNBC, MDA-MB-231. Subsequently, 1 suppresses MYC transcription factor activity via functional colorimetric assays, and gene-profiling using whole-cell transcriptomics reveals significant modulation of MYC target genes by 1. These findings point to metal-mediated ligand affinity chemistry (MLAC) based on gold as a promising strategy to develop chemical probes and anticancer therapeutics targeting MYC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Ofori
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington Kentucky, 40506
| | - Sailajah Gukathasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington Kentucky, 40506
| | - Samuel G. Awuah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington Kentucky, 40506
- Center for Pharmaceutical and Research Innovation, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington Kentucky, 40536
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18
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Feuerstein W, Holzer C, Gui X, Neumeier L, Klopper W, Breher F. Synthesis of New Donor-Substituted Biphenyls: Pre-ligands for Highly Luminescent (C^C^D) Gold(III) Pincer Complexes. Chemistry 2020; 26:17156-17164. [PMID: 32735695 PMCID: PMC7821303 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We herein report on new synthetic strategies for the preparation of pyridine and imidazole substituted 2,2'-dihalo biphenyls. These structures are pre-ligands suitable for the preparation of respective stannoles. The latter can successfully be transmetalated to K[AuCl4 ] forming non-palindromic [(C^C^D)AuIII ] pincer complexes featuring a lateral pyridine (D=N) or N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC, D=C') donor. The latter is the first report on a pincer complex with two formally anionic sp2 and one carbenic carbon donor. The [(C^C^D)AuIII ] complexes show intense phosphorescence in solution at room temperature. We discuss the developed multistep strategy and touch upon synthetic challenges. The prepared complexes have been fully characterized including X-ray diffraction analysis. The gold(III) complexes' photophysical properties have been investigated by absorption and emission spectroscopy as well as quantum chemical calculations on the quasi-relativistic two-component TD-DFT and GW/Bethe-Salpeter level including spin-orbit coupling. Thus, we shed light on the electronic influence of the non-palindromic pincer ligand and reveal non-radiative relaxation pathways of the different ligands employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Feuerstein
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of, Technology (KIT)Engesserstr. 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Christof Holzer
- Institute of Theoretical Solid State PhysicsKarlsruhe Institute of, Technology (KIT)Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße 176131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Xin Gui
- Institute of Physical ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of, Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 276131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Lilly Neumeier
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of, Technology (KIT)Engesserstr. 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Wim Klopper
- Institute of Physical ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of, Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 276131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Frank Breher
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of, Technology (KIT)Engesserstr. 1576131KarlsruheGermany
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19
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Meier‐Menches SM, Neuditschko B, Zappe K, Schaier M, Gerner MC, Schmetterer KG, Del Favero G, Bonsignore R, Cichna‐Markl M, Koellensperger G, Casini A, Gerner C. An Organometallic Gold(I) Bis-N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complex with Multimodal Activity in Ovarian Cancer Cells. Chemistry 2020; 26:15528-15537. [PMID: 32902006 PMCID: PMC7756355 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The organometallic AuI bis-N-heterocyclic carbene complex [Au(9-methylcaffeine-8-ylidene)2 ]+ (AuTMX2 ) was previously shown to selectively and potently stabilise telomeric DNA G-quadruplex (G4) structures. This study sheds light on the molecular reactivity and mode of action of AuTMX2 in the cellular context using mass spectrometry-based methods, including shotgun proteomics in A2780 ovarian cancer cells. In contrast to other metal-based anticancer agents, this organogold compound is less prone to form coordinative bonds with biological nucleophiles and is expected to exert its drug effects mainly by non-covalent interactions. Global protein expression changes of treated cancer cells revealed a multimodal mode of action of AuTMX2 by alterations in the nucleolus, telomeres, actin stress-fibres and stress-responses, which were further supported by pharmacological assays, fluorescence microscopy and cellular accumulation experiments. Proteomic data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD020560.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M. Meier‐Menches
- Department of Analytical ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWaehringer Str. 381090ViennaAustria
| | - Benjamin Neuditschko
- Department of Analytical ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWaehringer Str. 381090ViennaAustria
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWaehringer Str. 421090ViennaAustria
| | - Katja Zappe
- Department of Analytical ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWaehringer Str. 381090ViennaAustria
| | - Martin Schaier
- Department of Analytical ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWaehringer Str. 381090ViennaAustria
| | - Marlene C. Gerner
- Department of Laboratory MedicineMedical University of ViennaWaehringer Guertel 18–201090ViennaAustria
| | - Klaus G. Schmetterer
- Department of Laboratory MedicineMedical University of ViennaWaehringer Guertel 18–201090ViennaAustria
| | - Giorgia Del Favero
- Department of Food Chemistry and ToxicologyFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWaehringer Str. 381090ViennaAustria
- Core Facility Multimodal ImagingFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWaehringer Str. 381090ViennaAustria
| | - Riccardo Bonsignore
- Department of ChemistryTechnical University of MunichLichtenbergstr. 485747GarchingGermany
| | - Margit Cichna‐Markl
- Department of Analytical ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWaehringer Str. 381090ViennaAustria
| | - Gunda Koellensperger
- Department of Analytical ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWaehringer Str. 381090ViennaAustria
| | - Angela Casini
- Department of ChemistryTechnical University of MunichLichtenbergstr. 485747GarchingGermany
| | - Christopher Gerner
- Department of Analytical ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWaehringer Str. 381090ViennaAustria
- Core Facility Multimodal ImagingFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWaehringer Str. 381090ViennaAustria
- Joint Metabolome FacilityUniversity of Vienna and Medical University of ViennaWaehringer Str. 381090ViennaAustria
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20
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Gil‐Moles M, Basu U, Büssing R, Hoffmeister H, Türck S, Varchmin A, Ott I. Gold Metallodrugs to Target Coronavirus Proteins: Inhibitory Effects on the Spike-ACE2 Interaction and on PLpro Protease Activity by Auranofin and Gold Organometallics*. Chemistry 2020; 26:15140-15144. [PMID: 32915473 PMCID: PMC7756435 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gold complexes have a long tradition in medicine and for many examples antirheumatic, anticancer or anti-infective effects have been confirmed. Herein, we evaluated the lead compound Auranofin and five selected gold organometallics as inhibitors of two relevant drug targets of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (SARS-CoV). The gold metallodrugs were effective inhibitors of the interaction of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) host receptor and might thus interfere with the viral entry process. The gold metallodrugs were also efficient inhibitors of the papain-like protease (PLpro) of SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2, which is a key enzyme in the viral replication. Regarding PLpro from SARS-CoV-2, the here reported inhibitors are among the very first experimentally confirmed examples with activity against this target enzyme. Importantly, the activity of the complexes against both PLpro enzymes correlated with the ability of the inhibitors to remove zinc ions from the labile zinc center of the enzyme. Taken together, the results of this pilot study suggest further evaluation of gold complexes as SARS-CoV antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gil‐Moles
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical ChemistryTechnische Universität BraunschweigBeethovenstrasse 5538106BraunschweigGermany
| | - Uttara Basu
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical ChemistryTechnische Universität BraunschweigBeethovenstrasse 5538106BraunschweigGermany
| | - Rolf Büssing
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical ChemistryTechnische Universität BraunschweigBeethovenstrasse 5538106BraunschweigGermany
| | - Henrik Hoffmeister
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical ChemistryTechnische Universität BraunschweigBeethovenstrasse 5538106BraunschweigGermany
| | - Sebastian Türck
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical ChemistryTechnische Universität BraunschweigBeethovenstrasse 5538106BraunschweigGermany
| | - Agnieszka Varchmin
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical ChemistryTechnische Universität BraunschweigBeethovenstrasse 5538106BraunschweigGermany
| | - Ingo Ott
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical ChemistryTechnische Universität BraunschweigBeethovenstrasse 5538106BraunschweigGermany
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21
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Zhang J, Abu el Maaty MA, Hoffmeister H, Schmidt C, Muenzner JK, Schobert R, Wölfl S, Ott I. A Multitarget Gold(I) Complex Induces Cytotoxicity Related to Aneuploidy in HCT-116 Colorectal Carcinoma Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:16795-16800. [PMID: 32529715 PMCID: PMC7540060 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel alkynyl phosphane gold(I) complex (trimethylphosphane)(3-(1,3-dimethylxanthine-7-yl)prop-1-yn-1-yl)gold(I) 1 displayed mutiple biological activites including selective proliferation inhibitory, anti-metastatic, and anti-angiogenic effects. The complex also induced effects related to aneuploidy in HCT-116 colon carcinoma cells, which might be mainly ascribed to the dysfunction of mitochondrial bioenergetics and downregulation of glycolysis. Induction of aneuploidy beyond a critical level can provide an effective strategy to target cancer, in particular colorectal tumours with a low tolerance of aneuploidy, and could be of relevance for 1 and other metallodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing‐Jing Zhang
- School of PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing210009China
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular BiotechnologyRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 36469120HeidelbergGermany
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical ChemistryTechnische Universität BraunschweigBeethovenstr. 5538106BraunschweigGermany
| | - Mohamed A. Abu el Maaty
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular BiotechnologyRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 36469120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Henrik Hoffmeister
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical ChemistryTechnische Universität BraunschweigBeethovenstr. 5538106BraunschweigGermany
| | - Claudia Schmidt
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical ChemistryTechnische Universität BraunschweigBeethovenstr. 5538106BraunschweigGermany
| | - Julienne K. Muenzner
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity BayreuthUniversitätsstr. 3095440BayreuthGermany
| | - Rainer Schobert
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity BayreuthUniversitätsstr. 3095440BayreuthGermany
| | - Stefan Wölfl
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular BiotechnologyRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 36469120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Ingo Ott
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical ChemistryTechnische Universität BraunschweigBeethovenstr. 5538106BraunschweigGermany
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22
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Tresin F, Stoppa V, Baron M, Biffis A, Annunziata A, D'Elia L, Monti DM, Ruffo F, Roverso M, Sgarbossa P, Bogialli S, Tubaro C. Synthesis and Biological Studies on Dinuclear Gold(I) Complexes with Di-( N-Heterocyclic Carbene) Ligands Functionalized with Carbohydrates. Molecules 2020; 25:E3850. [PMID: 32847116 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The design of novel metal complexes with N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands that display biological activity is an active research field in organometallic chemistry. One of the possible approaches consists of the use of NHC ligands functionalized with a carbohydrate moiety. Two novel Au(I)–Au(I) dinuclear complexes were synthesized; they present a neutral structure with one bridging diNHC ligand, having one or both heterocyclic rings decorated with a carbohydrate functionality. With the symmetric diNHC ligand, the dicationic dinuclear complex bearing two bridging diNHC ligands was also synthesized. The study was completed by analyzing the antiproliferative properties of these complexes, which were compared to the activity displayed by similar mononuclear Au(I) complexes and by the analogous bimetallic Au(I)–Au(I) complex not functionalized with carbohydrates.
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23
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Fares M, Wu X, Ramesh D, Lewis W, Keller PA, Howe ENW, Pérez-Tomás R, Gale PA. Stimuli-Responsive Cycloaurated "OFF-ON" Switchable Anion Transporters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:17614-17621. [PMID: 32583552 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Anion transporters have shown potential application as anti-cancer agents that function by disrupting homeostasis and triggering cell death. In this research article we report switchable anion transport by gold complexes of anion transporters that are "switched on" in situ in the presence of the reducing agent GSH by decomplexation of gold. GSH is found in higher concentrations in tumors than in healthy tissue and hence this approach offers a strategy to target these systems to tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Fares
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.,School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Xin Wu
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Deepthi Ramesh
- Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Cancer Cell Biology Research Group, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - William Lewis
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Paul A Keller
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Ethan N W Howe
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.,GlaxoSmithKline, GSK Jurong, 1 Pioneer Sector 1, Singapore, 628413, Singapore
| | - Ricardo Pérez-Tomás
- Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Cancer Cell Biology Research Group, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Philip A Gale
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
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24
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Wang L, Xu J, Kira M, Yan L, Xiao XQ, Li Z. A Stable Cyclic (R 2 SnAu) 3 Anion Having In-Plane σ-Möbius Aromaticity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:1980-1984. [PMID: 31749276 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A cyclic (R2 SnAu)3 anion (3- , R2 Sn=2,2,5,5-tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)-1-stannacyclopentane-1,1-diyl) has been synthesized as a stable blue salt with K+ (THF)6 through the reaction of stable dialkylstannylene 1 with R'3 PAuCl (R'=Et, Ph) followed by the reduction with KC8 . Crystallographic and NMR analysis shows that the six-membered (SnAu)3 ring of 3- is planar and highly symmetric with an equal distance of six Au-Sn bonds. A UV/Vis spectrum of 3- in hexane reveals an intense absorption maximum at 598 nm. While cyclic Au3 - with four valence electrons is known as unstable anti-aromatic anion, 3- with three divalent tin ligands is stable σ aromatic anion with an unprecedented Möbius orbital array as predicted by the perturbation MO and CCSD analysis of 3- .
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, No.2318, Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Jian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, No.2318, Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Mitsuo Kira
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, No.2318, Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Liping Yan
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, No.2318, Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Xu-Qiong Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, No.2318, Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Zhifang Li
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, No.2318, Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, P. R. China
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25
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Seki T, Ida K, Sato H, Aono S, Sakaki S, Ito H. Aurophilicity-Mediated Construction of Emissive Porous Molecular Crystals as Versatile Hosts for Liquid and Solid Guests. Chemistry 2020; 26:735-744. [PMID: 31599004 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The first examples of porous molecular crystals that are assembled through Au⋅⋅⋅Au interactions of gold complex 1 are here reported along with their exchange properties with respect to their guest components. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses indicate that the crystal structure of 1/CH2 Cl2 ⋅pentane is based on cyclic hexamers of 1, which are formed through six Au⋅⋅⋅Au interactions. The packing of these cyclic hexamers affords a porous architecture, in which the one-dimensional channel segment contains CH2 Cl2 and pentane as guests. These guests can be exchanged through operationally simple methods under retention of the host framework of 1, which furnished 1/guest complexes with 26 different guests. A single-crystal XRD analysis of 1/eicosane, which contains the long linear alkane eicosane (n-C20 H42 ), successfully provided its accurately modeled structure within the porous material. These host-guest complexes show chromic luminescence with both blue- and redshifted emissions. Moreover, this porous organometallic material can exhibit luminescent mechanochromism through release of guests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Seki
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Frontier Chemistry Center, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ida
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Frontier Chemistry Center, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Sato
- Rigaku Corporation, Akishima, Tokyo, 196-8666, Japan
| | - Shinji Aono
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Nishihiraki-cho, Takano, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8103, Japan
| | - Shigeyoshi Sakaki
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Nishihiraki-cho, Takano, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8103, Japan
| | - Hajime Ito
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Frontier Chemistry Center, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan.,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
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26
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Chen X, Li Z, Frenking G, Fernández I, Zhao L, Grützmacher H. Bent Phosphaallenes With "Hidden" Lone Pairs as Ligands. Chemistry 2019; 25:7912-7920. [PMID: 30927503 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Phosphaheteroallenes R-P=C=L, with L = N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), can be viewed to a certain extent as phosphaisonitriles stabilized with NHCs, R-P=C:←L. The suitability of these molecules as ligands for coinage-metal ions was investigated and coordination through the central carbon center was observed in most cases. A combination of experiments, spectroscopic methods, and DFT calculations indicates the presence of a hidden electron pair at the carbon center of R-P=C:←L. Remarkably, this lone pair also inserts intramolecularly in C-H bonds showing the carbene-type reactivity which is expected for phosphaisonitriles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhongshu Li
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM), School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, 30071, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany.,Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for, Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I,Centro de Innovación en, Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for, Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Hansjörg Grützmacher
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM), School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, 30071, Tianjin, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
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27
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Holthoff JM, Engelage E, Kowsari AB, Huber SM, Weiss R. Noble Metal Corrosion: Halogen Bonded Iodocarbenium Iodides Dissolve Elemental Gold-Direct Access to Gold-Carbene Complexes. Chemistry 2019; 25:7480-7484. [PMID: 30994943 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A common method to dissolve elemental gold involves the combination of an oxidant with a Lewis base that coordinates to the gold surface, thus lowering the metal's redox potential. Herein we report the usage of organic iodide salts, which provide both oxidative power and a coordinating ligand, to dissolve gold under formation of organo-gold complexes. The obtained products were identified as AuIII complexes, all featuring Au-C bonds, as shown by X-ray single-crystal analysis, and can be isolated in good yields. Additionally, our method provides direct access to N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC-type) complexes and avoids costly organometallic precursors. The investigated complexes show dynamic behavior in acetonitrile and in the case of the NHC(-type) complexes, the involved species could be identified as a monocarbene [AuI3 (carbene)] and biscarbene complex [AuI2 (carbene)2 ]+ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana M Holthoff
- Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Elric Engelage
- Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Alexander B Kowsari
- Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefan M Huber
- Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Robert Weiss
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
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28
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Wenzel MN, Bonsignore R, Thomas SR, Bourissou D, Barone G, Casini A. Cyclometalated Au III Complexes for Cysteine Arylation in Zinc Finger Protein Domains: towards Controlled Reductive Elimination. Chemistry 2019; 25:7628-7634. [PMID: 30990916 PMCID: PMC6594228 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
With the aim of exploiting the use of organometallic species for the efficient modification of proteins through C‐atom transfer, the gold‐mediated cysteine arylation through a reductive elimination process occurring from the reaction of cyclometalated AuIII C^N complexes with a zinc finger peptide (Cys2His2 type) is here reported. Among the four selected AuIII cyclometalated compounds, the [Au(CCON)Cl2] complex featuring the 2‐benzoylpyridine (CCON) scaffold was identified as the most prone to reductive elimination and Cys arylation in buffered aqueous solution (pH 7.4) at 37 °C by high‐resolution LC electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. DFT and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) studies permitted to propose a mechanism for the title reaction that is in line with the experimental results. Overall, the results provide new insights into the reactivity of cytotoxic organogold compounds with biologically important zinc finger domains and identify initial structure–activity relationships to enable AuIII‐catalyzed reductive elimination in aqueous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot N Wenzel
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, CF10 3AT, Cardiff, UK
| | - Riccardo Bonsignore
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, CF10 3AT, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sophie R Thomas
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, CF10 3AT, Cardiff, UK
| | - Didier Bourissou
- CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LHFA, UMR 5069), 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse Cedex 09, France
| | - Giampaolo Barone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 17, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Angela Casini
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, CF10 3AT, Cardiff, UK
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29
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de Kock S, Dillen J, Esterhuysen C. Steric and Electronic Effects in Gold N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes Revealed by Computational Analysis. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:539-550. [PMID: 31061779 PMCID: PMC6488199 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A computational analysis of a series of cationic and neutral gold imidazolylidene and benzimidizolylidene complexes is reported. The Bond Dissociation Energies of the various ligands in the complexes calculated at the PBE0-D3/def2-TZVP level of theory increase with increasing ligand volume, except for those of complexes containing t-butyl-substituted ligands, which are anomalously low particularly for the benzimidazolylidene species. Atoms in Molecules studies show the presence of a variety of weak intramolecular interactions, characterised by the presence of bond critical points with a range of different properties. Energy Decomposition Analysis and calculation of Electrostatic Surface Potentials indicate that some interactions are weakly attractive dispersion-type interactions, while others are repulsive. The octanol/water partition coefficients (log P values) were calculated as a measure of the lipophilicities of the complexes and were found to increase with increasing volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunel de Kock
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer ScienceStellenbosch UniversityPrivate Bag X1, MatielandStellenbosch7602South Africa
| | - Jan Dillen
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer ScienceStellenbosch UniversityPrivate Bag X1, MatielandStellenbosch7602South Africa
| | - Catharine Esterhuysen
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer ScienceStellenbosch UniversityPrivate Bag X1, MatielandStellenbosch7602South Africa
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30
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Ishida SI, Soya T, Osuka A. A Stable Antiaromatic 5,20-Dibenzoyl [28]Hexaphyrin(1.1.1.1.1.1): Core Au III Metalation and Subsequent Peripheral B III Metalation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:13640-13643. [PMID: 30133083 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201808513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
5,20-Dibenzoyl [28]hexaphyrin(1.1.1.1.1.1) was synthesized as the first hexaphyrin bearing meso-aroyl substituents. The meso-dibenzoyl substituents are hydrogen-bonded with the pyrrolic protons to stabilize an antiaromatic dumbbell conformer. Core metalation of this hexaphyrin with AuIII afforded rectangular and aromatic [26]hexaphyrin bis-AuIII complexes, the major isomer of which was reduced with NaBH4 to give its antiaromatic 28π bis-AuIII complex. This complex allowed facile peripheral metalation with BIII owing to the peripheral benzoyl substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichiro Ishida
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takanori Soya
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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31
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Mignani SM, El Brahmi N, El Kazzouli S, Laurent R, Ladeira S, Caminade AM, Pedziwiatr-Werbicka E, Szewczyk EM, Bryszewska M, Bousmina MM, Cresteil T, Majoral JP. Original Multivalent Gold(III) and Dual Gold(III)-Copper(II) Conjugated Phosphorus Dendrimers as Potent Antitumoral and Antimicrobial Agents. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:4087-4097. [PMID: 28960997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Original metallophosphorus dendrimers (generation 3, 48 terminal groups) have been prepared via the complexation of phosphorus dendrimers bearing imino-pyridino end groups with Au(III) or with both Au(III) and Cu(II). The complexation of the dendrimer with Au(III), leading to 1G3-[Au48][AuCl4]48, strongly increased the antiproliferative activities against both KB and HL-60 tumoral cell lines, showing IC50s in the low nanomolar range. It can be noticed also that this gold conjugated phosphorus dendrimer displayed low activity on the quiescent cell line EPC versus its potent antiproliferative activity against actively dividing cells. In order to evaluate the potential synergistic effect between Au(III) and Cu(II) and the influence of the number of Au(III) moieties on the surface of dendrimer against the proliferative activities, nine other original dendrimers with several surface modifications have been prepared. Whatever the number of Au(III) moieties introduced on the surface of dendrimers, all the dendrimers prepared displayed similar potency (nanomolar range) to 1G3-[Au48][AuCl4]48 against KB and HL60. In marked contrast synergistic effects on the antimicrobial activity of some of these phosphorus dendrimers are observed when both Au(III) and Cu(II) are present on the dendritic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge M Mignani
- PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 860, Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie pharmacologiques et toxicologique, Université Paris Descartes , 45, rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Nabil El Brahmi
- EuroMed Research Institute, Euro-Mediterranean University of Fes , Route de Meknes, 30000 Fès, Morocco
| | - Saïd El Kazzouli
- EuroMed Research Institute, Euro-Mediterranean University of Fes , Route de Meknes, 30000 Fès, Morocco
| | - Regis Laurent
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS , 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France.,UPS, INPT, Université de Toulouse , Toulouse, France
| | - Sonia Ladeira
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS , 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France.,UPS, INPT, Université de Toulouse , Toulouse, France
| | - Anne-Marie Caminade
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS , 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France.,UPS, INPT, Université de Toulouse , Toulouse, France
| | - Elzbieta Pedziwiatr-Werbicka
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz , 141/143 Pomorska Street, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Eligia M Szewczyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Microbiological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz , 137 Pomorska Street, 90-235 Lodz, Poland
| | - Maria Bryszewska
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz , 141/143 Pomorska Street, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Mosto M Bousmina
- EuroMed Research Institute, Euro-Mediterranean University of Fes , Route de Meknes, 30000 Fès, Morocco
| | - Thierry Cresteil
- IPSIT, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Sud , 92290 Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Majoral
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS , 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France.,UPS, INPT, Université de Toulouse , Toulouse, France
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32
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Gu L, Zheng Y, Haldón E, Goddard R, Bill E, Thiel W, Alcarazo M. α-Radical Phosphines: Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:8790-8794. [PMID: 28544330 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A series of phosphines featuring a persistent radical were synthesized in two steps by condensation of dialkyl-/diarylchlorophosphines with stable cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes (cAACs) followed by one-electron reduction of the corresponding cationic intermediates. Structural, spectroscopic, and computational data indicate that the spin density in these phosphines is mainly localized on the original carbene carbon from the cAAC fragment; thus, it remains in the α-position with respect to the central phosphorus atom. The potential of these α-radical phosphines to serve as spin-labeled ligands is demonstrated through the preparation of several AuI derivatives, which were also structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianghu Gu
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yiying Zheng
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser Wilhelm Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Estela Haldón
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser Wilhelm Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Richard Goddard
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser Wilhelm Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Eckhard Bill
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Walter Thiel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser Wilhelm Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Manuel Alcarazo
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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33
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Tacke M, Dada O, O'Beirne C, Zhu X, Müller-Bunz H. The non-isomorphous crystal structures of NHC-Au-Cl and NHC-Au-Br (NHC is 1,3-dibenzyl-4,5-diphenylimidazol-2-ylidene). Acta Crystallogr C Struct Chem 2016; 72:857-860. [PMID: 27811426 DOI: 10.1107/s2053229616015205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Gold monochloride and monobromide can be transformed into monomeric complexes by ligands such as CO, PPh3 or Me2S, and such ligand-stabilized gold monochloride compounds have been investigated as catalysts, luminescent materials and anticancer drugs, especially when coordinated to a lipophilic benzyl-substituted N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand. The triclinic structures of NHC-Au-Cl {chlorido(1,3-dibenzyl-4,5-diphenylimidazol-2-ylidene)gold, [AuCl(C29H24N2)]} and NHC-Au-Br {bromido(1,3-dibenzyl-4,5-diphenylimidazol-2-ylidene)gold, [AuBr(C29H24N2)]}, determined by X-ray crystallography at 100 K, have one and four molecules, respectively, in their asymmetric units. The chloride compound shows an almost linear C-Au-Cl fragment [179.76 (8)°], with an Au-C distance of 1.976 (3) Å and an Au-Cl distance of 2.3013 (6) Å, while the bromide compound shows surprisingly large geometry deviations, from 1.969 (12) to 2.016 (10) Å for the Au-C distance and from 2.4279 (14) to 2.4796 (12) Å for the Au-Br distance, in the four independent molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Tacke
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Oyinlola Dada
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Cillian O'Beirne
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Xiangming Zhu
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Helge Müller-Bunz
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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34
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Pranckevicius C, Liu LL, Bertrand G, Stephan DW. Synthesis of a Carbodicyclopropenylidene: A Carbodicarbene based Solely on Carbon. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:5536-40. [PMID: 27028936 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201600765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The first carbodicarbene stabilized by flanking cyclopropenylidenes is reported. Tetraphenylcarbodicyclopropenylidene (2) is accessed by deprotonation of the corresponding triafulvene cyclopropenium salt, and has been spectroscopically characterized in [D8 ]THF solution at -60 °C. Main-group and transition-metal complexes of 2 have been accessed, and have revealed the high sigma donating ability, and exclusive η(1) binding of this neutral all carbon ligand. Variable temperature NMR spectroscopy studies reveal varying degrees of free rotation in the flanking cyclopropenylidene groups of 2 in its coordination compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor Pranckevicius
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Joint UCSD-CNRS Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0343, USA
| | - Guy Bertrand
- Joint UCSD-CNRS Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0343, USA
| | - Douglas W Stephan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada.
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35
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Liu N, Huang H, Dou QP, Liu J. Inhibition of 19S proteasome-associated deubiquitinases by metal-containing compounds. Oncoscience 2015; 2:457-66. [PMID: 26097878 PMCID: PMC4468331 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper and gold complexes have clinical activity in several diseases including cancer. Recently, we have reported that the anti-cancer activity of copper (II) pyrithione CuPT and gold (I) complex auranofin is associated with targeting the 19S proteasome-associated deubiquitinases (DUBs), UCHL5 and USP14. Here we discuss metal DUB inhibitors in treating cancer and other diseases. (from Editor). Several copper and gold complexes have clinical activity in treating some human diseases including cancer. Recently, we have reported that the anti-cancer activity of copper (II) pyrithione CuPT and gold (I) complex auranofin is tightly associated with their ability to target and inhibit the 19S proteasome-associated deubiquitinases (DUBs), UCHL5 and USP14. In this article we review small molecule inhibitors of DUBs and 19S proteasome-associated DUBs. We then describe and discuss the ubique nature of CuPT and auranofin, which is inhibition of 19S proteasome-associated UCHL5 and USP14. We finally suggest the potential to develop novel, specific metal-based DUB inhibitors for treating cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Liu
- State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, Department of Pathophysiology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China ; Guangzhou Research Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbiao Huang
- State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, Department of Pathophysiology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Q Ping Dou
- State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, Department of Pathophysiology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China ; The Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Departments of Oncology, Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Jinbao Liu
- State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, Department of Pathophysiology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
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36
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Reger DL, Smith MD, Semeniuc RF. Tris(pyrazolyl)methane and 1,8-naphthalimide-functionalized dialkynylgold(I) anionic complexes. Acta Crystallogr C 2013; 69:954-8. [PMID: 24005498 DOI: 10.1107/s0108270113016636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The reaction of tetrapropylammonium bis(acetylacetonato)gold(I) with alkyne derivatives of the tris(pyrazolyl)methane and 1,8-naphthalimide functional groups yielded two new compounds, both bridged by the linear C[triple-bond]C-Au-C[triple-bond]C spacer, namely tetrapropylammonium bis{3-[2,2,2-tris(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)ethoxy]prop-1-yn-1-yl}aurate(I), (C16H28N)[Au(C14H13N6O)2], and tetrapropylammonium {η(2)-μ-3-[2,4-dioxo-3-azatricyclo[7.3.1.0(5,13)]trideca-1(12),5,7,9(13),10-pentaen-3-yl]prop-1-yn-yl}bis{3-[2,4-dioxo-3-azatricyclo[7.3.1.0(5,13)]trideca-1(12),5,7,9(13),10-pentaen-3-yl]prop-1-yn-1-yl}digold(I) deuterochloroform disolvate, (C16H28N)[Au2(C15H8NO2)3]·2CDCl3. The alkyne-functionalized scorpionate ligand [Au{C[triple-bond]CCH2OCH2C(pz)3}2](-) features two potentially tridentate tris(pyrazolyl)methane donor groups oriented in a `trans' position relative to the C[triple-bond]C-Au-C[triple-bond]C spacer. The naphthalimide-containing compound comprises a σ-bonded NI-CH2-C[triple-bond]C-Au-C[triple-bond]C-CH2-NI unit (NI is the naphthalimide group) π-coordinated to an NI-CH2-C[triple-bond]C-Au neutral fragment. The crystal packing of this compound is supported by π-π stacking interactions of the NI unit, generating a three-dimensional network containing channels accommodating the tetrapropylammonium cations and deuterated chloroform solvent molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Reger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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Stěpnička P, Zábranský M, Císařová I. An Alternative Preparation of 1-(N,N-Dimethylaminomethyl)-1'-(diphenylphosphanyl)ferrocene: Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Au(I) and Pd(II) Complexes with this Hybrid Ligand. ChemistryOpen 2012; 1:71-9. [PMID: 24551494 PMCID: PMC3922457 DOI: 10.1002/open.201200004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
1-(N,N-Dimethylaminomethyl)-1′-(diphenylphosphanyl)ferrocene (1) was synthesized in good yield by lithiation of 1-bromo-1′-(diphenylphosphanyl)ferrocene and subsequent reaction with Eschenmoser's salt (dimethylmethylideneammonium iodide). Making use of an easily accessible, nontoxic starting material, this procedure represents a convenient alternative to the original synthetic protocol based on stepwise lithiation/functionalization of 1,1′-bis(tributylstannyl)ferrocene and reductive amination [M. E. Wright, Organometallics1990, 9, 853–856]. Compound 1 has typical hybrid-donor properties. When reacted with [AuCl(tht)] (tht=tetrahydrothiophene), it afforded the expected AuI phosphane complex [AuCl(1-κP)] (2). An attempted removal of the chloride ligand from 2 with AgClO4 produced an ill-defined material formulated as Au(1)ClO4. The uncoordinated amine substituent reacted with traces of hydrogen chloride formed by slow decomposition typically occurring in solution. In this manner, complexes [AuCl(Ph2PfcCH2NHMe2)]Cl (3, fc=ferrocene-1,1′-diyl) and [AuCl(Ph2PfcCH2NHMe2)]ClO4 (4) were isolated from crystallizations experiments with 2 and Au(1)ClO4, respectively. On a larger scale, complex 3 was prepared easily from 2 and hydrogen chloride. The course of reactions between [PdCl2(cod)] (cod=cycloocta-1,5-diene) and 1 were found to depend on the ligand-to-metal ratio. Whereas the reaction with two equivalents of 1 afforded bis(phosphane) complex trans-[PdCl2(1-κP)2] (5), that of a Pd:P ratio 1:1 produced ligand-bridged dimer [(μ-1)PdCl2]2 (6). With hydrogen chloride, complex 6 reacted to afford zwitterionic complex [PdCl3(1H-κP)] (7), which was also formed when ligand 1 and [PdCl2(cod)] were allowed to react slowly by liquid-phase diffusion of their chloroform solutions. The compounds were characterized by spectroscopic methods (multinuclear NMR and ESI–MS), and the molecular structures of complex 2–4, 6⋅2CHCl3 and 7⋅1.5CHCl3 were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Stěpnička
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague Hlavova 2030, 12840 Prague (Czech Republic) E-mail:
| | - Martin Zábranský
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague Hlavova 2030, 12840 Prague (Czech Republic) E-mail:
| | - Ivana Císařová
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague Hlavova 2030, 12840 Prague (Czech Republic) E-mail:
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J McKeage
- Division of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, New Zealand.
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