1
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Wolf S, Köppe R, Treptow J, Feuerstein W, Wenzel J, Breher F, Roesky PW, Weigend F, Klopper W, Feldmann C. [GeRu 6(CO) 18HI]: A Germanium-Centered Ruthenium Carbonyl Cluster with Aromatic Ring Current. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2024:e2309043. [PMID: 38509846 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202309043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The carbonyl cluster compound [GeRu6(CO)18HI] is unique in regard to its structure and bonding with a GeRu6 cluster core, a planar GeRu4HI unit, extensive multi-center bonding, and an aromatic ring current similar to benzene (9-10 nA T-1). The open-shell cluster core is a Ge-centered five-membered Ru4(Ru2) ring with CO ligands and an additional H and I atom, each bridging two Ru atoms on opposite sides of the cluster core. The compound is prepared at 130 °C in a weakly-coordinating ionic liquid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Wolf
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, D-76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ralf Köppe
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, D-76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jens Treptow
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, D-76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wolfram Feuerstein
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, D-76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jonas Wenzel
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, D-76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Frank Breher
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, D-76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Peter W Roesky
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, D-76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Florian Weigend
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, D-35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Wim Klopper
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, D-76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Claus Feldmann
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, D-76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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2
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Rauwolf N, Klopper W, Holzer C. Non-linear light-matter interactions from the Bethe-Salpeter equation. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:061101. [PMID: 38341783 DOI: 10.1063/5.0191499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024] Open
Abstract
A route to assess non-linear light-matter interactions from the increasingly popular GW-Bethe-Salpeter equation (GW-BSE) method is outlined. In the present work, the necessary analytic expressions within the static-screened exchange approximation of the BSE are derived. This enables a straightforward implementation of the computation of the first hyperpolarizability as well as two-photon absorption processes for molecular systems. Benchmark calculations on small molecular systems reveal that the GW-BSE method is intriguingly accurate for predicting both first hyperpolarizabilities and two-photon absorption strengths. Using state-of-the-art Kohn-Sham references as a starting point, the accuracy of the GW-BSE method rivals that of the coupled-cluster singles-and-doubles method, outperforming both second-order coupled-cluster and time-dependent density-functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Rauwolf
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstraße 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wim Klopper
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstraße 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christof Holzer
- Institute of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstraße 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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3
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Busch J, Rehak FR, Ferraro V, Nieger M, Kemell M, Fuhr O, Klopper W, Bräse S. From Mono- to Polynuclear 2-(Diphenylphosphino)pyridine-Based Cu(I) and Ag(I) Complexes: Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and DFT Calculations. ACS Omega 2024; 9:2220-2233. [PMID: 38250424 PMCID: PMC10795044 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
A series of monometallic Ag(I) and Cu(I) halide complexes bearing 2-(diphenylphosphino)pyridine (PyrPhos, L) as a ligand were synthesized and spectroscopically characterized. The structure of most of the derivatives was unambiguously established by X-ray diffraction analysis, revealing the formation of mono-, di-, and tetranuclear complexes having general formulas MXL3 (M = Cu, X = Cl, Br; M = Ag, X = Cl, Br, I), Ag2X2L3 (X = Cl, Br), and Ag4X4L4 (X = Cl, Br, I). The Ag(I) species were compared to the corresponding Cu(I) analogues from a structural point of view. The formation of Cu(I)/Ag(I) heterobimetallic complexes MM'X2L3 (M/M' = Cu, Ag; X = Cl, Br, I) was also investigated. The X-ray structure of the bromo-derivatives revealed the formation of two possible MM'Br2L3 complexes with Cu/Ag ratios, respectively, of 7:1 and 1:7. The ratio between Cu and Ag was studied by scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX) measurements. The structure of the binuclear homo- and heterometallic derivatives was investigated using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, revealing the tendency of the PyrPhos ligands not to maintain the bridging motif in the presence of Ag(I) as the metal center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin
M. Busch
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Florian R. Rehak
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry (IPC), Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Valentina Ferraro
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Martin Nieger
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen Aukio 1, P.O. Box 55, FI 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marianna Kemell
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen Aukio 1, P.O. Box 55, FI 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olaf Fuhr
- Institute
of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe
Nano-Micro Facility (KNMFi), Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wim Klopper
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry (IPC), Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute
of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute
of Biological and Chemical Systems-Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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4
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Reiß A, Reimann MK, Jin C, Wachter-Lehn M, Kremer RK, Pöttgen R, Fink K, Klopper W, Feldmann C. Experimental and computational study of the exchange interaction between the V(III) centers in the vanadium-cyclal dimer. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:17389-17397. [PMID: 37942816 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03243d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
[V2(HCyclal)2] is prepared by controlled oxidation of vanadium nanoparticles at 50 °C in toluene. The V(0) nanoparticles are synthesized in THF by reduction of VCl3 with lithium naphthalenide. They exhibit very small particle sizes of 1.2 ± 0.2 nm and a high reactivity (e.g. with air or water). By reaction of V(0) nanoparticles with the azacrown ether H4Cyclal, [V2(HCyclal)2] is obtained with deep green crystals and high yield. The title compound exhibits a V(III) dimer (V⋯V: 304.1(1) pm) with two deprotonated [HCyclal]3- ligands as anions. V(0) nanoparticles as well as the sole coordination of V(III) by a crown ether as the ligand and nitrogen as sole coordinating atom are shown for the first time. Magnetic measurements and computational results point to antiferromagnetic coupling within the V(III) couple, establishing an antiferromagnetic spin S = 1 dimer with the magnetic susceptibility determined by the thermal population of the total spin ranging from ST = 0 to ST = 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Reiß
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Maximilian Kai Reimann
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Chengyu Jin
- Institut für Nanotechnologie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Martha Wachter-Lehn
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Reinhard K Kremer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rainer Pöttgen
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Karin Fink
- Institut für Nanotechnologie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Wim Klopper
- Institut für Nanotechnologie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Claus Feldmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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5
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Höhn V, Feuerstein W, Rehak FR, Kehry M, Lebedkin S, Kappes MM, Klopper W, Breher F. Non-Palindromic C∧C∧P Platinum and Palladium Pincer Complexes Showing Intense Phosphorescence via Direct Spin-Forbidden S 0 → T 1 Excitation. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:15627-15640. [PMID: 37682719 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of C∧C∧P pre-ligands based on a dicyclohexylphosphine-substituted biphenyl framework is reported. The pre-ligands form the respective non-palindromic pincer complexes of PtII and PdII via double oxidative addition and subsequent comproportionation or C-H activation. The complexes of PtII as well as PdII emit similar green phosphorescence efficiently in the solid state, the former also in solution albeit with less intensity. The most fascinating photophysical feature, however, is a direct singlet-triplet (S0 → T1) excitation of this phosphorescence in the spectral window between the emission and the major singlet-singlet UV absorption. The S0 → T1 excitation spectra show a rich vibronic pattern, which is especially pronounced for the solid samples at cryogenic temperatures. The molar extinction of the lowest-energy singlet-triplet absorption band of the homologous Pt and Pd complexes as well as that of the Pt complex with a different (NHC) ancillary ligand were determined in tetrahydrofuran solutions. Quantum efficiencies of triplet formation (by intersystem crossing) via the "standard" excitation pathway S0 → Sn → T1 were determined for the Pt complexes and found to be different in dependence of the ancillary ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Höhn
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Engesserstraße 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wolfram Feuerstein
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Engesserstraße 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Florian R Rehak
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Max Kehry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sergei Lebedkin
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Nanotechnology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Manfred M Kappes
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Nanotechnology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Wim Klopper
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Frank Breher
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Engesserstraße 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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6
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Schmitt MJP, Kruppa SV, Walg SP, Thiel WR, Klopper W, Riehn C. Electronic spectroscopy of homo- and heterometallic binuclear coinage metal phosphine complexes in isolation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:20880-20891. [PMID: 37525899 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03058j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Binuclear coinage metal phosphine complexes are examined under ion trap isolation in order to elucidate their noncovalent binding, structural properties and intrinsic electronic spectra. Our survey shows an intriguing order of electronic transitions obtained by in situ synthesis and mass-spectrometrically supported UV photodissociation spectroscopy on a series of six isolated homo- and heterobinuclear complexes of type [MM'(dcpm)2]2+ (M, M' = CuI, AgI, AuI; dcpm = bis(dicyclohexyl-phosphino)methane). This approach provides the unique opportunity to study all possible coinage metal interactions within a fixed ligand framework. A successive blue-shift (33 700-38 500 cm-1; 297-260 nm) of the lowest-energy bright electronic transition energy in gas phase was observed in the order of Cu2 < CuAu < CuAg < Au2 < AgAu < Ag2. This order was reproduced by quantum chemical calculations using a scalar-relativistic GW-Bethe-Salpeter-equation (GW-BSE) approach. Theory ascribes the electronic bands of all complexes to metal-centered 1MC(dσ*-pσ) transitions revealing a strengthening of metal-metal' (M-M') binding upon excitation, in agreement to mass spetrometric results. A test of the correlation of transition energies with M-M' distance by quantum chemical calculations of single point energies as a function of intermetallic distance indicates qualitative agreement with experimental results. However, the experimentally observed high sensitivity of spectroscopic shifts towards metal composition cannot be accounted for solely by M-M' distance variation. The differences in electronic transitions are qualitatively rationalized by the varying (n + 1)s (n = 3, 4, 5) orbital contributions (increase from Cu2via CuAu/CuAg to Au2/AgAu/Ag2) within the nd(n + 1)s/p-hybridization for the ground electronic state of the different complexes, whereas the excited state (of (n + 1)p orbital character) shows significantly less variation in energy. In particular, the observed spectroscopic and mass spectrometric sequence for the Ag/Au complexes is traced back to the interplay of Pauli repulsion and variation in metal-ligand bond strength within the orbital hybridization model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel J P Schmitt
- Department of Chemistry, Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Universität (RPTU) Kaiserslautern-Landau, Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 53, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Sebastian V Kruppa
- Department of Chemistry, Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Universität (RPTU) Kaiserslautern-Landau, Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 53, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Simon P Walg
- Department of Chemistry, Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Universität (RPTU) Kaiserslautern-Landau, Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 53, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Werner R Thiel
- Department of Chemistry, Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Universität (RPTU) Kaiserslautern-Landau, Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 53, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Wim Klopper
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Christoph Riehn
- Department of Chemistry, Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Universität (RPTU) Kaiserslautern-Landau, Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 53, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
- Research Center OPTIMAS, Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 46, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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7
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Kehry M, Klopper W, Holzer C. Robust relativistic many-body Green's function based approaches for assessing core ionized and excited states. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:044116. [PMID: 37522402 DOI: 10.1063/5.0160265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A two-component contour deformation (CD) based GW method that employs frequency sampling to drastically reduce the computational effort when assessing quasiparticle states far away from the Fermi level is outlined. Compared to the canonical CD-GW method, computational scaling is reduced by an order of magnitude without sacrificing accuracy. This allows for an efficient calculation of core ionization energies. The improved computational efficiency is used to provide benchmarks for core ionized states, comparing the performance of 15 density functional approximations as Kohn-Sham starting points for GW calculations on a set of 65 core ionization energies of 32 small molecules. Contrary to valence states, GW calculations on core states prefer functionals with only a moderate amount of Hartree-Fock exchange. Moreover, modern ab initio local hybrid functionals are also shown to provide excellent generalized Kohn-Sham references for core GW calculations. Furthermore, the core-valence separated Bethe-Salpeter equation (CVS-BSE) is outlined. CVS-BSE is a convenient tool to probe core excited states. The latter is tested on a set of 40 core excitations of eight small inorganic molecules. Results from the CVS-BSE method for excitation energies and the corresponding absorption cross sections are found to be in excellent agreement with those of reference damped response BSE calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Kehry
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wim Klopper
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christof Holzer
- Institute of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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8
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Bruschi C, Gui X, Fuhr O, Klopper W, Bizzarri C. Reaching strong absorption up to 700 nm with new benzo[ g]quinoxaline-based heteroleptic copper(I) complexes for light-harvesting applications. Dalton Trans 2023. [PMID: 37157971 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt00902e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Heteroleptic copper(I) complexes, with a diimine as a chromophoric unit and a bulky diphosphine as an ancillary ligand, have the advantage of a reduced pseudo Jahn-Teller effect in their excited state over the corresponding homoleptic bis(diimine) complexes. Nevertheless, their lowest absorption lies generally between 350 to 500 nm. Aiming at a strong absorption in the visible by stable heteroleptic Cu(I) complexes, we designed a novel diimine based on 4-(benzo[g]quinoxal-2'-yl)-1,2,3-triazole derivatives. The large π-conjugation of the benzoquinoxaline moiety shifted bathochromically the absorption with regard to other diimine-based Cu(I) complexes. Adding another Cu(I) core broadened the absorption and extended it to considerably longer wavelengths. Moreover, by fine-tuning the structure of the dichelating ligand, we achieved a panchromatic absorption up to 700 nm with a high molar extinction coefficient of 8000 M-1 cm-1 at maximum (λ = 570 nm), making this compound attractive for light-harvesting antennae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Bruschi
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76137 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Xin Gui
- Institute of Physical Chemistry-Theoretical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Olaf Fuhr
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Wim Klopper
- Institute of Physical Chemistry-Theoretical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Claudia Bizzarri
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76137 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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9
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Monzel L, Holzer C, Klopper W. Natural virtual orbitals for the GW method in the random-phase approximation and beyond. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:144102. [PMID: 37061489 DOI: 10.1063/5.0144469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasingly popular GW method is becoming a convenient tool to determine vertical ionization energies in molecular systems. However, depending on the formalism used and the range of orbitals investigated, it may be hampered by a steep computational scaling. To alleviate this issue, correlated natural virtual orbitals (NVOs) based on second-order Møller-Plesset (MP2) and direct MP2 correlation energies are implemented, and the resulting correlated NVOs are tested on GW quasiparticle energies. Test cases include the popular GW variants G0W0 and evGW0 as well as more elaborate vertex corrections. We find that for increasingly larger molecular systems and basis sets, NVOs considerably improve efficiency. Furthermore, we test the performance of the truncated (frozen) NVO ansatz on the GW100 test set. For the latter, it is demonstrated that, using a carefully chosen truncation threshold, NVOs lead to a negligible loss in accuracy while providing speedups of one order of magnitude. Furthermore, we compare the resulting quasiparticle energies to very accurate vertical ionization energies obtained from coupled-cluster theory with singles, doubles, and noniterative triples [CCSD(T)], confirming that the loss in accuracy introduced by truncating the NVOs is negligible compared to the methodical errors in the GW approximation. It is also demonstrated that the choice of basis set impacts results far more than using a suitably truncated NVO space. Therefore, at the same computational expense, more accurate results can be obtained using NVOs. Finally, we provide improved reference CCSD(T) values for the GW100 test set, which have been obtained using the def2-QZVPP basis set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurenz Monzel
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christof Holzer
- Institute of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wim Klopper
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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10
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Humer M, Harding ME, Schlipf M, Taheridehkordi A, Sukurma Z, Klopper W, Kresse G. Approaching the basis-set limit of the dRPA correlation energy with explicitly correlated and projector augmented-wave methods. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:194113. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0124019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct random-phase approximation (dRPA) is used to calculate and compare atomization energies for the HEAT set and 10 selected molecules of the G2-1 set using both plane waves and Gaussian-type orbitals. We describe detailed procedures to obtain highly accurate and well converged results for the projector augmented-wave (PAW) method as implemented in the Vienna Ab-initio Simulation Package (VASP) as well as the explicitly correlated dRPA-F12 method as implemented in the TURBOMOLE package. The two approaches agree within chemical accuracy (1 kcal/mol) for the atomization energies of all considered molecules, both for the exact exchange as well as for the dRPA. The root mean-square deviation is 0.41 kcal/mol for the exact exchange (evaluated using density functional theory orbitals) and 0.33 kcal/mol for exact exchange plus the random-phase approximation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Humer
- University of Vienna Computational Materials Physics, Austria
| | - Michael E. Harding
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie Institut für Nanotechnologie, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Wim Klopper
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Faculty of Chemistry and Biosciences, Germany
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11
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Quesada JV, Chmela J, Greisch JF, Klopper W, Harding ME. A litmus test for the balanced description of dispersion interactions and coordination chemistry of lanthanoids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:25106-25117. [PMID: 35920212 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01414a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The influence of long-range interactions on the structure of complexes of Eu(III) with four 9-hydroxy-phenalen-1-one ligands (HPLN) and one alkaline earth metal dication [Eu(PLN)4AE]+ (AE: Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba) is analyzed. Through the [Eu(PLN)4Ca]+ complex, which is a charged complex with two metals-one of them a lanthanoid-and with four relatively fluxional π-ligands, the difficulties of describing such systems are identified. The inclusion of the D3(BJ) or D4 corrections to different density functionals introduces significant changes in the structure, which are shown to stem from the interaction between pairs of PLN ligands. This interaction is studied further with a variety of density functionals, wave-function based methods, and by means of the random phase approximation. By comparing the computed results with those from experimental evidence of gas-phase photoluminescence and ion mobility measurements it is concluded that the inclusion of dispersion corrections does not always yield structures that are in agreement with the experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juana Vázquez Quesada
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Campus Süd, Postfach 6980, D-76049 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Jiří Chmela
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Campus Süd, Postfach 6980, D-76049 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Jean-François Greisch
- Institut für Nanotechnologie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Campus Nord, Postfach 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Wim Klopper
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Campus Süd, Postfach 6980, D-76049 Karlsruhe, Germany. .,Institut für Nanotechnologie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Campus Nord, Postfach 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Michael E Harding
- Institut für Nanotechnologie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Campus Nord, Postfach 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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12
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Monzel L, Pausch A, Peters L, Tellgren E, Helgaker T, Klopper W. Molecular Dynamics of Linear Molecules in Strong Magnetic Fields. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:054106. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0097800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular rotations and vibrations have been extensively studied by chemists for decades, both experimentally using spectroscopic methods and theoretically with the help of quantum chemistry. However, the theoretical investigation of molecular rotations and vibrations in strong magnetic fields requires computationally more demanding tools. As such, proper calculations of rotational and vibrational spectra were not feasible up until very recently. In this work, we present rotational and vibrational spectra for two small linear molecules, H2 and LiH, in strong magnetic fields. By treating the nuclei as classical particles, trajectories for rotations and vibrations are simulated from ab initio molecular dynamics. Born-Oppenheimer potential energy surfaces are calculated at the Hartree-Fock and MP2 levels of theory, using London atomic orbitals to ensure gauge origin invariance. For the calculation of nuclear trajectories, a highly efficient Tajima propagator is introduced, incorporating the Berry curvature tensor accounting for the screening of nuclear charges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurenz Monzel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute of Physical Chemistry, Germany
| | - Ansgar Pausch
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Faculty of Chemistry and Biosciences, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Wim Klopper
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Faculty of Chemistry and Biosciences, Germany
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13
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Pausch A, Holzer C, Klopper W. Efficient Calculation of Magnetic Circular Dichroism Spectra Using Spin-Noncollinear Linear-Response Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory in Finite Magnetic Fields. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:3747-3758. [PMID: 35576504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Excited-state calculations in finite magnetic fields are presented in the framework of spin-noncollinear linear-response time-dependent density functional theory. To ensure gauge-origin invariance, London atomic orbitals are employed throughout. An efficient implementation into the Turbomole package, which also includes the resolution of the identity approximation, allows for the investigation of excited states of large molecular systems. The implementation is used to investigate the magnetic circular dichroism spectra of sizable organometallic molecules such as a zinc tetraazaporphyrin with two fused naphthalene units, which is a molecule with 57 atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansgar Pausch
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christof Holzer
- Institute of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Strasse 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wim Klopper
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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14
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Hou P, Peschtrich S, Huber N, Feuerstein W, Bihlmeier A, Krummenacher I, Schoch R, Klopper W, Breher F, Paradies J. Cover Feature: Impact of Heterocycle Annulation on NIR Absorbance in Quinoid Thioacene Derivatives (Chem. Eur. J. 23/2022). Chemistry 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Hou
- Chemistry Department Paderborn University Warburger Straße 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Sebastian Peschtrich
- Chemistry Department Paderborn University Warburger Straße 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Nils Huber
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Kaiserstraße 12 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Wolfram Feuerstein
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Angela Bihlmeier
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Kaiserstraße 12 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Ivo Krummenacher
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Roland Schoch
- Chemistry Department Paderborn University Warburger Straße 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Wim Klopper
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Kaiserstraße 12 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Frank Breher
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Jan Paradies
- Chemistry Department Paderborn University Warburger Straße 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
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15
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Hou P, Peschtrich S, Huber N, Feuerstein W, Bihlmeier A, Krummenacher I, Schoch R, Klopper W, Breher F, Paradies J. Impact of Heterocycle Annulation on NIR Absorbance in Quinoid Thioacene Derivatives. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200478. [PMID: 35254693 PMCID: PMC9314731 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterisation of a homologous series of quinoid sulfur‐containing imidazolyl‐substituted heteroacenes is described. The optoelectronic and magnetic properties were investigated by UV/vis, fluorescence and EPR spectroscopy as well as quantum‐chemical calculations, and were compared to those of the corresponding benzo congener. The room‐temperature and atmospherically stable quinoids display strong absorption in the NIR region between 678 and 819 nm. The dithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]thiophene and the thieno[2′,3′:4,5]thieno[3,2‐b]thieno[2,3‐d]thiophene derivatives were EPR active at room temperature. For the latter, variable‐temperature EPR spectroscopy revealed the presence of a thermally accessible triplet state, with a singlet‐triplet separation of 14.1 kJ mol−1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Hou
- Chemistry Department Paderborn University Warburger Straße 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Sebastian Peschtrich
- Chemistry Department Paderborn University Warburger Straße 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Nils Huber
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Kaiserstraße 12 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Wolfram Feuerstein
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Angela Bihlmeier
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Kaiserstraße 12 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Ivo Krummenacher
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Roland Schoch
- Chemistry Department Paderborn University Warburger Straße 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Wim Klopper
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Kaiserstraße 12 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Frank Breher
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Jan Paradies
- Chemistry Department Paderborn University Warburger Straße 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
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16
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Krätschmer F, Gui X, Gamer MT, Klopper W, Roesky PW. Systematic investigation of the influence of electronic substituents on dinuclear gold(I) amidinates: synthesis, characterisation and photoluminescence studies. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:5471-5479. [PMID: 35266476 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03795a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dinuclear gold(I) compounds are of great interest due to their aurophilic interactions that influence their photophysical properties. Herein, we showcase that gold-gold interactions can be influenced by tuning the electronic properties of the ligands. Therefore, various para substituted (R) N,N'-bis(2,6-dimethylphenyl)formamidinate ligands (pRXylForm; Xyl = 2,6-dimethylphenyl and Form = formamidinate) were treated with Au(tht)Cl (tht = tetrahydrothiophene) to give via salt metathesis the corresponding gold(I) compounds [pRXylForm2Au2] (R = -OMe, -Me, -Ph, -H, -SMe, and -CO2Me). All complexes showed intense luminescence properties at low temperatures. Alignment with the Hammett parameter σp revealed the trends in the 1H and 13C NMR spectra. These results showed the influence of the donor-acceptor abilities of different substituents on the ligand system which were confirmed with calculated orbital energies. Photophysical investigations showed their lifetimes in the millisecond range indicating phosphorescence processes and revealed a redshift with the decreasing donor ability of the substituents in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Krätschmer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstr. 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Xin Gui
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael T Gamer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstr. 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Wim Klopper
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Peter W Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstr. 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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17
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Dahlen M, Vázquez Quesada J, Santos Correa L, Münzfeld L, Reinfandt N, Klopper W, Roesky PW. Investigation of the Coordination Chemistry of a Bisamidinate Ferrocene Ligand with Cu, Ag, and Au. ACS Omega 2022; 7:4683-4693. [PMID: 35155960 PMCID: PMC8829862 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c07036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The coordination chemistry of a ferrocene ligand with one bulky amidinate function attached to each ring toward two different coinage metal precursors was investigated. In dependence of the metal and the co-ligands, "ansa" type structures and non-bridged structures were obtained. Six different compounds are reported. In the "ansa" type structures, short Fe-M (M = Cu, Ag) distances were observed in the molecular structures in the solid state. However, theoretical calculations (DFT) did not reveal a stabilizing metal-metal interaction. Instead, dispersion interactions within the ligand and between the ligand and metal seem to represent the main stabilization forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Dahlen
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Juana Vázquez Quesada
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Luis Santos Correa
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Luca Münzfeld
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Niklas Reinfandt
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wim Klopper
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Peter W. Roesky
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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18
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inanlou S, Cortés-Mejía R, Özdemir AD, Höfener S, Klopper W, Wenzel W, Xie W, Elstner M. Understanding excited state properties of host materials in OLEDs: simulation of absorption spectrum of amorphous 4,4-bis(carbazol-9-yl)-2,2-biphenyl (CBP). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:4576-4587. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04293a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
4,4-bis(carbazol-9-yl)-2,2-biphenyl (CBP) is widely used as a host material in phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (PhOLEDs). In the present study, we simulate the absorption spectra of CBP in gas and condensed...
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19
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Abstract
The GW approximation and the Bethe–Salpeter equation have been implemented into the Turbomole program package for computations of molecular systems in a strong, finite magnetic field. Complex-valued London orbitals are used as basis functions to ensure gauge-invariant computational results. The implementation has been benchmarked against triplet excitation energies of 36 small to medium-sized molecules against reference values obtained at the approximate coupled-cluster level (CC2 approximation). Finally, a spectacular change of colour from orange to green of the tetracene molecule is induced by applying magnetic fields between 0 and 9,000 T perpendicular to the molecular plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof Holzer
- Institute of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ansgar Pausch
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wim Klopper
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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20
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Abstract
As quantum-chemical calculations of molecules in static external magnetic fields are becoming increasingly popular, the description of molecular symmetry under such conditions is also becoming more and more relevant. Using group theory, a general scheme of identifying the molecular point group in an external magnetic field is constructed. For both point groups that are non-existent in the absence of a field (C∞ and C∞ h) and their double groups, the character tables are presented. General properties of all possible point groups are discussed, and it is mathematically proven that they are all Abelian.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansgar Pausch
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Melanie Gebele
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wim Klopper
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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21
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Grupe M, Boden P, Di Martino‐Fumo P, Gui X, Bruschi C, Israil R, Schmitt M, Nieger M, Gerhards M, Klopper W, Riehn C, Bizzarri C, Diller R. Time-Resolved Spectroscopy and Electronic Structure of Mono-and Dinuclear Pyridyl-Triazole/DPEPhos-Based Cu(I) Complexes. Chemistry 2021; 27:15251-15270. [PMID: 34550622 PMCID: PMC8597052 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chemical and spectroscopic characterization of the mononuclear photosensitizers [(DPEPhos)Cu(I)(MPyrT)]0/+ (CuL, CuLH) and their dinuclear analogues (Cu2 L', Cu2 L'H2 ), backed by (TD)DFT and high-level GW-Bethe-Salpeter equation calculations, exemplifies the complex influence of charge, nuclearity and structural flexibility on UV-induced photophysical pathways. Ultrafast transient absorption and step-scan FTIR spectroscopy reveal flattening distortion in the triplet state of CuLH as controlled by charge, which also appears to have a large impact on the symmetry of the long-lived triplet states in Cu2 L' and Cu2 L'H2 . Time-resolved luminescence spectroscopy (solid state), supported by transient photodissociation spectroscopy (gas phase), confirm a lifetime of some tens of μs for the respective triplet states, as well as the energetics of thermally activated delayed luminescence, both being essential parameters for application of these materials based on earth-abundant copper in photocatalysis and luminescent devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merten Grupe
- Department of PhysicsTU KaiserslauternErwin-Schrödinger-Straße 4667663KaiserslauternGermany
| | - Pit Boden
- Department of ChemistryTU KaiserslauternErwin-Schrödinger-Straße 5267663KaiserslauternGermany
| | - Patrick Di Martino‐Fumo
- Department of ChemistryTU KaiserslauternErwin-Schrödinger-Straße 5267663KaiserslauternGermany
| | - Xin Gui
- Institute of Physical ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 276131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Cecilia Bruschi
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 676131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Roumany Israil
- Department of ChemistryTU KaiserslauternErwin-Schrödinger-Straße 5267663KaiserslauternGermany
| | - Marcel Schmitt
- Department of ChemistryTU KaiserslauternErwin-Schrödinger-Straße 5267663KaiserslauternGermany
| | - Martin Nieger
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiA.I. Virtasen aukio 100014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Markus Gerhards
- Department of ChemistryTU KaiserslauternErwin-Schrödinger-Straße 5267663KaiserslauternGermany
- Research Center OPTIMASErwin-Schrödinger-Straße 4667663KaiserslauternGermany
| | - Wim Klopper
- Institute of Physical ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 276131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Christoph Riehn
- Department of ChemistryTU KaiserslauternErwin-Schrödinger-Straße 5267663KaiserslauternGermany
- Research Center OPTIMASErwin-Schrödinger-Straße 4667663KaiserslauternGermany
| | - Claudia Bizzarri
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 676131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Rolf Diller
- Department of PhysicsTU KaiserslauternErwin-Schrödinger-Straße 4667663KaiserslauternGermany
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22
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Bruschi C, Gui X, Salaeh‐arae N, Barchi T, Fuhr O, Lebedkin S, Klopper W, Bizzarri C. Versatile Heteroleptic Cu(I) Complexes Based on Quino(xa)‐line‐Triazole Ligands: from Visible‐Light Absorption and Cooperativity to Luminescence and Photoredox Catalysis. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Bruschi
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76137 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Xin Gui
- Institute of Physical Chemistry-Theoretical Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Fritz-Haber-Weg 2 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Nasrin Salaeh‐arae
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76137 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Tobia Barchi
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76137 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Olaf Fuhr
- Institute of Nanotechnology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano MicroFacility (KNMF) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Sergei Lebedkin
- Institute of Nanotechnology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Wim Klopper
- Institute of Physical Chemistry-Theoretical Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Fritz-Haber-Weg 2 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Claudia Bizzarri
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76137 Karlsruhe Germany
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23
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Dahlen M, Hollesen EH, Kehry M, Gamer MT, Lebedkin S, Schooss D, Kappes MM, Klopper W, Roesky PW. Bright Luminescence in Three Phases—A Combined Synthetic, Spectroscopic and Theoretical Approach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Milena Dahlen
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Eike H. Hollesen
- Institute of Nanotechnology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Max Kehry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute of Physical Chemistry (Theoretical Chemistry) Kaiserstrasse 12 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Michael T. Gamer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Sergei Lebedkin
- Institute of Nanotechnology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Detlef Schooss
- Institute of Nanotechnology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Manfred M. Kappes
- Institute of Nanotechnology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Fritz-Haber-Weg 2 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Wim Klopper
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute of Physical Chemistry (Theoretical Chemistry) Kaiserstrasse 12 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Peter W. Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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24
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Dahlen M, Hollesen EH, Kehry M, Gamer MT, Lebedkin S, Schooss D, Kappes MM, Klopper W, Roesky PW. Bright Luminescence in Three Phases-A Combined Synthetic, Spectroscopic and Theoretical Approach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:23365-23372. [PMID: 34415105 PMCID: PMC8597132 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Combining phase-dependent photoluminescence (PL) measurements and quantum chemical calculations is a powerful approach to help understand the influence of the molecular surroundings on the PL properties. Herein, a phosphine functionalized amidinate was used to synthesize a recently presented bimetallic gold complex, featuring an unusual charge separation. The latter was subsequently used as metalloligand to yield heterotetrametallic complexes with an Au-M-M-Au "molecular wire" arrangement (M=Cu, Ag, Au) featuring metallophilic interactions. All compounds show bright phosphorescence in the solid state, also at ambient temperature. The effect of the molecular environment on the PL was studied in detail for these tetrametallic complexes by comparative measurements in solution, in the solid state and in the gas phase and contrasted to time-dependent density functional theory computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Dahlen
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstrasse 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Eike H. Hollesen
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Max Kehry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Institute of Physical Chemistry (Theoretical Chemistry)Kaiserstrasse 1276131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Michael T. Gamer
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstrasse 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Sergei Lebedkin
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Detlef Schooss
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Manfred M. Kappes
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
- Institute of Physical ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 276131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Wim Klopper
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Institute of Physical Chemistry (Theoretical Chemistry)Kaiserstrasse 1276131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Peter W. Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstrasse 1576131KarlsruheGermany
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25
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Dahlen M, Kehry M, Lebedkin S, Kappes MM, Klopper W, Roesky PW. Bi- and trinuclear coinage metal complexes of a PNNP ligand featuring metallophilic interactions and an unusual charge separation. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:13412-13420. [PMID: 34477184 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02226a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A selective synthesis of bi- and trinuclear complexes featuring a tetradentate monoanionic PNNP ligand is presented. The binuclear coinage metal complexes show a typical fourfold coordination for Cu and Ag, which changes to a bifold coordination for Au. The latter is accompanied by an unusual charge separation. Optical properties are investigated using photoluminescence spectroscopy and complemented by time-dependent density-functional-theory calculations. All compounds demonstrate clearly distinguished features dependent on the metals chosen and differences in the complex scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Dahlen
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Max Kehry
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sergei Lebedkin
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Manfred M Kappes
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Wim Klopper
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Peter W Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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26
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Suryadevara N, Pausch A, Moreno-Pineda E, Mizuno A, Bürck J, Baksi A, Hochdörffer T, Šalitroš I, Ulrich AS, Kappes MM, Schünemann V, Klopper W, Ruben M. Chiral Resolution of Spin-Crossover Active Iron(II) [2x2] Grid Complexes. Chemistry 2021; 27:15171-15179. [PMID: 34165834 PMCID: PMC8597157 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chiral magnetic materials are proposed for applications in second‐order non‐linear optics, magneto‐chiral dichroism, among others. Recently, we have reported a set of tetra‐nuclear Fe(II) grid complex conformers with general formula C/S‐[Fe4L4]8+ (L: 2,6‐bis(6‐(pyrazol‐1‐yl)pyridin‐2‐yl)‐1,5‐dihydrobenzo[1,2‐d : 4,5‐d′]diimidazole). In the grid complexes, isomerism emerges from tautomerism and conformational isomerism of the ligand L, and the S‐type grid complex is chiral, which originates from different non‐centrosymmetric spatial organization of the trans type ligand around the Fe(II) center. However, the selective preparation of an enantiomerically pure grid complex in a controlled manner is difficult due to spontaneous self‐assembly. To achieve the pre‐synthesis programmable resolution of Fe(II) grid complexes, we designed and synthesized two novel intrinsically chiral ligands by appending chiral moieties to the parent ligand. The complexation of these chiral ligands with Fe(II) salt resulted in the formation of enantiomerically pure Fe(II) grid complexes, as unambiguously elucidated by CD and XRD studies. The enantiomeric complexes exhibited similar gradual and half‐complete thermal and photo‐induced SCO characteristics. The good agreement between the experimentally obtained and calculated CD spectra further supports the enantiomeric purity of the complexes and even the magnetic studies. The chiral resolution of Fe(II)‐ [2×2] grid complexes reported in this study, for the first time, might enable the fabrication of magneto‐chiral molecular devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithin Suryadevara
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ansgar Pausch
- Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Eufemio Moreno-Pineda
- Depto. de Química-Física, Escuela de Química Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Exactas y Tecnología, Universidad de Panamá, 0824, Panamá, Panamá
| | - Asato Mizuno
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jochen Bürck
- Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ananya Baksi
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Tim Hochdörffer
- Fachbereich Physik, Technische Universitat Kaiserslautern (TUK), Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 46, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Ivan Šalitroš
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Bratislava, 81237, Slovakia.,Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 61200, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Anne S Ulrich
- Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Manfred M Kappes
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Volker Schünemann
- Fachbereich Physik, Technische Universitat Kaiserslautern (TUK), Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 46, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Wim Klopper
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mario Ruben
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Centre Européen de Sciences Quantiques (CESQ), Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), 8 allée Gaspard Monge, BP 70028, 67083, Strasbourg Cedex, France.,Institute for Quantum Materials and Technologies (IQMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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27
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Abstract
We present a study of the structural evolution of tantalum cluster anions Tan-, 6 ≤ n ≤ 13 using a combination of trapped ion electron diffraction (TIED) experiments with a variety of electronic structure methods. A genetic algorithm has been employed to establish a set of likely structures for each cluster, their geometries and energetics have been studied by density functional theory (DFT), random phase approximation, and two-component (2C) DFT methods, which include spin-orbit coupling. We find octahedral structures for Ta6- and Ta8- as well as structures based on the pentagonal bipyramid (Ta7- and Ta9-). Ta10--Ta12- are defective icosahedral structures and Ta13- is a distorted icosahedron. For most clusters, we find a good agreement between the theoretically predicted ground-state structures, especially those determined by the 2C method and the TIED results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Kraft
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jesús R Flores
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Wim Klopper
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Manfred M Kappes
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Detlef Schooss
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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28
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Cortés-Mejía R, Höfener S, Klopper W. Effects of rotational conformation on electronic properties of 4,4′-bis(carbazol-9-yl)biphenyl (CBP): the single-molecule picture and beyond. Mol Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2021.1876936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Cortés-Mejía
- Theoretical Chemistry Group, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sebastian Höfener
- Theoretical Chemistry Group, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wim Klopper
- Theoretical Chemistry Group, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
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29
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Merzlyakova E, Wolf S, Lebedkin S, Bayarjargal L, Neumeier BL, Bartenbach D, Holzer C, Klopper W, Winkler B, Kappes M, Feldmann C. 18-Crown-6 Coordinated Metal Halides with Bright Luminescence and Nonlinear Optical Effects. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:798-804. [PMID: 33405904 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The crown-ether coordination compounds ZnX2(18-crown-6), EuX2(18-crown-6) (X: Cl, Br, I), MnI2(18-crown-6), Mn3Cl6(18-crown-6)2, Mn3I6(18-crown-6)2, and Mn2I4(18-crown-6) are obtained by ionic-liquid-based synthesis. Whereas MX2(18-crown-6) (M: Zn, Eu) show conventional structural motives, Mn3Cl6(18-crown-6)2, Mn3I6(18-crown-6)2, and Mn2I4(18-crown-6) exhibit unusual single MnX4 tetrahedra coordinated to the crown-ether complex. Surprisingly, some compounds show outstanding photoluminescence. Thus, rare Zn2+-based luminescence is observed and unexpectedly efficient for ZnI2(18-crown-6) with a quantum yield of 54%. Unprecedented quantum yields are also observed for Mn3I6(18-crown-6)2, EuBr2(18-crown-6), and EuI2(18-crown-6) with values of 98, 72, and 82%, respectively, which can be rationalized based on the specific structural features. Most remarkable, however, is Mn2I4(18-crown-6). Its specific structural features with finite sensitizer-activator couples result in an extremely strong emission with an outstanding quantum yield of 100%. Consistent with its structural features, moreover, anisotropic angle-dependent emission under polarized light and nonlinear optical (NLO) effects occur, including second-harmonic generation (SHG). The title compounds and their optical properties are characterized by single-crystal structure analysis, X-ray powder diffraction, chemical analysis, density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and advanced spectroscopic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Merzlyakova
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry (IAC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Silke Wolf
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry (IAC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sergei Lebedkin
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Lkhamsuren Bayarjargal
- Institute of Geosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Altenhoeferallee 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - B Lilli Neumeier
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry (IAC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Daniel Bartenbach
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry (IAC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christof Holzer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wim Klopper
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Bjoern Winkler
- Institute of Geosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Altenhoeferallee 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Manfred Kappes
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Claus Feldmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry (IAC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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30
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Feuerstein W, Holzer C, Gui X, Neumeier L, Klopper W, Breher F. Synthesis of New Donor-Substituted Biphenyls: Pre-ligands for Highly Luminescent (C^C^D) Gold(III) Pincer Complexes. Chemistry 2020; 26:17156-17164. [PMID: 32735695 PMCID: PMC7821303 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We herein report on new synthetic strategies for the preparation of pyridine and imidazole substituted 2,2'-dihalo biphenyls. These structures are pre-ligands suitable for the preparation of respective stannoles. The latter can successfully be transmetalated to K[AuCl4 ] forming non-palindromic [(C^C^D)AuIII ] pincer complexes featuring a lateral pyridine (D=N) or N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC, D=C') donor. The latter is the first report on a pincer complex with two formally anionic sp2 and one carbenic carbon donor. The [(C^C^D)AuIII ] complexes show intense phosphorescence in solution at room temperature. We discuss the developed multistep strategy and touch upon synthetic challenges. The prepared complexes have been fully characterized including X-ray diffraction analysis. The gold(III) complexes' photophysical properties have been investigated by absorption and emission spectroscopy as well as quantum chemical calculations on the quasi-relativistic two-component TD-DFT and GW/Bethe-Salpeter level including spin-orbit coupling. Thus, we shed light on the electronic influence of the non-palindromic pincer ligand and reveal non-radiative relaxation pathways of the different ligands employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Feuerstein
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of, Technology (KIT)Engesserstr. 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Christof Holzer
- Institute of Theoretical Solid State PhysicsKarlsruhe Institute of, Technology (KIT)Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße 176131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Xin Gui
- Institute of Physical ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of, Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 276131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Lilly Neumeier
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of, Technology (KIT)Engesserstr. 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Wim Klopper
- Institute of Physical ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of, Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 276131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Frank Breher
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of, Technology (KIT)Engesserstr. 1576131KarlsruheGermany
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31
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Kang R, Talamini L, D'Este E, Estevão BM, De Cola L, Klopper W, Biedermann F. Discovery of a size-record breaking green-emissive fluorophore: small, smaller, HINA. Chem Sci 2020; 12:1392-1397. [PMID: 34163902 PMCID: PMC8179180 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05557c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Astonishingly, 3-hydroxyisonicotinealdehyde (HINA) is despite its small size a green-emitting push–pull fluorophore in water (QY of 15%) and shows ratiometric emission response to biological relevant pH differences (pKa2 ∼ 7.1). Moreover, HINA is the first small-molecule fluorophore reported that possesses three distinctly emissive protonation states. This fluorophore can be used in combination with metal complexes for fluorescent-based cysteine detection in aqueous media, and is readily taken up by cells. The theoretical description of HINA's photophysics remains challenging, even when computing Franck–Condon profiles via coupled-cluster calculations, making HINA an interesting model for future method development. Astonishingly, 3-hydroxyisonicotinealdehyde (HINA) is despite its small size a green-emitting push–pull fluorophore in water (QY of 15%) and shows ratiometric emission response to biological relevant pH differences (pKa2 ∼ 7.1).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Kang
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Laura Talamini
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS 8Rue Gaspard Monge 67083 Strasbourg France
| | - Elisa D'Este
- Optical Microscopy Facility, Max Plank Institute for Medical Research Jahnstraße 29 D-69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Bianca Martins Estevão
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS 8Rue Gaspard Monge 67083 Strasbourg France
| | - Luisa De Cola
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany .,Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS 8Rue Gaspard Monge 67083 Strasbourg France
| | - Wim Klopper
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany .,Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Frank Biedermann
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
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32
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Staemmler V, Klopper W. Werner Kutzelnigg – full of ideas. Mol Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2020.1749954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Volker Staemmler
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Wim Klopper
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
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33
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Kodrycka M, Holzer C, Klopper W, Patkowski K. Correction to Explicitly Correlated Dispersion and Exchange Dispersion Energies in Symmetry-Adapted Perturbation Theory. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:7220-7223. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c01011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Wolf
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 15, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Shangxin Wei
- Fachbereich Chemie, Phillips University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Wim Klopper
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dehnen
- Fachbereich Chemie, Phillips University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Claus Feldmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 15, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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35
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Kehry M, Franzke YJ, Holzer C, Klopper W. Quasirelativistic two-component core excitations and polarisabilities from a damped-response formulation of the Bethe–Salpeter equation. Mol Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2020.1755064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Max Kehry
- Theoretical Chemistry Group, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Yannick J. Franzke
- Theoretical Chemistry Group, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christof Holzer
- Theoretical Chemistry Group, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wim Klopper
- Theoretical Chemistry Group, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
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36
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Abstract
We outline a methodology for efficiently computing the electromagnetic response of molecular ensembles. The methodology is based on the link that we establish between quantum‐chemical simulations and the transfer matrix (T‐matrix) approach, a common tool in physics and engineering. We exemplify and analyze the accuracy of the methodology by using the time‐dependent Hartree‐Fock theory simulation data of a single chiral molecule to compute the T‐matrix of a cross‐like arrangement of four copies of the molecule, and then computing the circular dichroism of the cross. The results are in very good agreement with full quantum‐mechanical calculations on the cross. Importantly, the choice of computing circular dichroism is arbitrary: Any kind of electromagnetic response of an object can be computed from its T‐matrix. We also show, by means of another example, how the methodology can be used to predict experimental measurements on a molecular material of macroscopic dimensions. This is possible because, once the T‐matrices of the individual components of an ensemble are known, the electromagnetic response of the ensemble can be efficiently computed. This holds for arbitrary arrangements of a large number of molecules, as well as for periodic or aperiodic molecular arrays. We identify areas of research for further improving the accuracy of the method, as well as new fundamental and technological research avenues based on the use of the T‐matrices of molecules and molecular ensembles for quantifying their degrees of symmetry breaking. We provide T‐matrix‐based formulas for computing traditional chiro‐optical properties like (oriented) circular dichroism, and also for quantifying electromagnetic duality and electromagnetic chirality. The formulas are valid for light‐matter interactions of arbitrarily‐high multipolar orders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Fernandez-Corbaton
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dominik Beutel
- Institut für Theoretische Festkörperphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 6980, 76049, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Carsten Rockstuhl
- Institut für Theoretische Festkörperphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 6980, 76049, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ansgar Pausch
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 6980, 76049, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wim Klopper
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 6980, 76049, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Gottschalk HC, Poblotzki A, Fatima M, Obenchain DA, Pérez C, Antony J, Auer AA, Baptista L, Benoit DM, Bistoni G, Bohle F, Dahmani R, Firaha D, Grimme S, Hansen A, Harding ME, Hochlaf M, Holzer C, Jansen G, Klopper W, Kopp WA, Krasowska M, Kröger LC, Leonhard K, Mogren Al-Mogren M, Mouhib H, Neese F, Pereira MN, Prakash M, Ulusoy IS, Mata RA, Suhm MA, Schnell M. The first microsolvation step for furans: New experiments and benchmarking strategies. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:164303. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0004465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hannes C. Gottschalk
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anja Poblotzki
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mariyam Fatima
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Cristóbal Pérez
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jens Antony
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Bonn, Beringstrasse 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander A. Auer
- Department of Molecular Theory and Spectroscopy, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Leonardo Baptista
- Departamento de Química e Ambiental, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Resende, RJ, Brazil
| | - David M. Benoit
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, E. A. Milne Centre for Astrophysics and G. W. Gray Centre for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni Bistoni
- Department of Molecular Theory and Spectroscopy, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Fabian Bohle
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Bonn, Beringstrasse 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Rahma Dahmani
- Université Gustave Eiffel, COSYS/LISIS, 5 Blvd. Descartes, 77454 Marne-La-Vallée, France
| | - Dzmitry Firaha
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Thermodynamik, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Bonn, Beringstrasse 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Hansen
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Bonn, Beringstrasse 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael E. Harding
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Majdi Hochlaf
- Université Gustave Eiffel, COSYS/LISIS, 5 Blvd. Descartes, 77454 Marne-La-Vallée, France
| | - Christof Holzer
- Theoretical Chemistry Group, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 6980, 76049 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Georg Jansen
- Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Wim Klopper
- Theoretical Chemistry Group, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 6980, 76049 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wassja A. Kopp
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Thermodynamik, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Małgorzata Krasowska
- Department of Molecular Theory and Spectroscopy, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Leif C. Kröger
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Thermodynamik, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Kai Leonhard
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Thermodynamik, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Muneerah Mogren Al-Mogren
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Halima Mouhib
- Université Gustave Eiffel, COSYS/LISIS, 5 Blvd. Descartes, 77454 Marne-La-Vallée, France
| | - Frank Neese
- Department of Molecular Theory and Spectroscopy, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Max N. Pereira
- Departamento de Química e Ambiental, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Resende, RJ, Brazil
| | - Muthuramalingam Prakash
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Inga S. Ulusoy
- Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ricardo A. Mata
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin A. Suhm
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Melanie Schnell
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansgar Pausch
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wim Klopper
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
- Centre for Advanced Study (CAS), The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, Oslo, Norway
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Kodrycka M, Holzer C, Klopper W, Patkowski K. Explicitly Correlated Dispersion and Exchange Dispersion Energies in Symmetry-Adapted Perturbation Theory. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 15:5965-5986. [PMID: 31503481 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The individual interaction energy terms in symmetry-adapted perturbation theory (SAPT) not only have different physical interpretations but also converge to their complete basis set (CBS) limit values at quite different rates. Dispersion energy is notoriously the slowest converging interaction energy contribution, and exchange dispersion energy, while smaller in absolute value, converges just as poorly in relative terms. To speed up the basis set convergence of the lowest-order SAPT dispersion and exchange dispersion energies, we borrow the techniques from explicitly correlated (F12) electronic structure theory and develop practical expressions for the closed-shell Edisp(20)-F12 and Eexch-disp(20)-F12 contributions. While the latter term has been derived and implemented for the first time, the former correction was recently proposed by Przybytek [ J. Chem. Theory Comput. 2018 , 14 , 5105 - 5117 ] using an Ansatz with a full optimization of the explicitly correlated amplitudes. In addition to reimplementing the fully optimized variant of Edisp(20)-F12, we propose three approximate Ansätze that substantially improve the scaling of the method and at the same time avoid the numerical instabilities of the unrestricted optimization. The performance of all four resulting flavors of Edisp(20)-F12 and Eexch-disp(20)-F12 is first tested on helium, neon, argon, water, and methane dimers, with orbital and auxiliary basis sets up to aug-cc-pV5Z and aug-cc-pV5Z-RI, respectively. The double- and triple-ζ basis set calculations are then extended to the entire A24 database of noncovalent interaction energies and compared with CBS estimates for Edisp(20) and Eexch-disp(20) computed using conventional SAPT with basis sets up to aug-cc-pV6Z with midbond functions. It is shown that the F12 treatment is highly successful in improving the basis set convergence of the SAPT terms, with the F12 calculations in an X-tuple ζ basis about as accurate as conventional calculations in bases with cardinal numbers (X + 2) for Edisp(20) and either (X + 1) or (X + 2) for Eexch-disp(20). While the full amplitude optimization affords the highest accuracy for both corrections, the much simpler and numerically stable optimized diagonal Ansatz is a very close second. We have also tested the performance of the simple F12 correction based on the second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory, SAPT-F12(MP2) [ Frey , J. A. ; Chem. Rev. 2016 , 116 , 5614 - 5641 ] and observed that it is also quite successful in speeding up the basis set convergence of conventional Edisp(20) + Eexch-disp(20), albeit with some outliers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kodrycka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Auburn University , Auburn , Alabama 36849 , United States
| | - Christof Holzer
- Theoretical Chemistry Group, Institute of Physical Chemistry , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , KIT Campus South , P.O. Box 6980, D-76049 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Wim Klopper
- Theoretical Chemistry Group, Institute of Physical Chemistry , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , KIT Campus South , P.O. Box 6980, D-76049 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Konrad Patkowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Auburn University , Auburn , Alabama 36849 , United States
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40
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Busch JM, Zink DM, Di Martino-Fumo P, Rehak FR, Boden P, Steiger S, Fuhr O, Nieger M, Klopper W, Gerhards M, Bräse S. Highly soluble fluorine containing Cu(i) AlkylPyrPhos TADF complexes. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:15687-15698. [PMID: 31524902 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt02447f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Luminescent Cu(i) AlkylPyrPhos complexes with a butterfly-shaped Cu2I2 core and halogen containing ancillary ligands, with a special focus on fluorine, have been investigated in this study. These complexes show extremely high solubilities and a remarkable (photo)chemical stability in a series of solvents. A tunable emission resulting from thermally activated delayed fluorescence with high quantum yields was determined by luminescence and lifetime investigations in solvents and solids. Structures of the electronic ground states were analyzed by single crystal X-ray analysis. The structure of the lowest excited triplet state was determined by transient FTIR spectroscopy, in combination with quantum chemical calculations. With the obtained range of compounds we address the key requirement for the production of organic light emitting diodes based on solution processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin M Busch
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Daniel M Zink
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Patrick Di Martino-Fumo
- Chemistry Department, TU Kaiserslautern and Research Center Optimas, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Florian R Rehak
- Institute of Physical Chemistry - Theoretical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Pit Boden
- Chemistry Department, TU Kaiserslautern and Research Center Optimas, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Sophie Steiger
- Chemistry Department, TU Kaiserslautern and Research Center Optimas, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Olaf Fuhr
- Karlsruhe Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano-Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Martin Nieger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtasen aukio 1), 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Wim Klopper
- Institute of Physical Chemistry - Theoretical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Markus Gerhards
- Chemistry Department, TU Kaiserslautern and Research Center Optimas, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. and Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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41
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Kruppa SV, Groß C, Gui X, Bäppler F, Kwasigroch B, Sun Y, Diller R, Klopper W, Niedner-Schatteburg G, Riehn C, Thiel WR. Photoinitiated Charge Transfer in a Triangular Silver(I) Hydride Complex and Its Oxophilicity. Chemistry 2019; 25:11269-11284. [PMID: 31188502 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The photoexcitation of a triangular silver(I) hydride complex, [Ag3 (μ3 -H)(μ2 -dcpm)3 ](PF6 )2 ([P](PF6 )2 , dcpm=bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)methane), designed with "UV-silent" bis-phosphine ligands, provokes hydride-to-Ag3 single and double electron transfer. The nature of the electronic transitions has been authenticated by absorption and photodissociation spectroscopy in parallel with high-level quantum-chemical computations utilizing the GW method and Bethe-Salpeter equation (GW-BSE). Specific photofragments of mass-selected [P]2+ ions testify to charge transfer and competing pathways resulting from the unique [Ag3 (μ3 -H)]2+ scaffold. This structural motif of [P](PF6 )2 has been unequivocally verified by 1 H NMR spectroscopy in concert with DFT and X-ray diffraction structural analysis, which revealed short equilateral Ag-Ag distances (dAgAg =3.08 Å) within the range of argentophilic interactions. The reduced radical cation [P]. + exhibits strong oxophilicity, forming [P+O2 ].+ ,which is a model intermediate for silver oxidation catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian V Kruppa
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK), Erwin-Schrödinger. Str. 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Cedric Groß
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK), Erwin-Schrödinger. Str. 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Xin Gui
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Florian Bäppler
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK), Erwin-Schrödinger. Str. 46, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Björn Kwasigroch
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK), Erwin-Schrödinger. Str. 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK), Erwin-Schrödinger. Str. 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Rolf Diller
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK), Erwin-Schrödinger. Str. 46, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Wim Klopper
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gereon Niedner-Schatteburg
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK), Erwin-Schrödinger. Str. 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany.,Research Center OPTIMAS, Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 46, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Christoph Riehn
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK), Erwin-Schrödinger. Str. 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany.,Research Center OPTIMAS, Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 46, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Werner R Thiel
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK), Erwin-Schrödinger. Str. 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Holzer C, Teale AM, Hampe F, Stopkowicz S, Helgaker T, Klopper W. Erratum: “GW quasiparticle energies of atoms in strong magnetic fields” [J. Chem. Phys. 150, 214112 (2019)]. J Chem Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5120100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christof Holzer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Physical Chemistry, KIT Campus South, P.O. Box 6980, D-76049 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Andrew M. Teale
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- Centre for Advanced Study (CAS) at the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, Drammensveien 78, N-0271 Oslo, Norway
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Florian Hampe
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stella Stopkowicz
- Centre for Advanced Study (CAS) at the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, Drammensveien 78, N-0271 Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Trygve Helgaker
- Centre for Advanced Study (CAS) at the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, Drammensveien 78, N-0271 Oslo, Norway
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Wim Klopper
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Physical Chemistry, KIT Campus South, P.O. Box 6980, D-76049 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Centre for Advanced Study (CAS) at the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, Drammensveien 78, N-0271 Oslo, Norway
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Kruppa SV, Groß C, Gui X, Bäppler F, Kwasigroch B, Sun Y, Diller R, Klopper W, Niedner‐Schatteburg G, Riehn C, Thiel WR. Photoinitiated Charge Transfer in a Triangular Silver(I) Hydride Complex and Its Oxophilicity. Chemistry 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian V. Kruppa
- Department of ChemistryTechnische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK) Erwin-Schrödinger. Str. 52 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - Cedric Groß
- Department of ChemistryTechnische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK) Erwin-Schrödinger. Str. 52 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - Xin Gui
- Institute of Physical ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Fritz-Haber-Weg 2 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Florian Bäppler
- Department of PhysicsTechnische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK) Erwin-Schrödinger. Str. 46 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - Björn Kwasigroch
- Department of ChemistryTechnische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK) Erwin-Schrödinger. Str. 52 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of ChemistryTechnische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK) Erwin-Schrödinger. Str. 52 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - Rolf Diller
- Department of PhysicsTechnische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK) Erwin-Schrödinger. Str. 46 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - Wim Klopper
- Institute of Physical ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Fritz-Haber-Weg 2 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Gereon Niedner‐Schatteburg
- Department of ChemistryTechnische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK) Erwin-Schrödinger. Str. 52 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
- Research Center OPTIMAS Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 46 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - Christoph Riehn
- Department of ChemistryTechnische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK) Erwin-Schrödinger. Str. 52 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
- Research Center OPTIMAS Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 46 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - Werner R. Thiel
- Department of ChemistryTechnische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK) Erwin-Schrödinger. Str. 52 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
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Kruppa SV, Groß C, Gui X, Bäppler F, Kwasigroch B, Sun Y, Diller R, Klopper W, Niedner‐Schatteburg G, Riehn C, Thiel WR. Photoinitiated Charge Transfer in a Triangular Silver(I) Hydride Complex and Its Oxophilicity. Chemistry 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian V. Kruppa
- Department of ChemistryTechnische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK) Erwin-Schrödinger. Str. 52 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - Cedric Groß
- Department of ChemistryTechnische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK) Erwin-Schrödinger. Str. 52 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - Xin Gui
- Institute of Physical ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Fritz-Haber-Weg 2 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Florian Bäppler
- Department of PhysicsTechnische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK) Erwin-Schrödinger. Str. 46 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - Björn Kwasigroch
- Department of ChemistryTechnische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK) Erwin-Schrödinger. Str. 52 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of ChemistryTechnische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK) Erwin-Schrödinger. Str. 52 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - Rolf Diller
- Department of PhysicsTechnische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK) Erwin-Schrödinger. Str. 46 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - Wim Klopper
- Institute of Physical ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Fritz-Haber-Weg 2 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Gereon Niedner‐Schatteburg
- Department of ChemistryTechnische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK) Erwin-Schrödinger. Str. 52 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
- Research Center OPTIMAS Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 46 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - Christoph Riehn
- Department of ChemistryTechnische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK) Erwin-Schrödinger. Str. 52 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
- Research Center OPTIMAS Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 46 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - Werner R. Thiel
- Department of ChemistryTechnische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK) Erwin-Schrödinger. Str. 52 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
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Holzer C, Teale AM, Hampe F, Stopkowicz S, Helgaker T, Klopper W. GW quasiparticle energies of atoms in strong magnetic fields. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:214112. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5093396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christof Holzer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Physical Chemistry, KIT Campus South, P.O. Box 6980, D-76049 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Andrew M. Teale
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- Centre for Advanced Study (CAS) at the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, Drammensveien 78, N-0271 Oslo, Norway
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Florian Hampe
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stella Stopkowicz
- Centre for Advanced Study (CAS) at the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, Drammensveien 78, N-0271 Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Trygve Helgaker
- Centre for Advanced Study (CAS) at the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, Drammensveien 78, N-0271 Oslo, Norway
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Wim Klopper
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Physical Chemistry, KIT Campus South, P.O. Box 6980, D-76049 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Centre for Advanced Study (CAS) at the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, Drammensveien 78, N-0271 Oslo, Norway
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Holzer C, Klopper W. Ionized, electron-attached, and excited states of molecular systems with spin–orbit coupling: Two-component GW and Bethe–Salpeter implementations. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:204116. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5094244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christof Holzer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), KIT Campus South, P. O. Box 6980, D-76049 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wim Klopper
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), KIT Campus South, P. O. Box 6980, D-76049 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Centre for Advanced Study (CAS) at The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, Drammensveien 78, N-0271 Oslo, Norway
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47
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Höfener S, Schieschke N, Klopper W, Köhn A. The extended explicitly-correlated second-order approximate coupled-cluster singles and doubles ansatz suitable for response theory. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:184110. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5094434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Höfener
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 6980, D-76049 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Nils Schieschke
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 6980, D-76049 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wim Klopper
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 6980, D-76049 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Andreas Köhn
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Abstract
[Pb{Mn(CO)5}3][AlCl4] containing a trigonal planar PbMn3 cluster was obtained by the reaction of PbCl2 and Mn2(CO)10 in the ionic liquid [BMIm][AlCl4]. The title compound is composed of [Pb{Mn(CO)5}3]+ carbonyl cations and [AlCl4]- anions that are connected to infinite zig-zag chains. The [Pb{Mn(CO)5}3]+ cation exhibits a central PbMn3 cluster with three equal Pb-Mn single bonds, resulting in an almost equilateral triangle of three manganese atoms with a formal Pb+I in its center. Such a cluster and compound were identified for the first time. In addition to single-crystal structure analysis, the composition, structure and properties were further characterized by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), as well as optical spectroscopy (UV-Vis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Wolf
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Dieter Fenske
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Wim Klopper
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technologie (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Claus Feldmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Kruppa SV, Bäppler F, Holzer C, Dietrich F, Diller R, Klopper W, Riehn C. Excited state vibrational coherence in a binuclear metal adduct: wave packet phase dependant molecular fragmentation under variation of ligand size. EPJ Web Conf 2019. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201920509019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrafast vibrational coherence with metal-metal stretching mode character is observed for phosphine-bridged d10-d10 complexes of different size, containing the binuclear [Ag2Cl]+ chromophore in an ion trap. Fragmentation pathways are governed by the wave packet's phase.
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50
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Holzer C, Gui X, Harding ME, Kresse G, Helgaker T, Klopper W. Bethe–Salpeter correlation energies of atoms and molecules. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:144106. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5047030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christof Holzer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), KIT Campus South, P.O. Box
6980, D-76049 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Xin Gui
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), KIT Campus South, P.O. Box
6980, D-76049 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael E. Harding
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), KIT Campus North, P.O. Box
3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Georg Kresse
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics and Center for Computational Materials Science, Sensengasse
8/12, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Trygve Helgaker
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O.
Box 1033, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Advanced Study (CAS) at The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, Drammensveien 78,
N-0271 Oslo, Norway
| | - Wim Klopper
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), KIT Campus South, P.O. Box
6980, D-76049 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), KIT Campus North, P.O. Box
3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Centre for Advanced Study (CAS) at The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, Drammensveien 78,
N-0271 Oslo, Norway
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