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Bhosale M, Schmidt C, Penert P, Studer G, Esser B. Anion-Rocking Chair Batteries with Tuneable Voltage using Viologen- and Phenothiazine Polymer-based Electrodes. ChemSusChem 2024; 17:e202301143. [PMID: 37902416 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Organic battery electrode materials offer the unique opportunity for full cells to operate in an anion-rocking chair mode. For this configuration a pair of p-type redox-active electrode materials is required with a substantial potential gap between their redox processes. We herein investigate viologen-functionalized polystyrenes as negative electrode paired with a phenothiazine polymer as positive electrode in all-organic full cells. The 10 % crosslinked viologen polymer X10 -PVBV gave better performance than the linear PVBV and was employed in a full cell as negative electrode with cross-linked poly(3-vinyl-N-methylphenothiazine) (X-PVMPT) as positive electrode. Three cell configurations regarding the voltage range were investigated, of which one with an operating potential of 0.9 V gave the highest performance. The full cell delivered a specific discharge capacity of 64 mA h g-1 (of X-PVMPT) in the first cycle and a capacity retention of 79 % after 100 cycles. This is one of only few reported anion rocking chair all-organic cells and the first employing a phenothiazine-based positive electrode material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manik Bhosale
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Caroline Schmidt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Penert
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Gauthier Studer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Birgit Esser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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Uhl M, Sadeeda, Penert P, Schuster PA, Schick BW, Muench S, Farkas A, Schubert US, Esser B, Kuehne AJC, Jacob T. All-Organic Battery Based on Deep Eutectic Solvent and Redox-Active Polymers. ChemSusChem 2024; 17:e202301057. [PMID: 37505454 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable battery concepts are of great importance for the energy storage demands of the future. Organic batteries based on redox-active polymers are one class of promising storage systems to meet these demands, in particular when combined with environmentally friendly and safe electrolytes. Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) represent a class of electrolytes that can be produced from sustainable sources and exhibit in most cases no or only a small environmental impact. Because of their non-flammability, DESs are safe, while providing an electrochemical stability window almost comparable to established battery electrolytes and much broader than typical aqueous electrolytes. Here, we report the first all-organic battery cell based on a DES electrolyte, which in this case is composed of sodium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (NaTFSI) and N-methylacetamide (NMA) alongside the electrode active materials poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl-oxyl methacrylate) (PTMA) and crosslinked poly(vinylbenzylviologen) (X-PVBV2+ ). The resulting cell shows two voltage plateaus at 1.07 V and 1.58 V and achieves Coulombic efficiencies of 98 %. Surprisingly, the X-PVBV/X-PVBV+ redox couple turned out to be much more stable in NaTFSI : NMA 1 : 6 than the X-PVBV+ /X-PVBV2+ couple, leading to asymmetric capacity fading during cycling tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Uhl
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sadeeda
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Philipp Penert
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Philipp A Schuster
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Benjamin W Schick
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Simon Muench
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Attila Farkas
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Birgit Esser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander J C Kuehne
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Timo Jacob
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Ulm (HIU) for Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtzstr. 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Eppel D, Penert P, Stemmer J, Bauer C, Rudolph M, Brückner M, Rominger F, Hashmi ASK. Environmentally Friendly, Photochemical Access to [ N ∧ C ∧ N ]Au III Pincer Complexes By Oxidative Addition. Chemistry 2021; 27:8673-8677. [PMID: 33929076 PMCID: PMC8252402 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Starting from commercially available DMSAuCl and diazonium salts, cationic [N∧C∧N
]AuIII complexes were synthesized in a selective, photosensitizer‐free, photochemical reaction by irradiation with blue LED light. This new protocol represents the first easy synthesis of these types of pincer complexes in moderate to excellent yield starting from a readily available gold(I) precursor with nitrogen as the only by‐product. Owing to the disadvantages of known protocols, especially the toxicity in the case of a transmetalation with mercury or the necessity for a mostly twofold excess of a gold precursor, this method offers an attractive alternative towards this kind of gold(III) complexes. In addition, the first arylated [N∧C∧N
]Au(III) pincer complex was synthesized by using this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Eppel
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - Philipp Penert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - Johanna Stemmer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - Christina Bauer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - Matthias Rudolph
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - Margit Brückner
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - A Stephen K Hashmi
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland.,Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi-Arabia.,Heidelberg Center for the Environment (HCE), Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland
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