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Ijäs H, Kostiainen MA, Linko V. Protein Coating of DNA Origami. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2639:195-207. [PMID: 37166719 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3028-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
DNA origami has emerged as a common technique to create custom two- (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) structures at the nanoscale. These DNA nanostructures have already proven useful in development of many biotechnological tools; however, there are still challenges that cast a shadow over the otherwise bright future of biomedical uses of these DNA objects. The rather obvious obstacles in harnessing DNA origami as drug-delivery vehicles and/or smart biodevices are related to their debatable stability in biologically relevant media, especially in physiological low-cation and endonuclease-rich conditions, relatively poor transfection rates, and, although biocompatible by nature, their unpredictable compatibility with the immune system. Here we demonstrate a technique for coating DNA origami with albumin proteins for enhancing their pharmacokinetic properties. To facilitate protective coating, a synthesized positively charged dendron was linked to bovine serum albumin (BSA) through a covalent maleimide-cysteine bonding, and then the purified dendron-protein conjugates were let to assemble on the negatively charged surface of DNA origami via electrostatic interaction. The resulted BSA-dendron conjugate-coated DNA origami showed improved transfection, high resistance against endonuclease digestion, and significantly enhanced immunocompatibility compared to bare DNA origami. Furthermore, our proposed coating strategy can be considered highly versatile as a maleimide-modified dendron serving as a synthetic DNA-binding domain can be linked to any protein with an available cysteine site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heini Ijäs
- Nanoscience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Aalto, Finland
- LIBER Center of Excellence, Aalto University, Aalto, Finland
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Mauri A Kostiainen
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Aalto, Finland.
- LIBER Center of Excellence, Aalto University, Aalto, Finland.
| | - Veikko Linko
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Aalto, Finland.
- LIBER Center of Excellence, Aalto University, Aalto, Finland.
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
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2
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Liu Q, Shaukat A, Kyllönen D, Kostiainen MA. Polyelectrolyte Encapsulation and Confinement within Protein Cage-Inspired Nanocompartments. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1551. [PMID: 34683843 PMCID: PMC8537137 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein cages are nanocompartments with a well-defined structure and monodisperse size. They are composed of several individual subunits and can be categorized as viral and non-viral protein cages. Native viral cages often exhibit a cationic interior, which binds the anionic nucleic acid genome through electrostatic interactions leading to efficient encapsulation. Non-viral cages can carry various cargo, ranging from small molecules to inorganic nanoparticles. Both cage types can be functionalized at targeted locations through genetic engineering or chemical modification to entrap materials through interactions that are inaccessible to wild-type cages. Moreover, the limited number of constitutional subunits ease the modification efforts, because a single modification on the subunit can lead to multiple functional sites on the cage surface. Increasing efforts have also been dedicated to the assembly of protein cage-mimicking structures or templated protein coatings. This review focuses on native and modified protein cages that have been used to encapsulate and package polyelectrolyte cargos and on the electrostatic interactions that are the driving force for the assembly of such structures. Selective encapsulation can protect the payload from the surroundings, shield the potential toxicity or even enhance the intended performance of the payload, which is appealing in drug or gene delivery and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland; (Q.L.); (A.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Ahmed Shaukat
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland; (Q.L.); (A.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Daniella Kyllönen
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland; (Q.L.); (A.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Mauri A. Kostiainen
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland; (Q.L.); (A.S.); (D.K.)
- HYBER Center, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland
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3
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Liu Q, Välimäki S, Shaukat A, Shen B, Linko V, Kostiainen MA. Serum Albumin-Peptide Conjugates for Simultaneous Heparin Binding and Detection. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:21891-21899. [PMID: 31891067 PMCID: PMC6933801 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Heparin is a polysaccharide-based anticoagulant agent, which is widely used in surgery and blood transfusion. However, overdosage of heparin may cause severe side effects such as bleeding and low blood platelet count. Currently, there is only one clinically licensed antidote for heparin: protamine sulfate, which is known to provoke adverse effects. In this work, we present a stable and biocompatible alternative for protamine sulfate that is based on serum albumin, which is conjugated with a variable number of heparin-binding peptides. The heparin-binding efficiency of the conjugates was evaluated with methylene blue displacement assay, dynamic light scattering, and anti-Xa assay. We found that multivalency of the peptides played a key role in the observed heparin-binding affinity and complex formation. The conjugates had low cytotoxicity and low hemolytic activity, indicating excellent biocompatibility. Furthermore, a sensitive DNA competition assay for heparin detection was developed. The detection limit of heparin was 0.1 IU/mL, which is well below its therapeutic range (0.2-0.4 IU/mL). Such biomolecule-based systems are urgently needed for next-generation biocompatible materials capable of simultaneous heparin binding and sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- Biohybrid
Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems and HYBER Center of Excellence, Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Salla Välimäki
- Biohybrid
Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems and HYBER Center of Excellence, Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Ahmed Shaukat
- Biohybrid
Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems and HYBER Center of Excellence, Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Boxuan Shen
- Biohybrid
Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems and HYBER Center of Excellence, Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Veikko Linko
- Biohybrid
Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems and HYBER Center of Excellence, Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Mauri A. Kostiainen
- Biohybrid
Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems and HYBER Center of Excellence, Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland
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4
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Sandanaraj BS, Bhandari PJ, Reddy MM, Lohote AB, Sahoo B. Design, Synthesis, and Self‐Assembly Studies of a Suite of Monodisperse, Facially Amphiphilic, Protein–Dendron Conjugates. Chembiochem 2019; 21:408-416. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Britto S. Sandanaraj
- Departments of Chemistry & BiologyIndian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune 411 008 India
| | | | - Mullapudi Mohan Reddy
- Departments of Chemistry & BiologyIndian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune 411 008 India
| | - Akshay Bhagwan Lohote
- Departments of Chemistry & BiologyIndian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune 411 008 India
| | - Bankanidhi Sahoo
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad (TIFR Hyd) Hyderabad 500019 India
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5
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Kirillova A, Marschelke C, Synytska A. Hybrid Janus Particles: Challenges and Opportunities for the Design of Active Functional Interfaces and Surfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:9643-9671. [PMID: 30715834 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b17709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Janus particles are a unique class of multifunctional patchy particles combining two dissimilar chemical or physical functionalities at their opposite sides. The asymmetry characteristic for Janus particles allows them to self-assemble into sophisticated structures and materials not attainable by their homogeneous counterparts. Significant breakthroughs have recently been made in the synthesis of Janus particles and the understanding of their assembly. Nevertheless, the advancement of their applications is still a challenging field. In this Review, we highlight recent developments in the use of Janus particles as building blocks for functional materials. We provide a brief introduction into the synthetic strategies for the fabrication of JPs and their properties and assembly, outlining the existing challenges. The focus of this Review is placed on the applications of Janus particles for active interfaces and surfaces. Active functional interfaces are created owing to the stabilization efficiency of Janus particles combined with their capability for interface structuring and functionalizing. Moreover, Janus particles can be employed as building blocks to fabricate active functional surfaces with controlled chemical and topographical heterogeneity. Ultimately, we will provide implications for the rational design of multifunctional materials based on Janus particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Kirillova
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Edmund T. Pratt Jr. School of Engineering , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , United States
| | - Claudia Marschelke
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. , Hohe Strasse 6 , 01069 Dresden , Germany
- Fakultät Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften , Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
| | - Alla Synytska
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. , Hohe Strasse 6 , 01069 Dresden , Germany
- Fakultät Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften , Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
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Smith DK. From fundamental supramolecular chemistry to self-assembled nanomaterials and medicines and back again – how Sam inspired SAMul. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:4743-4760. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc01753k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Personal inspiration led to the development of a programme of research targeting the use of self-assembled systems in nanomedicine, which in the process of approaching a range of applications has uncovered new fundamental concepts in supramolecular science.
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7
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Auvinen H, Zhang H, Nonappa, Kopilow A, Niemelä EH, Nummelin S, Correia A, Santos HA, Linko V, Kostiainen MA. Protein Coating of DNA Nanostructures for Enhanced Stability and Immunocompatibility. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 28738444 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fully addressable DNA nanostructures, especially DNA origami, possess huge potential to serve as inherently biocompatible and versatile molecular platforms. However, their use as delivery vehicles in therapeutics is compromised by their low stability and poor transfection rates. This study shows that DNA origami can be coated by precisely defined one-to-one protein-dendron conjugates to tackle the aforementioned issues. The dendron part of the conjugate serves as a cationic binding domain that attaches to the negatively charged DNA origami surface via electrostatic interactions. The protein is attached to dendron through cysteine-maleimide bond, making the modular approach highly versatile. This work demonstrates the coating using two different proteins: bovine serum albumin (BSA) and class II hydrophobin (HFBI). The results reveal that BSA-coating significantly improves the origami stability against endonucleases (DNase I) and enhances the transfection into human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells. Importantly, it is observed that BSA-coating attenuates the activation of immune response in mouse primary splenocytes. Serum albumin is the most abundant protein in the blood with a long circulation half-life and has already found clinically approved applications in drug delivery. It is therefore envisioned that the proposed system can open up further opportunities to tune the properties of DNA nanostructures in biological environment, and enable their use in various delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henni Auvinen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Aalto University FI‐00076 Aalto Finland
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology Faculty of Pharmacy University of Helsinki FI‐00014 Helsinki Finland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Åbo Akademi University FI‐20520 Turku Finland
| | - Nonappa
- Molecular Materials, Department of Applied Physics Aalto University FI‐00076 Aalto Finland
| | - Alisa Kopilow
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Aalto University FI‐00076 Aalto Finland
| | - Elina H. Niemelä
- Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine University of Helsinki P.O. Box 63 FI‐00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Sami Nummelin
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Aalto University FI‐00076 Aalto Finland
| | - Alexandra Correia
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology Faculty of Pharmacy University of Helsinki FI‐00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Hélder A. Santos
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology Faculty of Pharmacy University of Helsinki FI‐00014 Helsinki Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science University of Helsinki Helsinki FI‐00014 Finland
| | - Veikko Linko
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Aalto University FI‐00076 Aalto Finland
| | - Mauri A. Kostiainen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Aalto University FI‐00076 Aalto Finland
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8
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Hydrophobin-Based Surface Engineering for Sensitive and Robust Quantification of Yeast Pheromones. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16050602. [PMID: 27128920 PMCID: PMC4883293 DOI: 10.3390/s16050602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Detection and quantification of small peptides, such as yeast pheromones, are often challenging. We developed a highly sensitive and robust affinity-assay for the quantification of the α-factor pheromone of Saccharomyces cerevisiae based on recombinant hydrophobins. These small, amphipathic proteins self-assemble into highly stable monolayers at hydrophilic-hydrophobic interfaces. Upon functionalization of solid supports with a combination of hydrophobins either lacking or exposing the α-factor, pheromone-specific antibodies were bound to the surface. Increasing concentrations of the pheromone competitively detached the antibodies, thus allowing for quantification of the pheromone. By adjusting the percentage of pheromone-exposing hydrophobins, the sensitivity of the assay could be precisely predefined. The assay proved to be highly robust against changes in sample matrix composition. Due to the high stability of hydrophobin layers, the functionalized surfaces could be repeatedly used without affecting the sensitivity. Furthermore, by using an inverse setup, the sensitivity was increased by three orders of magnitude, yielding a novel kind of biosensor for the yeast pheromone with the lowest limit of detection reported so far. This assay was applied to study the pheromone secretion of diverse yeast strains including a whole-cell biosensor strain of Schizosaccharomyces pombe modulating α-factor secretion in response to an environmental signal.
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9
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Abstract
Dendritic molecules are an exciting research topic because of their highly branched architecture, multiple functional groups on the periphery, and very pertinent features for various applications. Self-assembling dendritic amphiphiles have produced different nanostructures with unique morphologies and properties. Since their self-assembly in water is greatly relevant for biomedical applications, researchers have been looking for a way to rationally design dendritic amphiphiles for the last few decades. We review here some recent developments from investigations on the self-assembly of dendritic amphiphiles into various nanostructures in water on the molecular level. The main content of the review is divided into sections according to the different nanostructure morphologies resulting from the dendritic amphiphiles' self-assembly. Finally, we conclude with some remarks that highlight the self-assembling features of these dendritic amphiphiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bala N S Thota
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Leonhard H Urner
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin 14195, Germany
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10
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Kim SY, Heo MB, Hwang GS, Jung Y, Choi DY, Park YM, Lim YT. Multivalent Polymer Nanocomplex Targeting Endosomal Receptor of Immune Cells for Enhanced Antitumor and Systemic Memory Response. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:8139-43. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201501380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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11
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Kim SY, Heo MB, Hwang GS, Jung Y, Choi DY, Park YM, Lim YT. Multivalent Polymer Nanocomplex Targeting Endosomal Receptor of Immune Cells for Enhanced Antitumor and Systemic Memory Response. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201501380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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12
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Gupta S, Pfeil J, Kumar S, Poulsen C, Lauer U, Hamann A, Hoffmann U, Haag R. Tolerogenic modulation of the immune response by oligoglycerol- and polyglycerol-peptide conjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:669-79. [PMID: 25757018 DOI: 10.1021/bc500608f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Peptide-based therapy is a promising strategy for antigen-specific immunosuppression to treat or even heal autoimmune diseases with significantly reduced adverse effects compared to conventional therapies. However, there has been no major success due to the drawbacks of native peptides, i.e., limited bioavailability. Considering the importance and limitations of peptide-based therapies for treatment of autoimmune diseases, we designed and constructed oligoglycerol (OG)- and polyglycerol (PG)-based peptide conjugates. They were evaluated for their biological activity (in vitro and in vivo), bioavailability, and tolerogenic potential. Among the OG- and PG-peptide constructs, PG-peptide constructs exhibited an extended bioavailability compared to OG-peptide constructs and unconjugated peptide. Interestingly, size, structure, and linker chemistry played a critical role for the tolerogenic capacity of the constructs. The PG-peptide construct bound via an ester linkage was the most tolerogenic conjugate, while the PG-peptide construct bound via an amide induced stronger proliferation, but also higher TNF production and lower frequencies of Foxp3(+) regulatory T-cells. Therefore, we conclude that PG-peptide conjugates bound via an ester linkage are not only promising candidates for tolerogenic vaccination, but also open a new avenue toward the application of peptides for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Gupta
- †Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.,‡Department of Chemistry, Hindu College, Sonepat-131001, Haryana, India
| | - Jennifer Pfeil
- §Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sumit Kumar
- †Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.,∥Department of Chemistry, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal, Sonepat-131039, Haryana, India
| | - Christina Poulsen
- §Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Uta Lauer
- §Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alf Hamann
- §Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ute Hoffmann
- §Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- †Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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13
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Wu Y, Ng DYW, Kuan SL, Weil T. Protein–polymer therapeutics: a macromolecular perspective. Biomater Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4bm00270a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of protein–polymer hybrids emerged several decades ago with the vision that their synergistic combination will offer macromolecular hybrids with manifold features to succeed as the next generation therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhou Wu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry III
- Macromolecular Chemistry
- Albert-Einstein-Allee 11
- 89081 Ulm
- Germany
| | - David Y. W. Ng
- Institute of Organic Chemistry III
- Macromolecular Chemistry
- Albert-Einstein-Allee 11
- 89081 Ulm
- Germany
| | - Seah Ling Kuan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry III
- Macromolecular Chemistry
- Albert-Einstein-Allee 11
- 89081 Ulm
- Germany
| | - Tanja Weil
- Institute of Organic Chemistry III
- Macromolecular Chemistry
- Albert-Einstein-Allee 11
- 89081 Ulm
- Germany
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14
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Luo K, He B, Wu Y, Shen Y, Gu Z. Functional and biodegradable dendritic macromolecules with controlled architectures as nontoxic and efficient nanoscale gene vectors. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 32:818-30. [PMID: 24389086 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy has provided great potential to revolutionize the treatment of many diseases. This therapy is strongly relied on whether a delivery vector efficiently and safely directs the therapeutic genes into the target tissue/cells. Nonviral gene delivery vectors have been emerging as a realistic alternative to the use of viral analogs with the potential of a clinically relevant output. Dendritic polymers were employed as nonviral vectors due to their branched and layered architectures, globular shape and multivalent groups on their surface, showing promise in gene delivery. In the present review, we try to bring out the recent trend of studies on functional and biodegradable dendritic polymers as nontoxic and efficient gene delivery vectors. By regulating dendritic polymer design and preparation, together with recent progress in the design of biodegradable polymers, it is possible to precisely manipulate their architectures, molecular weight and chemical composition, resulting in predictable tuning of their biocompatibility as well as gene transfection activities. The multifunctional and biodegradable dendritic polymers possessing the desirable characteristics are expected to overcome extra- and intracellular obstacles, and as efficient and nontoxic gene delivery vectors to move into the clinical arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Luo
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Bin He
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yao Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Youqing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; Center for Bionanoengineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Zhongwei Gu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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15
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Ng DYW, Fahrer J, Wu Y, Eisele K, Kuan SL, Barth H, Weil T. Efficient delivery of p53 and cytochrome c by supramolecular assembly of a dendritic multi-domain delivery system. Adv Healthc Mater 2013; 2:1620-9. [PMID: 23657926 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201200419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Versatile nanocarrier systems facilitating uptake of exogenous proteins are highly alluring in evaluating these proteins for therapeutic applications. The self-assembly of an efficient nano-sized protein transporter consisting of three different entities is presented: A streptavidin protein core functioning as an adapter, second generation polyamidoamine dendrons for facilitating cell uptake as well as two different therapeutic proteins (tumor suppressor p53 or pro-apoptotic cytochrome c as cargo). Well-defined dendrons containing a biotin core are prepared and display no cytotoxic behavior upon conjugation to streptavidin. The integration of biotinylated human recombinant p53 (B-p53) into the three component system allows excellent internalization into HeLa, A549 and SaOS osteosarcoma cells monitored via confocal microscopy, immunoblot analysis and co-localization studies. In addition, the conjugation of B-p53 to dendronized streptavidin preserves its specific DNA-binding in vitro, and its delivery into SaOS cells impairs cell viability with concomitant activation of caspases 3 and 7. The versatility of this system is further exhibited by the significant enhancement of the pro-apoptotic effects of internalized cytochrome c which is analyzed by flow cytometry and cell viability assays. These results demonstrate that the "bio-click" self-assembly of biotinylated dendrons and proteins on a streptavidin adapter yields a stable supramolecular complex. This efficient bionanotransporter provides an attractive platform for mediating the delivery of functional proteins of interest into living mammalian cells in a facile and rapid way.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Yuen Wah Ng
- Institute of Organic Chemistry III, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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16
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Ribeiro-Viana R, Sánchez-Navarro M, Luczkowiak J, Koeppe JR, Delgado R, Rojo J, Davis BG. Virus-like glycodendrinanoparticles displaying quasi-equivalent nested polyvalency upon glycoprotein platforms potently block viral infection. Nat Commun 2013; 3:1303. [PMID: 23250433 PMCID: PMC3535419 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ligand polyvalency is a powerful modulator of protein–receptor interactions. Host–pathogen infection interactions are often mediated by glycan ligand–protein interactions, yet its interrogation with very high copy number ligands has been limited to heterogenous systems. Here we report that through the use of nested layers of multivalency we are able to assemble the most highly valent glycodendrimeric constructs yet seen (bearing up to 1,620 glycans). These constructs are pure and well-defined single entities that at diameters of up to 32 nm are capable of mimicking pathogens both in size and in their highly glycosylated surfaces. Through this mimicry these glyco-dendri-protein-nano-particles are capable of blocking (at picomolar concentrations) a model of the infection of T-lymphocytes and human dendritic cells by Ebola virus. The high associated polyvalency effects (β>106, β/N ~102–103) displayed on an unprecedented surface area by precise clusters suggest a general strategy for modulation of such interactions. Host–pathogen relationships can be mediated by polyvalent glycan ligand–protein interactions. Here well-defined highly valent glycodendrimeric constructs are synthesized that can mimic pathogens, and can inhibit a model of infection by the Ebola virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Ribeiro-Viana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
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Walther A, Müller AHE. Janus Particles: Synthesis, Self-Assembly, Physical Properties, and Applications. Chem Rev 2013; 113:5194-261. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300089t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1328] [Impact Index Per Article: 120.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Walther
- DWI at RWTH Aachen University − Institute for Interactive Materials Research, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Axel H. E. Müller
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, D-55099 Mainz,
Germany
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18
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Dong CM, Liu G. Linear–dendritic biodegradable block copolymers: from synthesis to application in bionanotechnology. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20441j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Pavan G, Danani A. Dendrimers and dendrons for siRNA binding: computational insights. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(12)50008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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20
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Rodrigo AC, Barnard A, Cooper J, Smith DK. Self-assembling ligands for multivalent nanoscale heparin binding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:4675-9. [PMID: 21506216 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201100019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Rodrigo
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, UK
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21
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Rodrigo AC, Barnard A, Cooper J, Smith DK. Self-Assembling Ligands for Multivalent Nanoscale Heparin Binding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201100019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Kose MM, Onbulak S, Yilmaz II, Sanyal A. Orthogonally “Clickable” Biodegradable Dendrons. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma200593r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Meliha Merve Kose
- Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University, Bebek 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sebla Onbulak
- Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University, Bebek 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Idil Ipek Yilmaz
- Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University, Bebek 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Amitav Sanyal
- Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University, Bebek 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
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23
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Jones SP, Gabrielson NP, Wong CH, Chow HF, Pack DW, Posocco P, Fermeglia M, Pricl S, Smith DK. Hydrophobically modified dendrons: developing structure-activity relationships for DNA binding and gene transfection. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:416-29. [PMID: 21291280 DOI: 10.1021/mp100260c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This paper develops a structure-activity relationship understanding of the way in which surfactant-like dendrons with hydrophilic spermine surface groups and a variety of lipophilic units at their focal points can self-assemble and subsequently bind to DNA with high affinity. The choice of functional group at the focal point of the dendron and the high tunability of the molecular structure have a very significant impact on DNA binding. Mesoscale modeling of the mode of dendron self-assembly provides a direct insight into how the mode of self-assembly exerts its effect on the DNA binding process. In particular, the hydrophobic unit controls the number of dendrons in the self-assembled micellar structures, and hence their diameters and surface charge density. The DNA binding affinity correlates with the surface charge density of the dendron aggregates. Furthermore, these structure-activity effects can also be extended to cellular gene delivery, as surface charge density plays a role in controlling the extent of endosomal escape. It is reported that higher generation dendrons, although binding DNA less strongly than the self-assembling lower generation dendrons, are more effective for transfection. The impact of the lipophilic group at the focal point is less significant for the DNA binding ability of these larger dendrons, which is predominantly controlled by the spermine surface groups, but it does modify the levels of gene transfection. Significant synergistic effects on gene delivery were observed when employing combinations of the dendrons and polyethyleneimine (PEI, 25 kDa), with transfection becoming possible at low loading levels where the two components would not transfect individually, giving practically useful levels of gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO105DD, UK
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24
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Pavan GM, Kostiainen MA, Danani A. Protein–dendron conjugates for DNA binding: understanding the effect of the protein core on multivalency. RSC Adv 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ra00472g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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25
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Kostiainen MA, Hiekkataipale P, de la Torre JÁ, Nolte RJM, Cornelissen JJLM. Electrostatic self-assembly of virus–polymer complexes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm02592e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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26
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Zhu Y, Sheng R, Luo T, Li H, Sun W, Li Y, Cao A. Amphiphilic Cationic [Dendritic poly(L
-lysine)]-block
-poly(L
-lactide)-block-
[dendritic poly(L
-lysine)]s in Aqueous Solution: Self-Aggregation and Interaction with DNA as Gene Delivery Carriers. Macromol Biosci 2010; 11:174-86. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201000225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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27
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Zampieri F, Wösten HAB, Scholtmeijer K. Creating Surface Properties Using a Palette of Hydrophobins. MATERIALS 2010; 3:4607-4625. [PMID: 28883343 PMCID: PMC5445765 DOI: 10.3390/ma3094607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Small secreted proteins called hydrophobins play diverse roles in the life cycle of filamentous fungi. For example, the hydrophobin SC3 of Schizophyllum commune is involved in aerial hyphae formation, cell-wall assembly and attachment to hydrophobic surfaces. Hydrophobins are capable of self-assembly at a hydrophilic-hydrophobic interface, resulting in the formation of an amphipathic film. This amphipathic film can make hydrophobic surfaces of a liquid or a solid material wettable, while a hydrophilic surface can be turned into a hydrophobic one. These properties, among others, make hydrophobins of interest for medical and technical applications. For instance, hydrophobins can be used to purify proteins from complex mixtures; to reduce the friction of materials; to increase the biocompatibility of medical implants; to increase the solubility of water insoluble drugs; and to immobilize enzymes, for example, biosensor surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Zampieri
- Microbiology, Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- BiOMaDe Technology Foundation, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, PO Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands.
| | - Han A B Wösten
- Microbiology, Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Karin Scholtmeijer
- Microbiology, Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R. Newkome
- Departments of Polymer Science and Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-4717, and Department of Chemistry, Hiram College, Hiram, Ohio 44234
| | - Carol Shreiner
- Departments of Polymer Science and Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-4717, and Department of Chemistry, Hiram College, Hiram, Ohio 44234
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29
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Bisethylnorspermine lipopolyamine as potential delivery vector for combination drug/gene anticancer therapies. Pharm Res 2010; 27:1927-38. [PMID: 20577786 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0197-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To design novel synthetic gene delivery system in which the carrier molecule functions dually as a carrier and a cytotoxic agent targeting dysregulated polyamine metabolism in cancer. METHODS Bisethylnorspermine (BENSpm) lipopolyamine was synthesized and its toxicity evaluated by MTS assay in MCF-7 and MCF-10A cells. Transfection activity was determined using luciferase plasmid DNA. RESULTS Asymmetrical lipid analogue of polyamine anticancer drug BENSpm was synthesized using nucleophilic ring opening of azetidinium ion. The synthesized LipoBENSpm showed cytotoxicity comparable to that of parent BENSpm in human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 but mediated 3-4 orders magnitude higher transfection activity. Importantly, cytostatic activity of BENSpm, typically in a low muM range, falls within a relevant and typical concentration range required for efficient gene delivery. CONCLUSIONS These findings make gene delivery vectors based on BENSpm promising candidates for combination drug/gene approaches to the treatment of cancer.
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30
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Pavan GM, Albertazzi L, Danani A. Ability to adapt: different generations of PAMAM dendrimers show different behaviors in binding siRNA. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:2667-75. [PMID: 20146540 DOI: 10.1021/jp100271w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a molecular dynamic study to explore the diverse behavior of different generations of poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers in binding siRNA. Our models show good accordance with experimental measurements. Simulations demonstrate that the molecular flexibility of PAMAMs plays a crucial role in the binding event, which is controlled by the modulation between enthalpy and entropy of binding. Importantly, the ability of dendrimers to adapt to siRNA is strongly dependent on the generation and on the pH due to backfolding. While G4 demonstrates good adaptability to siRNA, G6 behaves like a rigid sphere with a consistent loss in the binding affinity. G5 shows a hybrid behavior, maintaining rigid and flexible aspects, with a strong dependence of its properties on the pH. To define the "best binder", the mere energetic definition of binding affinity appears to be no longer effective and a novel concept of "efficiency" should be considered, being the balance between enthalpy and entropy of binding indivisible from the structural flexibility. With this aim, we propose an original criterion to define and rank the ability of these molecules to adapt their structure to bind a charged target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni M Pavan
- University for Applied Sciences of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI)-Institute of Computer Integrated Manufacturing for Sustainable Innovation, Centro Galleria 2, Manno, CH-6928, Switzerland.
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31
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Kostiainen M, Kotimaa J, Laukkanen ML, Pavan G. Optically Degradable Dendrons for Temporary Adhesion of Proteins to DNA. Chemistry 2010; 16:6912-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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32
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Onoda A, Nagai H, Koga S, Hayashi T. DNA-Binding Hemoproteins Tethering Polyamine Interface. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2010. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20090315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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33
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Pavan GM, Kostiainen MA, Danani A. Computational Approach for Understanding the Interactions of UV-Degradable Dendrons with DNA and siRNA. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:5686-93. [DOI: 10.1021/jp911439q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni M. Pavan
- Mathematical and Physical Sciences Research Unit (SMF), University for Applied Sciences of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI), Centro Galleria 2, Manno, CH-6928, Switzerland, and Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mauri A. Kostiainen
- Mathematical and Physical Sciences Research Unit (SMF), University for Applied Sciences of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI), Centro Galleria 2, Manno, CH-6928, Switzerland, and Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Danani
- Mathematical and Physical Sciences Research Unit (SMF), University for Applied Sciences of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI), Centro Galleria 2, Manno, CH-6928, Switzerland, and Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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34
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Jones SP, Pavan GM, Danani A, Pricl S, Smith DK. Quantifying the effect of surface ligands on dendron-DNA interactions: insights into multivalency through a combined experimental and theoretical approach. Chemistry 2010; 16:4519-32. [PMID: 20235240 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis, DNA binding ability and preliminary gene delivery profiles of dendrons with different amine surface groups, 1,3-diaminopropane (DAP), N,N-di-(3-aminopropyl)-N-(methyl)amine (DAPMA) and spermine (SPM). By using a combination of ethidium bromide displacement, gel electrophoresis and transfection assays, it is shown that the dendrons with SPM groups are the most effective DNA binders, while the DAPMA-functionalised dendrons were the most effective systems for gene delivery (although the gene delivery profiles were still modest). In order to provide deeper insight into the experimental data, we performed a molecular dynamics simulation of the interactions between the dendrons and DNA. The results of these simulations demonstrated that, in general terms, the enthalpic contribution to binding was roughly proportional to the dendron surface charge, but that dendrons with DAP (and DAPMA) surface amines had significant entropic costs of binding to DNA. In the case of DAP, this is a consequence of the fact that the entire dendron structure has to be organised in order for each individual monoamine charge to make effective contact with DNA. For SPM, however, each surface ligand is already a multivalent triamine, therefore, each individual charge has a much lower entropic cost of binding. For DAPMA, we observed that strong binding of the hindered tertiary amine to the DNA double helix led to ligand back-folding and significant geometric distortion of DNA. Although this weakens the overall binding, we suggest that this distortion might be an explanation for the experimentally observed enhanced gene delivery, in which DNA compaction is an important step. Overall, this paper demonstrates how structure-activity relationships can be developed for multivalent dendritic ligands and provides insights into the thermodynamics of multivalent interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD (UK), Fax: (+44) 1904 432516
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35
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Leung KCF, Lau KN. Self-assembly and thermodynamic synthesis of rotaxane dendrimers and related structures. Polym Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b9py00380k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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36
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Posocco P, Pricl S, Jones S, Barnard A, Smith DK. Less is more – multiscale modelling of self-assembling multivalency and its impact on DNA binding and gene delivery. Chem Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0sc00291g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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37
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Iha RK, Wooley KL, Nyström AM, Burke DJ, Kade MJ, Hawker CJ. Applications of orthogonal "click" chemistries in the synthesis of functional soft materials. Chem Rev 2009; 109:5620-86. [PMID: 19905010 PMCID: PMC3165017 DOI: 10.1021/cr900138t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1172] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon K. Iha
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Radiology, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Karen L. Wooley
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Radiology, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842
| | - Andreas M. Nyström
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology-Pathology CCK, R8:03 Karolinska Hospital and Institute, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel J. Burke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Materials, and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Matthew J. Kade
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Materials, and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Materials, and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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Shcharbin D, Pedziwiatr E, Blasiak J, Bryszewska M. How to study dendriplexes II: Transfection and cytotoxicity. J Control Release 2009; 141:110-27. [PMID: 19815039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews different techniques for analyzing the transfection efficiencies and cytotoxicities of dendriplexes-complexes of nucleic acids with dendrimers. Analysis shows that three plasmids are mainly used in transfection experiments: plasmid DNA encoding luciferase from the firefly Photinus pyralis, beta-galactosidase, or green fluorescent protein. The effective charge ratio of transfection does not directly correlate with the charge ratio obtained from gel electrophoresis, zeta-potential or ethidium bromide intercalation data. The most popular cells for transfection studies are human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293), mouse embryonic cells (NIH/3T3), SV40 transformed monkey kidney fibroblasts (COS-7) and human epithelioid cervical carcinoma cells (HeLa). Cellular uptake is estimated using fluorescently-labeled dendrimers or nucleic acids. Transfection efficiency is measured by the luciferase reporter assay for luciferase, X-Gal staining or beta-galactosidase assay for beta-galactosidase, and confocal microscopy for green fluorescent protein. Cytotoxicity is determined by the MTT test and lactate dehydrogenase assays. On the basis of the papers reviewed, a standard essential set of techniques for characterizing dendriplexes was constructed: (1) analysis of size and shape of dendriplexes in dried/frozen state by electron or atomic force microscopy; (2) analysis of charge/molar ratio of complexes by gel electrophoresis or ethidium bromide intercalation assay or zeta-potential measurement; (3) analysis of hydrodynamic diameter of dendriplexes in solution by dynamic light scattering. For the evaluation of transfection efficiency the essential techniques are (4) luciferase reporter assay, beta-galactosidase assay or green fluorescent protein microscopy, and (5) cytotoxicity by the MTT test. All these tests allow the transfection efficiencies and cytotoxicities of different kinds of dendrimers to be compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dzmitry Shcharbin
- Institute of Biophysics and Cellular Engineering of NASB, Minsk, Belarus.
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40
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Pavan GM, Danani A, Pricl S, Smith DK. Modeling the Multivalent Recognition between Dendritic Molecules and DNA: Understanding How Ligand “Sacrifice” and Screening Can Enhance Binding. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:9686-94. [DOI: 10.1021/ja901174k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni M. Pavan
- Molecular Simulations Engineering (MOSE) Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering (DICAMP), University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy, Institute of Computer Integrated Manufacturing for Sustainable Innovation (ICIMSI), University for Applied Sciences of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI), Centro Galleria 2, Manno, CH-6928, Switzerland, and Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Andrea Danani
- Molecular Simulations Engineering (MOSE) Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering (DICAMP), University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy, Institute of Computer Integrated Manufacturing for Sustainable Innovation (ICIMSI), University for Applied Sciences of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI), Centro Galleria 2, Manno, CH-6928, Switzerland, and Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Sabrina Pricl
- Molecular Simulations Engineering (MOSE) Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering (DICAMP), University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy, Institute of Computer Integrated Manufacturing for Sustainable Innovation (ICIMSI), University for Applied Sciences of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI), Centro Galleria 2, Manno, CH-6928, Switzerland, and Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - David K. Smith
- Molecular Simulations Engineering (MOSE) Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering (DICAMP), University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy, Institute of Computer Integrated Manufacturing for Sustainable Innovation (ICIMSI), University for Applied Sciences of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI), Centro Galleria 2, Manno, CH-6928, Switzerland, and Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, U.K
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41
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Kostiainen M, Rosilo H. Low-Molecular-Weight Dendrons for DNA Binding and Release by Reduction-Triggered Degradation of Multivalent Interactions. Chemistry 2009; 15:5656-60. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200900420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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42
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Welsh D, Jones S, Smith D. “On-Off” Multivalent Recognition: Degradable Dendrons for Temporary High-Affinity DNA Binding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200900401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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43
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Welsh D, Jones S, Smith D. “On-Off” Multivalent Recognition: Degradable Dendrons for Temporary High-Affinity DNA Binding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:4047-51. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200900401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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44
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Shcharbin D, Pedziwiatr E, Bryszewska M. How to study dendriplexes I: Characterization. J Control Release 2009; 135:186-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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45
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Xiang Y, Wang N, Zhang J, Li K, Zhang Z, Lin H, Yu X. Novel cyclen-based linear polymer as a high-affinity binding material for DNA condensation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-009-0028-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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46
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Hardy JG, Love CS, Gabrielson NP, Pack DW, Smith DK. Synergistic effects on gene delivery – co-formulation of small disulfide-linked dendritic polycations with Lipofectamine 2000™. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:789-93. [DOI: 10.1039/b818469k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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47
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Caminade AM, Turrin CO, Majoral JP. Dendrimers and DNA: combinations of two special topologies for nanomaterials and biology. Chemistry 2008; 14:7422-32. [PMID: 18537210 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200800584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between two precisely defined three-dimensional architectures (DNA and dendrimers) are described. Highly synergetic effects occur, as illustrated in two cases: dendrimers can be used as three-dimensional linkers for oligonucleotides, affording highly sensitive microarrays (biochips), and positively charged dendrimers strongly interact with DNA, allowing penetration inside cells (genetic transfection).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Caminade
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, Toulouse Cedex 4, France.
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48
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Wang Q, Yang Z, Ma M, Chang CK, Xu B. High catalytic activities of artificial peroxidases based on supramolecular hydrogels that contain heme models. Chemistry 2008; 14:5073-8. [PMID: 18399529 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200702010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Composed of a supramolecular hydrogel and a heme model compound, a new type of artificial peroxidase shows high catalytic activity in organic media. The activity of this new type of artificial enzyme is significantly higher than that of the heme model compounds alone. Changes in the distal substituents above the coordinated-metal centers of the model compounds directly modulate catalytic activity. This supramolecular-hydrogel-based artificial enzyme is most active in toluene, reaching about 90% of the nascent activity of horseradish peroxidase. Moreover, this study confirms that the incorporation of the heme models into the nanofibers of gelators accounts for most of the enhancement of catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qigang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
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Chen G, Felgner PL, Guan Z. Efficient Catalytic Synthesis of Dendritic Polymers Having Internal Fluorescence Labels for Bioconjugation. Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:1745-54. [DOI: 10.1021/bm7013476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Chen
- Department of Chemistry, 1102 Natural Sciences II, and Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, 3052 Hewitt Hall, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | - Philip L. Felgner
- Department of Chemistry, 1102 Natural Sciences II, and Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, 3052 Hewitt Hall, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | - Zhibin Guan
- Department of Chemistry, 1102 Natural Sciences II, and Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, 3052 Hewitt Hall, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
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Zaupa G, Scrimin P, Prins LJ. Origin of the Dendritic Effect in Multivalent Enzyme-Like Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:5699-709. [DOI: 10.1021/ja7113213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Zaupa
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, and ITM-CNR Padova section, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Scrimin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, and ITM-CNR Padova section, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Leonard J. Prins
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, and ITM-CNR Padova section, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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