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Wu Z, Bayón JL, Kouznetsova TB, Ouchi T, Barkovich KJ, Hsu SK, Craig SL, Steinmetz NF. Virus-like Particles Armored by an Endoskeleton. Nano Lett 2024; 24:2989-2997. [PMID: 38294951 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Many virus-like particles (VLPs) have good chemical, thermal, and mechanical stabilities compared to those of other biologics. However, their stability needs to be improved for the commercialization and use in translation of VLP-based materials. We developed an endoskeleton-armored strategy for enhancing VLP stability. Specifically, the VLPs of physalis mottle virus (PhMV) and Qβ were used to demonstrate this concept. We built an internal polymer "backbone" using a maleimide-PEG15-maleimide cross-linker to covalently interlink viral coat proteins inside the capsid cavity, while the native VLPs are held together by only noncovalent bonding between subunits. Endoskeleton-armored VLPs exhibited significantly improved thermal stability (95 °C for 15 min), increased resistance to denaturants (i.e., surfactants, pHs, chemical denaturants, and organic solvents), and enhanced mechanical performance. Single-molecule force spectroscopy demonstrated a 6-fold increase in rupture distance and a 1.9-fold increase in rupture force of endoskeleton-armored PhMV. Overall, this endoskeleton-armored strategy provides more opportunities for the development and applications of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuohong Wu
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Shu and K. C. Chien and Peter Farrell Collaboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jorge L Bayón
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Shu and K. C. Chien and Peter Farrell Collaboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Tatiana B Kouznetsova
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Tetsu Ouchi
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Krister J Barkovich
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Shu and K. C. Chien and Peter Farrell Collaboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Sean K Hsu
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Shu and K. C. Chien and Peter Farrell Collaboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Shu and K. C. Chien and Peter Farrell Collaboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Institute for Materials Discovery and Design, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Center for Engineering in Cancer, Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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2
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Gee M, Atai K, Coller HA, Yeates TO, Castells-Graells R. Designed fluorescent protein cages as fiducial markers for targeted cell imaging. bioRxiv 2024:2024.02.28.582585. [PMID: 38464160 PMCID: PMC10925312 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.28.582585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Understanding how proteins function within their cellular environments is essential for cellular biology and biomedical research. However, current imaging techniques exhibit limitations, particularly in the study of small complexes and individual proteins within cells. Previously, protein cages have been employed as imaging scaffolds to study purified small proteins using cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). Here we demonstrate an approach to deliver designed protein cages - endowed with fluorescence and targeted binding properties - into cells, thereby serving as fiducial markers for cellular imaging. We used protein cages with anti-GFP DARPin domains to target a mitochondrial protein (MFN1) expressed in mammalian cells, which was genetically fused to GFP. We demonstrate that the protein cages can penetrate cells, are directed to specific subcellular locations, and are detectable with confocal microscopy. This innovation represents a milestone in developing tools for in-depth cellular exploration, especially in conjunction with methods such as cryo-correlative light and electron microscopy (cryo-CLEM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Gee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095
| | - Kaiser Atai
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Doctoral Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095
| | - Hilary A Coller
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095
| | - Todd O Yeates
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095
- UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095
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3
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Pham TT, Abe S, Date K, Hirata K, Suzuki T, Ueno T. Displaying a Protein Cage on a Protein Crystal by In-Cell Crystal Engineering. Nano Lett 2023; 23:10118-10125. [PMID: 37955329 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The development of solid biomaterials has rapidly progressed in recent years in applications in bionanotechnology. The immobilization of proteins, such as enzymes, within protein crystals is being used to develop solid catalysts and functionalized materials. However, an efficient method for encapsulating protein assemblies has not yet been established. This work presents a novel approach to displaying protein cages onto a crystalline protein scaffold using in-cell protein crystal engineering. The polyhedra crystal (PhC) scaffold, which displays a ferritin cage, was produced by coexpression of polyhedrin monomer (PhM) and H1-ferritin (H1-Fr) monomer in Escherichia coli. The H1-tag is derived from the H1-helix of PhM. Our technique represents a unique strategy for immobilizing protein assemblies onto in-cell protein crystals and is expected to contribute to various applications in bionanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuc Toan Pham
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Satoshi Abe
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Koki Date
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Kunio Hirata
- SR Life Science Instrumentation Unit, RIKEN/SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1, Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun 679-5148, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Taiga Suzuki
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ueno
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
- Living Systems Materialogy (LiSM) Research Group, International Research Frontiers Initiative (IRFI), Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
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4
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Gama P, Juárez P, Rodríguez-Hernández AG, Vazquez-Duhalt R. Glucose oxidase virus-based nanoreactors for smart breast cancer therapy. Biotechnol J 2023; 18:e2300199. [PMID: 37417791 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor disease and the leading cause of female mortality. The evolution of nanomaterials science opens the opportunity to improve traditional cancer therapies, enhancing therapy efficiency and reducing side effects. METHODS AND MAJOR RESULTS Herein, protein cages conceived as enzymatic nanoreactors were designed and produced by using virus-like nanoparticles (VLPs) from Brome mosaic virus (BMV) and containing the catalytic activity of glucose oxidase (GOx) enzyme. The GOx enzyme was encapsulated into the BMV capsid (VLP-GOx), and the resulting enzymatic nanoreactors were coated with human serum albumin (VLP-GOx@HSA) for breast tumor cell targeting. The effect of the synthesized GOx nanoreactors on breast tumor cell lines was studied in vitro. Both nanoreactor preparations VLP-GOx and VLP-GOx@HSA showed to be highly cytotoxic for breast tumor cell cultures. Cytotoxicity for human embryonic kidney cells was also found. The monitoring of nanoreactor treatment on triple-negative breast cancer cells showed an evident production of oxygen by the catalase antioxidant enzyme induced by the high production of hydrogen peroxide from GOx activity. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The nanoreactors containing GOx activity are entirely suitable for cytotoxicity generation in tumor cells. The HSA functionalization of the VLP-GOx nanoreactors, a strategy designed for selective cancer targeting, showed no improvement in the cytotoxic effect. The GOx containing enzymatic nanoreactors seems to be an interesting alternative to improve the current cancer therapy. In vivo studies are ongoing to reinforce the effectiveness of this treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Gama
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
- Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Patricia Juárez
- Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Ana G Rodríguez-Hernández
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Rafael Vazquez-Duhalt
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
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5
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Liu Q, Zhou Y, Shaukat A, Meng Z, Kyllönen D, Seitz I, Langerreiter D, Kuntze K, Priimagi A, Zheng L, Kostiainen MA. Optically Controlled Construction of Three-Dimensional Protein Arrays. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202303880. [PMID: 37093162 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202303880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Protein crystallization is an important tool for structural biology and nanostructure preparation. Here, we report on kinetic pathway-dependent protein crystals that are controlled by light. Photo-responsive crystallites are obtained by complexing the model proteins with cationic azobenzene dyes. The crystalline state is readily switched to a dispersed phase under ultra-violet light and restored by subsequent visible light illumination. The switching can be reversibly repeated for multiple cycles without noticeable structure deterioration. Importantly, the photo treatment not only significantly increases the crystallinity, but creates crystallites at conditions where no ordered lattices are observed upon directly mixing the components. Further control over the azobenzene isomerization kinetics produces protein single crystals of up to ~50 μm. This approach offers an intriguing method to fabricate metamaterials and study optically controlled crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- Wenzhou Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering: University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Wenzhou Institute, Biomaterials and Engineering, CHINA
| | - Yu Zhou
- Aalto University School of Chemical Technology: Aalto-yliopisto Kemian tekniikan korkeakoulu, Bioproducts and Biosystems, FINLAND
| | - Ahmed Shaukat
- Aalto University School of Chemical Technology: Aalto-yliopisto Kemian tekniikan korkeakoulu, Bioproducts and Biosystems, FINLAND
| | - Zhuojun Meng
- Wenzhou Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering: University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Wenzhou Institute, Biomaterials and Engineering, CHINA
| | - Daniella Kyllönen
- Aalto University School of Chemical Engineering: Aalto-yliopisto Kemian tekniikan korkeakoulu, Bioproducts and Biosystems, FINLAND
| | - Iris Seitz
- Aalto University School of Chemical Technology: Aalto-yliopisto Kemian tekniikan korkeakoulu, Bioproducts and biosystems, FINLAND
| | - Daniel Langerreiter
- Aalto University School of Chemical Engineering: Aalto-yliopisto Kemian tekniikan korkeakoulu, Bioproducts and biosystems, FINLAND
| | - Kim Kuntze
- Tampereen Yliopisto, Engineering and Natural Sciences, FINLAND
| | - Arri Priimagi
- Tampereen Yliopisto, Engineering and Natural Sciences, FINLAND
| | - Lifei Zheng
- Wenzhou Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering: University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Wenzhou Institute, Biomaterials and Engineering, CHINA
| | - Mauri Aleksi Kostiainen
- Aalto University School of Chemical Technology: Aalto-yliopisto Kemian tekniikan korkeakoulu, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Kemistintie 1, 02150, Espoo, FINLAND
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6
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Hishikawa Y, Noya H, Nagatoishi S, Yoshidome T, Maity B, Tsumoto K, Abe S, Ueno T. Elucidating Conformational Dynamics and Thermostability of Designed Aromatic Clusters Using Protein Cages. Chemistry 2023:e202300488. [PMID: 37070368 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic residues form clusters in proteins and play essential roles in biological systems. However, the stabilization mechanism and dynamic behavior of aromatic clusters remain unclear. Here, we describe designed aromatic interactions confined within a protein cage to reveal how aromatic clusters affect protein stability. The crystal structures and calorimetric measurements indicate that the formation of inter-subunit phenylalanine clusters enhance the interactions of inter-helices and increase the melting temperature. Theoretical calculations suggest that this is caused by the transformation of the T-shaped geometry into π-π stacking at high temperatures, and the hydration entropic gain. Thus, the isolated nano-environment in a protein cage allows reconstruction and detailed analysis of multiple clustering residues for elucidating the mechanisms of various biomolecular interactions in nature which can be applied to design of bionanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Hishikawa
- Tokyo Institute of Technology: Tokyo Kogyo Daigaku, Life Science and technology, JAPAN
| | - Hiroki Noya
- Tokyo Institute of Technology: Tokyo Kogyo Daigaku, School of life Science and technology, JAPAN
| | - Satoru Nagatoishi
- The University of Tokyo: Tokyo Daigaku, The Institute of Medical Science,, JAPAN
| | | | - Basudev Maity
- Tokyo Institute of Technology: Tokyo Kogyo Daigaku, Life science and technology, JAPAN
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- The University of Tokyo: Tokyo Daigaku, The Institute of Medical Science,, JAPAN
| | - Satoshi Abe
- Tokyo Institute of Technology: Tokyo Kogyo Daigaku, Life Science and Technology, JAPAN
| | - Takafumi Ueno
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-B-55, Midori-ku, 226-8501, Yokohama, JAPAN
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7
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McNeale D, Esquirol L, Okada S, Strampel S, Dashti N, Rehm B, Douglas T, Vickers C, Sainsbury F. Tunable In Vivo Colocalization of Enzymes within P22 Capsid-Based Nanoreactors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:17705-17715. [PMID: 36995754 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) derived from bacteriophage P22 have been explored as biomimetic catalytic compartments. In vivo colocalization of enzymes within P22 VLPs uses sequential fusion to the scaffold protein, resulting in equimolar concentrations of enzyme monomers. However, control over enzyme stoichiometry, which has been shown to influence pathway flux, is key to realizing the full potential of P22 VLPs as artificial metabolons. We present a tunable strategy for stoichiometric control over in vivo co-encapsulation of P22 cargo proteins, verified for fluorescent protein cargo by Förster resonance energy transfer. This was then applied to a two-enzyme reaction cascade. l-homoalanine, an unnatural amino acid and chiral precursor to several drugs, can be synthesized from the readily available l-threonine by the sequential activity of threonine dehydratase and glutamate dehydrogenase. We found that the loading density of both enzymes influences their activity, with higher activity found at lower loading density implying an impact of molecular crowding on enzyme activity. Conversely, increasing overall loading density by increasing the amount of threonine dehydratase can increase activity from the rate-limiting glutamate dehydrogenase. This work demonstrates the in vivo colocalization of multiple heterologous cargo proteins in a P22-based nanoreactor and shows that controlled stoichiometry of individual enzymes in an enzymatic cascade is required for the optimal design of nanoscale biocatalytic compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna McNeale
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, QLD 4111, Australia
- CSIRO Future Science Platform in Synthetic Biology, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Lygie Esquirol
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, QLD 4111, Australia
- CSIRO Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Shoko Okada
- CSIRO Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Shai Strampel
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Noor Dashti
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Bernd Rehm
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Trevor Douglas
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Claudia Vickers
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, QLD 4111, Australia
- CSIRO Future Science Platform in Synthetic Biology, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- School of Biological and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Frank Sainsbury
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, QLD 4111, Australia
- CSIRO Future Science Platform in Synthetic Biology, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
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8
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Essus VA, Souza Júnior GSE, Nunes GHP, Oliveira JDS, de Faria BM, Romão LF, Cortines JR. Bacteriophage P22 Capsid as a Pluripotent Nanotechnology Tool. Viruses 2023; 15:516. [PMID: 36851730 PMCID: PMC9962691 DOI: 10.3390/v15020516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Salmonella enterica bacteriophage P22 is one of the most promising models for the development of virus-like particle (VLP) nanocages. It possesses an icosahedral T = 7 capsid, assembled by the combination of two structural proteins: the coat protein (gp5) and the scaffold protein (gp8). The P22 capsid has the remarkable capability of undergoing structural transition into three morphologies with differing diameters and wall-pore sizes. These varied morphologies can be explored for the design of nanoplatforms, such as for the development of cargo internalization strategies. The capsid proteic nature allows for the extensive modification of its structure, enabling the addition of non-native structures to alter the VLP properties or confer them to diverse ends. Various molecules were added to the P22 VLP through genetic, chemical, and other means to both the capsid and the scaffold protein, permitting the encapsulation or the presentation of cargo. This allows the particle to be exploited for numerous purposes-for example, as a nanocarrier, nanoreactor, and vaccine model, among other applications. Therefore, the present review intends to give an overview of the literature on this amazing particle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Alejandro Essus
- Laboratório de Virologia e Espectrometria de Massas (LAVEM), Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21590-902, Brazil
| | - Getúlio Silva e Souza Júnior
- Laboratório de Virologia e Espectrometria de Massas (LAVEM), Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21590-902, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Henrique Pereira Nunes
- Laboratório de Virologia e Espectrometria de Massas (LAVEM), Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21590-902, Brazil
| | - Juliana dos Santos Oliveira
- Laboratório de Virologia e Espectrometria de Massas (LAVEM), Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21590-902, Brazil
| | - Bruna Mafra de Faria
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bl. F026, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Luciana Ferreira Romão
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bl. F026, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Juliana Reis Cortines
- Laboratório de Virologia e Espectrometria de Massas (LAVEM), Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21590-902, Brazil
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9
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Su Z, Wu Y. Dissecting the general mechanisms of protein cage self-assembly by coarse-grained simulations. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4552. [PMID: 36541820 PMCID: PMC9854185 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The development of artificial protein cages has recently gained massive attention due to their promising application prospect as novel delivery vehicles for therapeutics. These nanoparticles are formed through a process called self-assembly, in which individual subunits spontaneously arrange into highly ordered patterns via non-covalent but specific interactions. Therefore, the first step toward the design of novel engineered protein cages is to understand the general mechanisms of their self-assembling dynamics. Here we have developed a new computational method to tackle this problem. Our method is based on a coarse-grained model and a diffusion-reaction simulation algorithm. Using a tetrahedral cage as test model, we showed that self-assembly of protein cage requires of a seeding process in which specific configurations of kinetic intermediate states are identified. We further found that there is a critical concentration to trigger self-assembly of protein cages. This critical concentration allows that cages can only be successfully assembled under a persistently high concentration. Additionally, phase diagram of self-assembly has been constructed by systematically testing the model across a wide range of binding parameters. Finally, our simulations demonstrated the importance of protein's structural flexibility in regulating the dynamics of cage assembly. In summary, this study throws lights on the general principles underlying self-assembly of large cage-like protein complexes and thus provides insights to design new nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqian Su
- Department of Systems and Computational BiologyAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNew YorkUSA
| | - Yinghao Wu
- Department of Systems and Computational BiologyAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNew YorkUSA
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10
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Yu X, Weng Z, Zhao Z, Xu J, Qi Z, Liu J. Assembly of Protein Cages for Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14. [PMID: 36559102 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely used as target delivery vehicles for therapeutic goods; however, compared with inorganic and organic nanomaterials, protein nanomaterials have better biocompatibility and can self-assemble into highly ordered cage-like structures, which are more favorable for applications in targeted drug delivery. In this review, we concentrate on the typical protein cage nanoparticles drugs encapsulation processes, such as drug fusion expression, diffusion, electrostatic contact, covalent binding, and protein cage disassembly/recombination. The usage of protein cage nanoparticles in biomedicine is also briefly discussed. These materials can be utilized to transport small molecules, peptides, siRNA, and other medications for anti-tumor, contrast, etc.
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11
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Abstract
Protein nanocages have emerged as an important engineering platform for biotechnological and biomedical applications. Among naturally occurring protein cages, encapsulin nanocompartments have recently gained prominence due to their favorable physico-chemical properties, ease of shell modification, and highly efficient and selective intrinsic protein packaging capabilities. Here, we expand encapsulin function by designing and characterizing encapsulins for concurrent RNA and protein encapsulation in vivo. Our strategy is based on modifying encapsulin shells with nucleic acid-binding peptides without disrupting the native protein packaging mechanism. We show that our engineered encapsulins reliably self-assemble in vivo, are capable of efficient size-selective in vivo RNA packaging, can simultaneously load multiple functional RNAs, and can be used for concurrent in vivo packaging of RNA and protein. Our engineered encapsulation platform has potential for codelivery of therapeutic RNAs and proteins to elicit synergistic effects and as a modular tool for other biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seokmu Kwon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Tobias W. Giessen
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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12
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Lee Y, Kim M, Kang JY, Jung Y. Protein Cages Engineered for Interaction-Driven Selective Encapsulation of Biomolecules. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:35357-35365. [PMID: 35916207 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c06924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hollow protein cages have become attractive drug delivery vehicles with high biocompatibility and precise functional/structural manipulability. However, difficulties in effective cargo loading inside the cages have been limiting further development of protein cage-based drug carriers. Here, we developed a specific interaction-driven encapsulation and cellular delivery strategy for various biomolecules by engineering a porous protein cage. The computationally designed hyperstable mi3 protein cage was circularly permuted to fuse the cancer targeting RGD tripeptide to the cage surface and SpyTag (ST), which forms a covalent bond with SpyCatcher (SC), to the cage inner cavity. SC-fused proteins with different sizes and charges could be stably and actively encapsulated in the engineered nanocage via the ST/SC reaction. Cargo protein encapsulation inside the cage was directly confirmed by cryo-electron microscopy (EM) structure determination. In addition, SC-fused monomeric avidin was added to the nanocage to encapsulate various biotinylated (nonprotein) cargos such as oligonucleotides and the anticancer drug doxorubicin. All cargo molecules loaded onto the engineered mi3 were effectively delivered to cells. This work introduces a highly versatile cargo loading/delivery strategy, where loading/delivery interactions, cargo molecules, and cell targeting moieties can be further varied for optimal cellular drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeolin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjae Kim
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Kang
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongwon Jung
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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13
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Esquirol L, McNeale D, Douglas T, Vickers CE, Sainsbury F. Rapid Assembly and Prototyping of Biocatalytic Virus-like Particle Nanoreactors. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:2709-2718. [PMID: 35880829 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Protein cages are attractive as molecular scaffolds for the fundamental study of enzymes and metabolons and for the creation of biocatalytic nanoreactors for in vitro and in vivo use. Virus-like particles (VLPs) such as those derived from the P22 bacteriophage capsid protein make versatile self-assembling protein cages and can be used to encapsulate a broad range of protein cargos. In vivo encapsulation of enzymes within VLPs requires fusion to the coat protein or a scaffold protein. However, the expression level, stability, and activity of cargo proteins can vary upon fusion. Moreover, it has been shown that molecular crowding of enzymes inside VLPs can affect their catalytic properties. Consequently, testing of numerous parameters is required for production of the most efficient nanoreactor for a given cargo enzyme. Here, we present a set of acceptor vectors that provide a quick and efficient way to build, test, and optimize cargo loading inside P22 VLPs. We prototyped the system using a yellow fluorescent protein and then applied it to mevalonate kinases (MKs), a key enzyme class in the industrially important terpene (isoprenoid) synthesis pathway. Different MKs required considerably different approaches to deliver maximal encapsulation as well as optimal kinetic parameters, demonstrating the value of being able to rapidly access a variety of encapsulation strategies. The vector system described here provides an approach to optimize cargo enzyme behavior in bespoke P22 nanoreactors. This will facilitate industrial applications as well as basic research on nanoreactor-cargo behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lygie Esquirol
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.,Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Donna McNeale
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.,Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Trevor Douglas
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Claudia E Vickers
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.,Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4000 Australia
| | - Frank Sainsbury
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.,Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
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14
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Piette BMAG, Kowalczyk A, Heddle JG. Characterization of near-miss connectivity-invariant homogeneous convex polyhedral cages. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2022; 478:20210679. [PMID: 35450023 PMCID: PMC8984814 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2021.0679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the discovery of a nearly symmetric protein cage, we introduce the new mathematical concept of a near-miss polyhedral cage (p-cage) as an assembly of nearly regular polygons with holes between them. We then introduce the concept of the connectivity-invariant p-cage and show that they are related to the symmetry of uniform polyhedra. We use this relation, combined with a numerical optimization method, to characterize some classes of near-miss connectivity-invariant p-cages with a deformation below 10% and faces with up to 17 edges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard M A G Piette
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Agnieszka Kowalczyk
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, Krakow 30-387, Poland.,Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 6, Krakow 30-348, Poland
| | - Jonathan G Heddle
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, Krakow 30-387, Poland
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15
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Liu Q, Shaukat A, Kyllönen D, Kostiainen MA. Polyelectrolyte Encapsulation and Confinement within Protein Cage-Inspired Nanocompartments. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1551. [PMID: 34683843 PMCID: PMC8537137 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein cages are nanocompartments with a well-defined structure and monodisperse size. They are composed of several individual subunits and can be categorized as viral and non-viral protein cages. Native viral cages often exhibit a cationic interior, which binds the anionic nucleic acid genome through electrostatic interactions leading to efficient encapsulation. Non-viral cages can carry various cargo, ranging from small molecules to inorganic nanoparticles. Both cage types can be functionalized at targeted locations through genetic engineering or chemical modification to entrap materials through interactions that are inaccessible to wild-type cages. Moreover, the limited number of constitutional subunits ease the modification efforts, because a single modification on the subunit can lead to multiple functional sites on the cage surface. Increasing efforts have also been dedicated to the assembly of protein cage-mimicking structures or templated protein coatings. This review focuses on native and modified protein cages that have been used to encapsulate and package polyelectrolyte cargos and on the electrostatic interactions that are the driving force for the assembly of such structures. Selective encapsulation can protect the payload from the surroundings, shield the potential toxicity or even enhance the intended performance of the payload, which is appealing in drug or gene delivery and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland; (Q.L.); (A.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Ahmed Shaukat
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland; (Q.L.); (A.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Daniella Kyllönen
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland; (Q.L.); (A.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Mauri A. Kostiainen
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland; (Q.L.); (A.S.); (D.K.)
- HYBER Center, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland
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16
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Cannon KA, Nguyen VN, Morgan C, Yeates TO. Design and Characterization of an Icosahedral Protein Cage Formed by a Double-Fusion Protein Containing Three Distinct Symmetry Elements. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:517-524. [PMID: 32050070 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.9b00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Exploiting simple types of symmetry common to many natural protein oligomers as a starting point, several recent studies have succeeded in engineering complex self-assembling protein architectures reminiscent but distinct from those evolved in the natural world. Designing symmetric protein cages with a wide range of properties has been of particular interest for potential applications in the fields of medicine, energy, imaging, and more. In this study we genetically fused three naturally symmetric protein components together-a pentamer, trimer, and dimer-in a fashion designed to create a self-assembling icosahedral protein cage built from 60 copies of the protein subunit. The connection between the pentamer and dimer was based on a continuous shared α helix in order to control the relative orientation of those components. Following selection of suitable components by computational methods, a construct with favorable design properties was tested experimentally. Negative stain electron microscopy and solution-state methods indicated successful formation of a 60-subunit icosahedral cage, 2.5 MDa in mass and 30 nm in diameter. Diverse experimental studies also suggested substantial degrees of flexibility and asymmetric deformation of the assembled particle in solution. The results add further examples of successes and challenges in designing atomically precise protein materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A. Cannon
- UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- UCLA Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Vy N. Nguyen
- UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- UCLA Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Christian Morgan
- UCLA Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Todd O. Yeates
- UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- UCLA Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- UCLA Molecular Biology Institute, 611 Charles E Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California Nanosystems Institute, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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17
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Lee TH, Carpenter TS, D'haeseleer P, Savage DF, Yung MC. Encapsulin carrier proteins for enhanced expression of antimicrobial peptides. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 117:603-613. [PMID: 31709513 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are regarded as attractive alternatives to conventional antibiotics, but their production in microbes remains challenging due to their inherent bactericidal nature. To address these limitations, we have developed a novel AMP fusion protein system based on an encapsulin nanocompartment protein and have demonstrated its utility in enhancing expression of HBCM2, an AMP with activity against Gram-negative bacteria. Here, HBCM2 was fused to the N-terminus of several Encapsulin monomer (Enc) variants engineered with multiple TEV protease recognition site insertions to facilitate proteolytic release of the fused HBCM2. Fusion of HBCM2 to the Enc variants, but not other common carrier proteins, enabled robust overexpression in Escherichia coli C43(DE3) cells. Interestingly, variants with a TEV site insertion following residue K71 in Enc exhibited the highest overexpression and HBCM2 release efficiencies compared to other variants but were deficient in cage formation. HBCM2 was purified from the highest expressing variant following TEV protease digestion and was found to be highly active in inhibiting E. coli growth (MIC = 5 μg/ml). Our study demonstrates the potential use of the Enc system to enhance expression of AMPs for biomanufacturing and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tek-Hyung Lee
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Livermore, California
| | - Timothy S Carpenter
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Livermore, California
| | - Patrik D'haeseleer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Livermore, California
| | - David F Savage
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Mimi C Yung
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Livermore, California
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18
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Beyeh N, Nonappa, Liljeström V, Mikkilä J, Korpi A, Bochicchio D, Pavan GM, Ikkala O, Ras RHA, Kostiainen MA. Crystalline Cyclophane- Protein Cage Frameworks. ACS Nano 2018; 12:8029-8036. [PMID: 30028590 PMCID: PMC6150715 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b02856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Cyclophanes are macrocyclic supramolecular hosts famous for their ability to bind atomic or molecular guests via noncovalent interactions within their well-defined cavities. In a similar way, porous crystalline networks, such as metal-organic frameworks, can create microenvironments that enable controlled guest binding in the solid state. Both types of materials often consist of synthetic components, and they have been developed within separate research fields. Moreover, the use of biomolecules as their structural units has remained elusive. Here, we have synthesized a library of organic cyclophanes and studied their electrostatic self-assembly with biological metal-binding protein cages (ferritins) into ordered structures. We show that cationic pillar[5]arenes and ferritin cages form biohybrid cocrystals with an open protein network structure. Our cyclophane-protein cage frameworks bridge the gap between molecular frameworks and colloidal nanoparticle crystals and combine the versatility of synthetic supramolecular hosts with the highly selective recognition properties of biomolecules. Such host-guest materials are interesting for porous material applications, including water remediation and heterogeneous catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngong
Kodiah Beyeh
- HYBER
Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Windsor, N9B 3P4 Windsor, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, Oakland University, 146 Library Drive, Rochester, Michigan 48309-4479, United States
| | - Nonappa
- HYBER
Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Ville Liljeström
- HYBER
Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Joona Mikkilä
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Antti Korpi
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Davide Bochicchio
- Department
of Innovative Technologies, University of
Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, CH-6928 Manno, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni M. Pavan
- Department
of Innovative Technologies, University of
Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, CH-6928 Manno, Switzerland
| | - Olli Ikkala
- HYBER
Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Robin H. A. Ras
- HYBER
Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Mauri A. Kostiainen
- HYBER
Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
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19
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Abstract
Viruses are remarkable nanomachines that efficiently hijack cellular functions to replicate and self-assemble their components within a complex biological environment. As all steps of the viral life cycle depend on formation of a protective proteinaceous shell that packages the DNA or RNA genome, bottom-up construction of virus-like nucleocapsids from nonviral materials could provide valuable insights into virion assembly and evolution. Such constructs could also serve as safe alternatives to natural viruses for diverse nano- and biotechnological applications. Here we show that artificial virus-like nucleocapsids can be generated-rapidly and surprisingly easily-by engineering and laboratory evolution of a nonviral protein cage formed by Aquifex aeolicus lumazine synthase (AaLS) and its encoding mRNA. Cationic peptides were appended to the engineered capsid proteins to enable specific recognition of packaging signals on cognate mRNAs, and subsequent evolutionary optimization afforded nucleocapsids with expanded spherical structures that encapsulate their own full-length RNA genome in vivo and protect the cargo molecules from nucleases. These findings provide strong experimental support for the hypothesis that subcellular protein-bounded compartments may have facilitated the emergence of ancient viruses.
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20
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Liu Y, Gonen S, Gonen T, Yeates TO. Near-atomic cryo-EM imaging of a small protein displayed on a designed scaffolding system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:3362-7. [PMID: 29507202 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1718825115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Current single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) techniques can produce images of large protein assemblies and macromolecular complexes at atomic level detail without the need for crystal growth. However, proteins of smaller size, typical of those found throughout the cell, are not presently amenable to detailed structural elucidation by cryo-EM. Here we use protein design to create a modular, symmetrical scaffolding system to make protein molecules of typical size suitable for cryo-EM. Using a rigid continuous alpha helical linker, we connect a small 17-kDa protein (DARPin) to a protein subunit that was designed to self-assemble into a cage with cubic symmetry. We show that the resulting construct is amenable to structural analysis by single-particle cryo-EM, allowing us to identify and solve the structure of the attached small protein at near-atomic detail, ranging from 3.5- to 5-Å resolution. The result demonstrates that proteins considerably smaller than the theoretical limit of 50 kDa for cryo-EM can be visualized clearly when arrayed in a rigid fashion on a symmetric designed protein scaffold. Furthermore, because the amino acid sequence of a DARPin can be chosen to confer tight binding to various other protein or nucleic acid molecules, the system provides a future route for imaging diverse macromolecules, potentially broadening the application of cryo-EM to proteins of typical size in the cell.
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21
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Ross JF, Bridges A, Fletcher JM, Shoemark D, Alibhai D, Bray HEV, Beesley JL, Dawson WM, Hodgson LR, Mantell J, Verkade P, Edge CM, Sessions RB, Tew D, Woolfson DN. Decorating Self-Assembled Peptide Cages with Proteins. ACS Nano 2017; 11:7901-7914. [PMID: 28686416 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b02368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
An ability to organize and encapsulate multiple active proteins into defined objects and spaces at the nanoscale has potential applications in biotechnology, nanotechnology, and synthetic biology. Previously, we have described the design, assembly, and characterization of peptide-based self-assembled cages (SAGEs). These ≈100 nm particles comprise thousands of copies of de novo designed peptide-based hubs that array into a hexagonal network and close to give caged structures. Here, we show that, when fused to the designed peptides, various natural proteins can be co-assembled into SAGE particles. We call these constructs pSAGE for protein-SAGE. These particles tolerate the incorporation of multiple copies of folded proteins fused to either the N or the C termini of the hubs, which modeling indicates form the external and internal surfaces of the particles, respectively. Up to 15% of the hubs can be functionalized without compromising the integrity of the pSAGEs. This corresponds to hundreds of copies giving mM local concentrations of protein in the particles. Moreover, and illustrating the modularity of the SAGE system, we show that multiple different proteins can be assembled simultaneously into the same particle. As the peptide-protein fusions are made via recombinant expression of synthetic genes, we envisage that pSAGE systems could be developed modularly to actively encapsulate or to present a wide variety of functional proteins, allowing them to be developed as nanoreactors through the immobilization of enzyme cascades or as vehicles for presenting whole antigenic proteins as synthetic vaccine platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Ross
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol , Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Bridges
- GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) , Gunnels Wood Rd, Stevenage SG21 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Jordan M Fletcher
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol , Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah Shoemark
- BrisSynBio, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol , Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Harriet E V Bray
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol , Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph L Beesley
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol , Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - William M Dawson
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol , Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Colin M Edge
- GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) , Gunnels Wood Rd, Stevenage SG21 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Richard B Sessions
- BrisSynBio, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol , Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
| | - David Tew
- GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) , Gunnels Wood Rd, Stevenage SG21 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Derek N Woolfson
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol , Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
- BrisSynBio, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol , Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
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22
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Mosayebi M, Shoemark DK, Fletcher JM, Sessions RB, Linden N, Woolfson DN, Liverpool TB. Beyond icosahedral symmetry in packings of proteins in spherical shells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:9014-9. [PMID: 28790186 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1706825114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of quasi-spherical cages from protein building blocks is a remarkable self-assembly process in many natural systems, where a small number of elementary building blocks are assembled to build a highly symmetric icosahedral cage. In turn, this has inspired synthetic biologists to design de novo protein cages. We use simple models, on multiple scales, to investigate the self-assembly of a spherical cage, focusing on the regularity of the packing of protein-like objects on the surface. Using building blocks, which are able to pack with icosahedral symmetry, we examine how stable these highly symmetric structures are to perturbations that may arise from the interplay between flexibility of the interacting blocks and entropic effects. We find that, in the presence of those perturbations, icosahedral packing is not the most stable arrangement for a wide range of parameters; rather disordered structures are found to be the most stable. Our results suggest that (i) many designed, or even natural, protein cages may not be regular in the presence of those perturbations and (ii) optimizing those flexibilities can be a possible design strategy to obtain regular synthetic cages with full control over their surface properties.
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23
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Azuma Y, Zschoche R, Hilvert D. The C-terminal peptide of Aquifex aeolicus riboflavin synthase directs encapsulation of native and foreign guests by a cage-forming lumazine synthase. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:10321-10327. [PMID: 28515315 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c117.790311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Encapsulation of specific enzymes in self-assembling protein cages is a hallmark of bacterial compartments that function as counterparts to eukaryotic organelles. The cage-forming enzyme lumazine synthase (LS) from Bacillus subtilis (BsLS), for example, encapsulates riboflavin synthase (BsRS), enabling channeling of lumazine from the site of its generation to the site of its conversion to vitamin B2 Elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the assembly of these supramolecular complexes could help inform new approaches for metabolic engineering, nanotechnology, and drug delivery. To that end, we investigated a thermostable LS from Aquifex aeolicus (AaLS) and found that it also forms cage complexes with the cognate riboflavin synthase (AaRS) when both proteins are co-produced in the cytosol of Escherichia coli A 12-amino acid-long peptide at the C terminus of AaRS serves as a specific localization sequence responsible for targeting the guest to the protein compartment. Sequence comparisons suggested that analogous peptide segments likely direct RS complexation by LS cages in other bacterial species. Covalent fusion of this peptide tag to heterologous guest molecules led to their internalization into AaLS assemblies both in vivo and in vitro, providing a firm foundation for creating tailored biomimetic nanocompartments for medical and biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Azuma
- From the Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Reinhard Zschoche
- From the Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Donald Hilvert
- From the Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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24
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Abstract
Emerging protein design strategies are enabling the creation of diverse, self-assembling supramolecular structures with precision on the atomic scale. The design possibilities include various types of architectures: finite cages or shells, essentially unbounded two-dimensional and three-dimensional arrays (i.e., crystals), and linear or tubular filaments. In nature, structures of those types are generally symmetric, and, accordingly, symmetry provides a powerful guide for developing new design approaches. Recent design studies have produced numerous protein assemblies in close agreement with geometric specifications. For certain design approaches, a complete list of allowable symmetry combinations that can be used for construction has been articulated, opening a path to a rich diversity of geometrically defined protein materials. Future challenges include improving and elaborating on current strategies and endowing designed protein nanomaterials with properties useful in nanomedicine and material science applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd O Yeates
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095.,UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, Los Angeles, California 90095;
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25
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Benner NL, Zang X, Buehler DC, Kickhoefer VA, Rome ME, Rome LH, Wender PA. Vault Nanoparticles: Chemical Modifications for Imaging and Enhanced Delivery. ACS Nano 2017; 11:872-881. [PMID: 28029784 PMCID: PMC5372831 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b07440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Vault nanoparticles represent promising vehicles for drug and probe delivery. Innately found within human cells, vaults are stable, biocompatible nanocapsules possessing an internal volume that can encapsulate hundreds to thousands of molecules. They can also be targeted. Unlike most nanoparticles, vaults are nonimmunogenic and monodispersed and can be rapidly produced in insect cells. Efforts to create vaults with modified properties have been, to date, almost entirely limited to recombinant bioengineering approaches. Here we report a systematic chemical study of covalent vault modifications, directed at tuning vault properties for research and clinical applications, such as imaging, targeted delivery, and enhanced cellular uptake. As supra-macromolecular structures, vaults contain thousands of derivatizable amino acid side chains. This study is focused on establishing the comparative selectivity and efficiency of chemically modifying vault lysine and cysteine residues, using Michael additions, nucleophilic substitutions, and disulfide exchange reactions. We also report a strategy that converts the more abundant vault lysine residues to readily functionalizable thiol terminated side chains through treatment with 2-iminothiolane (Traut's reagent). These studies provide a method to doubly modify vaults with cell penetrating peptides and imaging agents, allowing for in vitro studies on their enhanced uptake into cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy L. Benner
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Zang
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Daniel C. Buehler
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Valerie A. Kickhoefer
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Michael E. Rome
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Leonard H. Rome
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Paul A. Wender
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Correia Carreira S, Armstrong JPK, Okuda M, Seddon AM, Perriman AW, Schwarzacher W. Synthesis of Cationized Magnetoferritin for Ultra-fast Magnetization of Cells. J Vis Exp 2016:54785. [PMID: 28060256 PMCID: PMC5226398 DOI: 10.3791/54785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Many important biomedical applications, such as cell imaging and remote manipulation, can be achieved by labeling cells with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs). Achieving sufficient cellular uptake of SPIONs is a challenge that has traditionally been met by exposing cells to elevated concentrations of SPIONs or by prolonging exposure times (up to 72 hr). However, these strategies are likely to mediate toxicity. Here, we present the synthesis of the protein-based SPION magnetoferritin as well as a facile surface functionalization protocol that enables rapid cell magnetization using low exposure concentrations. The SPION core of magnetoferritin consists of cobalt-doped iron oxide with an average particle diameter of 8.2 nm mineralized inside the cavity of horse spleen apo-ferritin. Chemical cationization of magnetoferritin produced a novel, highly membrane-active SPION that magnetized human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) using incubation times as short as one minute and iron concentrations as lows as 0.2 mM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mitsuhiro Okuda
- Self Assembly Group, CIC nanoGUNE; Ikebasque, Basque Foundation for Science
| | - Annela M Seddon
- Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials, University of Bristol
| | - Adam W Perriman
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol
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Mikkilä J, Anaya-Plaza E, Liljeström V, Caston JR, Torres T, Escosura ADL, Kostiainen MA. Hierarchical Organization of Organic Dyes and Protein Cages into Photoactive Crystals. ACS Nano 2016; 10:1565-1571. [PMID: 26691783 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b07167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Phthalocyanines (Pc) are non-natural organic dyes with wide and deep impact in materials science, based on their intense absorption at the near-infrared (NIR), long-lived fluorescence and high singlet oxygen ((1)O2) quantum yields. However, Pcs tend to stack in buffer solutions, losing their ability to generate singlet oxygen, which limits their scope of application. Furthermore, Pcs are challenging to organize in crystalline structures. Protein cages, on the other hand, are very promising biological building blocks that can be used to organize different materials into crystalline nanostructures. Here, we combine both kinds of components into photoactive biohybrid crystals. Toward this end, a hierarchical organization process has been designed in which (a) a supramolecular complex is formed between octacationic zinc Pc (1) and a tetraanionic pyrene (2) derivatives, driven by electrostatic and π-π interactions, and (b) the resulting tetracationic complex acts as a molecular glue that binds to the outer surface anionic patches of the apoferritin (aFt) protein cage, inducing cocrystallization. The obtained ternary face-centered cubic (fcc) packed cocrystals, with diameters up to 100 μm, retain the optical properties of the pristine dye molecules, such as fluorescence at 695 nm and efficient light-induced (1)O2 production. Considering that (1)O2 is utilized in important technologies such as photodynamic therapy (PDT), water treatments, diagnostic arrays and as an oxidant in organic synthesis, our results demonstrate a powerful methodology to create functional biohybrid systems with unprecedented long-range order. This approach should greatly aid the development of nanotechnology and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joona Mikkilä
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, Aalto University , FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Eduardo Anaya-Plaza
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid/IMDEA Nanociencia (TT) , 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ville Liljeström
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, Aalto University , FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Jose R Caston
- Department of Structure of Macromolecules, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Cantoblanco , 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomas Torres
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid/IMDEA Nanociencia (TT) , 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés de la Escosura
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid/IMDEA Nanociencia (TT) , 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mauri A Kostiainen
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, Aalto University , FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
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28
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Liljeström V, Seitsonen J, Kostiainen MA. Electrostatic Self-Assembly of Soft Matter Nanoparticle Cocrystals with Tunable Lattice Parameters. ACS Nano 2015; 9:11278-11285. [PMID: 26497975 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b04912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Atomic crystal structure affects the electromagnetic and thermal properties of common matter. Similarly, the nanoscale structure controls the properties of higher length-scale metamaterials, for example, nanoparticle superlattices and photonic crystals. Electrostatic self-assembly of oppositely charged nanoparticles has recently become a convenient way to produce crystalline nanostructures. However, understanding and controlling the assembly of soft nonmetallic particle crystals with long-range translational order remains a major challenge. Here, we show the electrostatic self-assembly of binary soft particle cocrystals, consisting of apoferritin protein cages and poly(amidoamine) dendrimers (PAMAM), with very large crystal domain sizes. A systematic series of PAMAM dendrimers with generations from two to seven were used to produce the crystals, which showed a dendrimer generation dependency on the crystal structure and lattice constant. The systematic approach presented here offers a transition from trial-and-error experiments to a fundamental understanding and control over the nanostructure. The structure and stability of soft particle cocrystals are of major relevance for applications where a high degree of structural control is required, for example, protein-based mesoporous materials, nanoscale multicompartments, and metamaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville Liljeström
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, and ‡Molecular Materials, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University , 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Jani Seitsonen
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, and ‡Molecular Materials, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University , 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Mauri A Kostiainen
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, and ‡Molecular Materials, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University , 00076 Aalto, Finland
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Välimäki S, Mikkilä J, Liljeström V, Rosilo H, Ora A, Kostiainen MA. Hierarchically ordered supramolecular protein-polymer composites with thermoresponsive properties. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:10201-13. [PMID: 25950765 PMCID: PMC4463641 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160510201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic macromolecules that can bind and co-assemble with proteins are important for the future development of biohybrid materials. Active systems are further required to create materials that can respond and change their behavior in response to external stimuli. Here we report that stimuli-responsive linear-branched diblock copolymers consisting of a cationic multivalent dendron with a linear thermoresponsive polymer tail at the focal point, can bind and complex Pyrococcus furiosus ferritin protein cages into crystalline arrays. The multivalent dendron structure utilizes cationic spermine units to bind electrostatically on the surface of the negatively charged ferritin cage and the in situ polymerized poly(di(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) linear block enables control with temperature. Cloud point of the final product was determined with dynamic light scattering (DLS), and it was shown to be approximately 31 °C at a concentration of 150 mg/L. Complexation of the polymer binder and apoferritin was studied with DLS, small-angle X-ray scattering, and transmission electron microscopy, which showed the presence of crystalline arrays of ferritin cages with a face-centered cubic (fcc, Fm3m)) Bravais lattice where lattice parameter a=18.6 nm. The complexation process was not temperature dependent but the final complexes had thermoresponsive characteristics with negative thermal expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salla Välimäki
- Biohybrid Materials Group, Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland.
| | - Joona Mikkilä
- Biohybrid Materials Group, Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland.
| | - Ville Liljeström
- Biohybrid Materials Group, Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland.
- Molecular Materials Group, Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland.
| | - Henna Rosilo
- Molecular Materials Group, Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland.
| | - Ari Ora
- Biohybrid Materials Group, Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland.
- Molecular Materials Group, Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland.
| | - Mauri A Kostiainen
- Biohybrid Materials Group, Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland.
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30
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Li F, Chen H, Ma L, Zhou K, Zhang ZP, Meng C, Zhang XE, Wang Q. Insights into stabilization of a viral protein cage in templating complex nanoarchitectures: roles of disulfide bonds. Small 2014; 10:536-543. [PMID: 24014233 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201300860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
As a typical protein nanostructure, virus-based nanoparticle (VNP) of simian virus 40 (SV40), which is composed of pentamers of the major capsid protein of SV40 (VP1), has been successfully employed in guiding the assembly of different nanoparticles (NPs) into predesigned nanostructures with considerable stability. However, the stabilization mechanism of SV40 VNP remains unclear. Here, the importance of inter-pentamer disulfide bonds between cysteines in the stabilization of quantum dot (QD)-containing VNPs (VNP-QDs) is comprehensively investigated by constructing a series of VP1 mutants of cysteine to serine. Although the presence of a QD core can greatly enhance the assembly and stability of SV40 VNPs, disulfide bonds are vital to stability of VNP-QDs. Cysteine at position 9 (C9) and C104 contribute most of the disulfide bonds and play essential roles in determining the stability of SV40 VNPs as templates to guide assembly of complex nanoarchitectures. These results provide insightful clues to understanding the robustness of SV40 VNPs in organizing suprastructures of inorganic NPs. It is expected that these findings will help guide the future design and construction of protein-based functional nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Nanomedical Characterization, Division of Nanobiomedicine and i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
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31
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Molino NM, Anderson AKL, Nelson EL, Wang SW. Biomimetic protein nanoparticles facilitate enhanced dendritic cell activation and cross-presentation. ACS Nano 2013; 7:9743-52. [PMID: 24090491 PMCID: PMC3893022 DOI: 10.1021/nn403085w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Many current cancer vaccine strategies suffer from the inability to mount a CD8 T cell response that is strong enough to overcome the low immunogenicity of tumors. Viruses naturally possess the sizes, geometries, and physical properties for which the immune system has evolved to recognize, and mimicking those properties with nanoparticles can produce robust platforms for vaccine design. Using the nonviral E2 core of pyruvate dehydrogenase, we have engineered a viral-mimicking vaccine platform capable of encapsulating dendritic cell (DC)-activating CpG molecules in an acid-releasable manner and displaying MHC I-restricted SIINFEKL peptide epitopes. Encapsulated CpG activated bone marrow-derived DCs at a 25-fold lower concentration in vitro when delivered with the E2 nanoparticle than with unbound CpG alone. Combining CpG and SIINFEKL within a single multifunctional particle induced ∼3-fold greater SIINFEKL display on MHC I by DCs over unbound peptide. Importantly, combining CpG and SIINFEKL to the E2 nanoparticle for simultaneous temporal and spatial delivery to DCs showed increased and prolonged CD8 T cell activation, relative to free peptide or peptide-bound E2. By codelivering peptide epitopes and CpG activator in a particle of optimal DC-uptake size, we demonstrate the ability of a noninfectious protein nanoparticle to mimic viral properties and facilitate enhanced DC activation and cross-presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M. Molino
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, 916 Engineering Tower, Irvine, CA 92697-2575
| | | | | | - Szu-Wen Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, 916 Engineering Tower, Irvine, CA 92697-2575
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32
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Abstract
Synthetic modification of a recombinant protein cage called a vault with stimuli-responsive smart polymers provides access to a new class of biohybrid materials; the polymer nanocapsules retain the structure of the protein cage and exhibit the responsive nature of the polymer. Vaults are naturally occurring ubiquitous ribonucleoprotein particles 41 × 41 × 72.5 nm composed of a protein shell enclosing multiple copies of two proteins and multiple copies of one or more small untranslated RNAs. Recombinant vaults are structurally identical but lack the vault content. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAAm), a polymer responsive to heat, was conjugated to recombinant vaults that were composed of ~78 copies of the major vault protein (MVP) modified to contain a cysteine rich region at the N-terminus (CP-MVP). The polymer was synthesized using reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization to have a dansyl group at the alpha end and modified to have a thiol-reactive pyridyl disulfide at the omega end, which readily coupled to CP-MVP vaults. The resulting vault nanocapsules underwent reversible aggregation upon heating above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the polymer as determined by electron microscopy (EM), dynamic light scattering experiments, and UV-vis turbidity analysis. The vault structure remained entirely intact throughout the phase transition; suggesting its use in a myriad of biomedical and biotechnology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Matsumoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California Nanosystems Institute, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA
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Ren D, Dalmau M, Randall A, Shindel MM, Baldi P, Wang SW. Biomimetic Design of Protein Nanomaterials for Hydrophobic Molecular Transport. Adv Funct Mater 2012; 22:3170-3180. [PMID: 23526705 PMCID: PMC3603581 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201200052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Biomaterials such as self-assembling biological complexes have demonstrated a variety of applications in materials science and nanotechnology. The functionality of protein-based materials, however, is often limited by the absence or locations of specific chemical conjugation sites. In this investigation, we developed a new strategy for loading organic molecules into the hollow cavity of a protein nanoparticle that relies only on non-covalent interactions, and we demonstrated its applicability in drug delivery. Based on a biomimetic model that incorporates multiple phenylalanines to create a generalized binding site, we retained and delivered the antitumor compound doxorubicin by redesigning a caged protein scaffold. Through an iterative combination of structural modeling and protein engineering, we obtained new variants of the E2 subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase with varying levels of drug-carrying capabilities. We found that an increasing number of introduced phenylalanines within the scaffold cavity generally resulted in greater drug loading capacities. Drug loading levels could be achieved that were greater than conventional nanoparticle delivery systems. These protein nanoparticles containing doxorubicin were taken up by breast cancer cells and induced significant cell death. Our novel approach demonstrates a universal strategy to design de novo hydrophobic binding domains within protein-based scaffolds for molecular encapsulation and transport, and it broadens the ability to attach guest molecules to this class of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Ren
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, 916 Engineering Tower, Irvine, CA 92697-2575
| | - Mercè Dalmau
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, 916 Engineering Tower, Irvine, CA 92697-2575
| | - Arlo Randall
- School of Information and Computer Sciences, University of California, Irvine
- Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California, Irvine
| | - Matthew M. Shindel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, 916 Engineering Tower, Irvine, CA 92697-2575
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center for Molecular and Engineering Thermodynamics, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716-3110
| | - Pierre Baldi
- School of Information and Computer Sciences, University of California, Irvine
- Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California, Irvine
| | - Szu-Wen Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, 916 Engineering Tower, Irvine, CA 92697-2575
- Corresponding author Phone: 949-824-2383 Fax: 949-824-2541
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Uchida M, Kosuge H, Terashima M, Willits DA, Liepold LO, Young MJ, McConnell MV, Douglas T. Protein cage nanoparticles bearing the LyP-1 peptide for enhanced imaging of macrophage-rich vascular lesions. ACS Nano 2011; 5:2493-502. [PMID: 21391720 PMCID: PMC3082619 DOI: 10.1021/nn102863y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cage-like protein nanoparticles are promising platforms for cell- and tissue-specific targeted delivery of imaging and therapeutic agents. Here, we have successfully modified the 12 nm small heat shock protein from Methanococcus jannaschii (MjHsp) to detect atherosclerotic plaque lesions in a mouse model system. As macrophages are centrally involved in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis, targeted imaging of macrophages is valuable to assess the biologic status of the blood vessel wall. LyP-1, a nine residue peptide, has been shown to target tumor-associated macrophages. Thus, LyP-1 was genetically incorporated onto the exterior surface of MjHsp, while a fluorescent molecule (Cy5.5) was conjugated on the interior cavity. This bioengineered protein cage, LyP-Hsp, exhibited enhanced affinity to macrophage in vitro. Furthermore, in vivo injection of LyP-Hsp allowed visualization of macrophage-rich murine carotid lesions by in situ and ex vivo fluorescence imaging. These results demonstrate the potential of LyP-1-conjugated protein cages as nanoscale platforms for delivery of imaging agents for the diagnosis of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Uchida
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, 59717
- Department of Plant Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, 59717
| | - Hisanori Kosuge
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Masahiro Terashima
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Deborah A. Willits
- Department of Plant Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, 59717
- Center for Bio-Inspired Nanomaterials (CBIN), Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, 59717
| | - Lars O. Liepold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, 59717
- Center for Bio-Inspired Nanomaterials (CBIN), Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, 59717
| | - Mark J. Young
- Department of Plant Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, 59717
- Center for Bio-Inspired Nanomaterials (CBIN), Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, 59717
| | - Michael V. McConnell
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Trevor Douglas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, 59717
- Center for Bio-Inspired Nanomaterials (CBIN), Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, 59717
- Corresponding author: Trevor Douglas, Professor of Chemistry, Montana State University, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, 113 Chemistry and Biochemistry Building, Bozeman, MT 59715, phone (406)994-6566, fax (406) 994-5407,
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35
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Daniel MC, Tsvetkova IB, Quinkert ZT, Murali A, De M, Rotello VM, Kao CC, Dragnea B. Role of surface charge density in nanoparticle-templated assembly of bromovirus protein cages. ACS Nano 2010; 4:3853-60. [PMID: 20575505 PMCID: PMC2937271 DOI: 10.1021/nn1005073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembling icosahedral protein cages have potentially useful physical and chemical characteristics for a variety of nanotechnology applications, ranging from therapeutic or diagnostic vectors to building blocks for hierarchical materials. For application-specific functional control of protein cage assemblies, a deeper understanding of the interaction between the protein cage and its payload is necessary. Protein-cage encapsulated nanoparticles, with their well-defined surface chemistry, allow for systematic control over key parameters of encapsulation such as the surface charge, hydrophobicity, and size. Independent control over these variables allows experimental testing of different assembly mechanism models. Previous studies done with Brome mosaic virus capsids and negatively charged gold nanoparticles indicated that the result of the self-assembly process depends on the diameter of the particle. However, in these experiments, the surface-ligand density was maintained at saturation levels, while the total charge and the radius of curvature remained coupled variables, making the interpretation of the observed dependence on the core size difficult. The current work furnishes evidence of a critical surface charge density for assembly through an analysis aimed at decoupling the surface charge and the core size.
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36
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Grasso S, Santi L. Viral nanoparticles as macromolecular devices for new therapeutic and pharmaceutical approaches. Int J Physiol Pathophysiol Pharmacol 2010; 2:161-178. [PMID: 21383892 PMCID: PMC3047266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Viral nanoparticles are molecular cages derived from the assembly of viral structural proteins. They bear several peculiar features as proper dimensions for nanoscale applications, size homogeneity, an intrinsic robustness, a large surface area to mass ratio and a defined, repetitive and symmetric macromolecular organization. A number of expression strategies, using various biological systems, efficiently enable the production of significant quantities of viral nanoparticles, which can be easily purified. Genetic engineering and in vitro chemical modification consent to manipulate of the outer and inner surface of these nanocages, allowing specific changes of the original physico-chemical and biological properties. Moreover, several studies have focused on the in vitro disassembly/reassembly and gating of viral nanoparticles, with the aim of encapsulating exogenous molecules inside and therefore improving their potential as containment delivery devices. These technological progresses have led research to a growing variety of applications in different fields such as biomedicine, pharmacology, separation science, catalytic chemistry, crop pest control and material science. In this review we will focus on the strategies used to modify the characteristics of viral nanoparticles and on their use in biomedicine and pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Grasso
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata Rome, Italy
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37
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Sun J, DuFort C, Daniel MC, Murali A, Chen C, Gopinath K, Stein B, De M, Rotello VM, Holzenburg A, Kao CC, Dragnea B. Core-controlled polymorphism in virus-like particles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:1354-9. [PMID: 17227841 PMCID: PMC1783121 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0610542104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2006] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study concerns the self-assembly of virus-like particles (VLPs) composed of an icosahedral virus protein coat encapsulating a functionalized spherical nanoparticle core. The recent development of efficient methods for VLP self-assembly has opened the way to structural studies. Using electron microscopy with image reconstruction, the structures of several VLPs obtained from brome mosaic virus capsid proteins and gold nanoparticles were elucidated. Varying the gold core diameter provides control over the capsid structure. The number of subunits required for a complete capsid increases with the core diameter. The packaging efficiency is a function of the number of capsid protein subunits per gold nanoparticle. VLPs of varying diameters were found to resemble to three classes of viral particles found in cells (T=1, 2, and 3). As a consequence of their regularity, VLPs form three-dimensional crystals under the same conditions as the wild-type virus. The crystals represent a form of metallodielectric material that exhibits optical properties influenced by multipolar plasmonic coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchuan Sun
- *Biology, and
- Microscopy and Imaging Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Barry Stein
- Indiana Molecular Biology Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405; and
| | - Mrinmoy De
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01002
| | | | - Andreas Holzenburg
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics and
- *Biology, and
- Microscopy and Imaging Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
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