1
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Zhang Q, Xu W, Liu Q, Xia C, Shao Q, Ma L, Wu M. Diastereoselective dearomatization of indoles via photocatalytic hydroboration on hydramine-functionalized carbon nitride. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4371. [PMID: 38778032 PMCID: PMC11111752 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48769-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
A protocol for trans-hydroboration of indole derivatives using heterogeneous photocatalysis with NHC-borane has been developed, addressing a persistent challenge in organic synthesis. The protocol, leveraging high crystalline vacancy-engineered polymeric carbon nitride as a catalyst, enables diastereoselective synthesis, expanding substrate scope and complementing existing methods. The approach emphasizes eco-friendliness, cost-effectiveness, and scalability, making it suitable for industrial applications, particularly in renewable energy contexts. The catalyst's superior performance, attributed to its rich carbon-vacancies and well-ordered structure, surpasses more expensive homogeneous alternatives, enhancing viability for large-scale use. This innovation holds promise for synthesizing bioactive compounds and materials relevant to medicinal chemistry and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Zhang
- College of New Energy, State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Wengang Xu
- College of New Energy, State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, P. R. China.
| | - Qiong Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Measurement and Emergency Test Technology (China), Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, P. R. China.
| | - Congjian Xia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Qi Shao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Lishuang Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Mingbo Wu
- College of New Energy, State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, P. R. China.
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, P. R. China.
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2
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Zhang GQ, Wu XX, Zhao BY, Wang MY, Zhang HX, Wang YQ. Palladium-Catalyzed Intermolecular Dehydrogenative C-2 Pentenylation of Indoles with 2-Methyl-2-butene. Org Lett 2024; 26:3509-3513. [PMID: 38652867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Five-carbon (C5) units are the fundamental building blocks that constitute a multitude of natural products. Herein we report an unprecedented unusual C5 functionalization of indole regioselectively at the C-2-position enabled by a (2-pyridyl)sulfonyl-directing palladium-catalyzed dehydrogenative strategy with a bulk chemical 2-methyl-2-butene as a C5 source. Compared to typical C5 functionalization using pentenyl alcohols, carbonates, borates, or halides as the C5 source, the protocol not only has a low cost advantage but also is of atom and step economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Xuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Bao-Yin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Meng-Yue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Xia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
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3
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Rashid A, Lone WI, Dogra P, Rashid S, Bhat BA. HFIP-mediated C-3-alkylation of indoles and synthesis of indolo[2,3- b]quinolines & related natural products. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:3502-3509. [PMID: 38618907 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00414k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
An expeditious metal free C-3 alkylation of indoles and its NIS-mediated deviation to indolo[2,3-b]quinolines is reported. This protocol, executed in aqueous HFIP has broad substrate scope and is well inclined towards the ideas of sustainable chemistry. Applications of these strategies in accessing bioactive natural products like vibrindole, norcryptotakeine, neocryptolepine and indenoindolone scaffolds has also been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auqib Rashid
- Natural Products & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, Srinagar 190005, India.
- Natural Products & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir 180001, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Waseem I Lone
- Natural Products & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir 180001, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Preeti Dogra
- Natural Products & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir 180001, India.
| | - Showkat Rashid
- Natural Products & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir 180001, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Bilal A Bhat
- Natural Products & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, Srinagar 190005, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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4
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Guo H, Tian Y, Wu X, Tu L, Liu J, Zheng Y, Huang R. Efficient assembly and anti-tumor evaluation of novel polycyclic [1,2-a]-fused indoles. Bioorg Chem 2024; 146:107289. [PMID: 38493636 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Structurally diverse cyclopenta[4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]indoles heterocycles were smoothly constructed in good to excellent yields (up to 99 %) with excellent diastereoselectivities (>19:1 dr) through a novel and facile strategy based on BF3-catalyzed Friedel-Crafts alkylation/Aldol/Dehydrative cyclization cascade reaction. The anti-proliferative activity of these newly synthesized polycyclic indoles was screened, and all the functionalized reductive derivatives exhibited favorable anti-tumor activity. Notably, compound 4ae displayed the remarkable inhibitory activity against MCF-7 and HeLa cells with IC50 values of 4.62 μM and 7.71 μM, respectively. Mechanistically, the representative compound 4ae could effectively induce apoptosis of MCF-7 cells in crediting to up-regulate the relative expression of apoptotic protein BAX/Bcl-2, subsequently activate Pro-caspase 9 and cleave PARP, simultaneously block the cell cycle through down- and up-regulate the expression of cyclin B1 and p53, respectively. Moreover, compound 4ae also exhibited promising antineoplastic efficacy in subcutaneous MCF-7 xenograft mice which manifest significant shrunken tumors conspicuous nuclear apoptotic signal and minimal systemic toxicity. This strategy not only established a novel and efficient method for the assembly of structurally complex indole heterocycles, but also provided a series of compounds possessing attractive anti-cancer activity, which holds immense potential for future biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Guo
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Yuqi Tian
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Xing Wu
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Liang Tu
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Jikai Liu
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
| | - Yongsheng Zheng
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
| | - Rong Huang
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
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5
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Suzuki H, Ito Y, Yabe K, Takemura Y, Matsuda T. Rhodium-catalysed additive-free alkoxycarbonylation of indoles: 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoic acid-based carbonate anhydrides as a versatile alkoxycarboxyl source. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:3209-3214. [PMID: 38563730 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00205a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
We report a CO-free approach to indole-2-carboxylic esters: rhodium-catalysed C(2)-alkoxycarbonylation of indoles with 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoic acid-based carbonate anhydrides. Selective C-O bond cleavage of the anhydrides facilitates the introduction of various alkoxycarbonyl groups. Control experiments suggest that merging a rhodium catalyst and KI promotes the in situ formation of the RhI species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotsugu Suzuki
- Tenure-Track Program for Innovative Research, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui-shi, Fukui 910-8507, Japan.
| | - Yuki Ito
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
| | - Kentaro Yabe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
| | - Yosuke Takemura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
| | - Takanori Matsuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
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6
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Singh G, Marupalli SS, Arockiaraj M, Rajeshkumar V. I 2-Cs 2CO 3 Mediated Intramolecular C2-Amination and Oxidative Rearrangement Cascade of C-3 Phenylthio Indoles: A Route to Synthesize Thiosulfonate-Embedded 2-Iminoindolin-3-ones. J Org Chem 2024; 89:5861-5870. [PMID: 38552213 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
An efficient, transition-metal-free protocol employing I2/Cs2CO3 for the synthesis of thiosulfonate containing 2-iminoindolin-3-ones motifs has been developed from C-3 phenylthio indoles. The reaction proceeded through intramolecular cyclization involving C-N bond formation, leading to the formation of indole-fused benzothiazines as a key intermediate. Remarkably, Cs2CO3 played a crucial role in the reaction as an oxygen source, enabling oxidative rearrangement with [1,4]-sulfonyl migration to furnish the final products with the formation of multiple functional groups such as C═O, C═N, and S-SO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Singh
- Organic Synthesis & Catalysis Lab, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Hanumakonda - 506004, Telangana, India
| | - Sasi Sree Marupalli
- Organic Synthesis & Catalysis Lab, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Hanumakonda - 506004, Telangana, India
| | - Mariyaraj Arockiaraj
- Organic Synthesis & Catalysis Lab, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Hanumakonda - 506004, Telangana, India
| | - Venkatachalam Rajeshkumar
- Organic Synthesis & Catalysis Lab, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Hanumakonda - 506004, Telangana, India
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7
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Cao M, Zuo D, Wang D, Li Y, Zhao J, Tan J, Li P. Palladium-Catalyzed Iodine Assisted Carbonylation of Indoles with ClCF 2CO 2Na and Alcohols. J Org Chem 2024; 89:5871-5877. [PMID: 38595315 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed iodine-assisted carbonylation reaction of indoles with readily available ClCF2CO2Na and alcohols has been developed. This protocol provides a practical and efficient approach to highly regioselective indole-3-carboxylates via a preiodination strategy of indoles. Different from classic carbonylation using toxic and difficult-to-handle carbon monoxide, this operationally simple and scalable reaction employed difluorocarbene as the carbonyl surrogate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Cao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Zuo
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P. R. China
| | - Dan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P. R. China
| | - Yafei Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P. R. China
| | - Jiajing Tan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Pan Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P. R. China
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8
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Wei XP, Wang XC, Ma T, Qiao XX, Li G, He Y, Zhao XJ. B(C 6F 5) 3/CPA-Catalyzed Aza-Diels-Alder Reaction of 3,3-Difluoro-2-Aryl-3H-indoles and Unactivated Dienes. Chemistry 2024:e202401008. [PMID: 38624085 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Here we report B(C6F5)3/CPA-catalyzed enantioselective aza-Diels-Alder reaction of 3,3-difluoro-2-Aryl-3H-indoles with unactivated dienes to access chiral 10,10-difluoro-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]indoles. This protocol allows the formation of pyrazole-based C2-quaternary indolin-3-ones with high enantioselectivities and regioselectivities. Moreover, gram-scale synthesis of the 10,10-difluoro-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]indole skeleton was successfully achieved without any reduction in both yield and enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Pin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal, Endophytes, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xin-Chun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal, Endophytes, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Tao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal, Endophytes, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xiu-Xiu Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal, Endophytes, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Ganpeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal, Endophytes, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yonghui He
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal, Endophytes, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal, Endophytes, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, China
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9
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Nan J, Xiao H, Ma Y, Fan L, Wang J. Palladium-Catalyzed Domino Conversion of Aryl-Thianthreniums with Anhydrides: Rapidly Building Highly Functionalized Fluorenones. Org Lett 2024. [PMID: 38619225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
As a class of rising electrophilic coupling reagents, aryl-thianthreniums (aryl-TTs) have been gaining immense attention. Herein, a novel palladium-catalyzed domino annulation of aryl-TTs with anhydrides is proposed to rapidly assemble a collection of highly functionalized fluorenones. This finding presents an innovative reaction pattern of aryl-TTs wherein the domino annulation version is first involved. Heavily compared with the existing conversions with aryl-TTs, this identified process successively functions as four aryl C-H bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Nan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Antiviral and Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria Therapeutics Research, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Haiyan Xiao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Yangmin Ma
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Liangxin Fan
- College of Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
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10
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Pasha MH, Gondal HY, Munir S, Alhussain SA, Zaki MEA. New enantioenriched β-indolyl ketones as aromatase inhibitors: Unraveling heme-ligand interactions by MD simulation and MMPBSA analysis. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024:e2400010. [PMID: 38578079 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202400010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
A series of enantioenriched β-indolyl ketones as aromatase inhibitors (AI) is synthesized through the Michael-type Friedel-Crafts alkylation of indole. A highly efficient bifunctionalized amino catalyst is developed to access structurally diverse β-indolyl ketones in high yields (up to 91%) and excellent enantioselectivity (enantiomeric ratio up to 98:2). All the synthesized compounds demonstrated promising aromatase inhibitory potential, where ortho-substituted analogs (3c and 3e) were found most active with IC50 values of 0.68 and 0.90 µM, respectively. Both of these compounds exhibited significant cytotoxicity (IC50 = 0.34 and 0.37 µM) against the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line in the (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay. Molecular docking studies of the synthesized compounds demonstrate favorable binding interactions with the estrogens controlling CYP19A1 (3EQM) and metabolizing CYP3A4 (5VCC) enzymes. Molecular dynamic (MD) simulation analysis revealed the essentiality of heme-ligand interactions to build a stable protein-ligand complex. An average root mean square deviation of 0.35 nm observed during a 100-ns MD simulation and binding free energy in the range of -190 to -227 kJ/mol calculated by g_mmpbsa analysis authenticated the stability of the 3c-3EQM complex. ADMET and drug-likeness parameters supported the suitability of these indole derivatives as the drug lead to develop potent inhibitors for estrogen-dependent breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maira Hasnain Pasha
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | | | - Shanza Munir
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Sami A Alhussain
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magdi E A Zaki
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Mallick S, Mandal T, Kumari N, Roy L, De Sarkar S. Divergent Electrochemical Synthesis of Indoles through pK a Regulation of Amides: Synthetic and Mechanistic Insights. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304002. [PMID: 38290995 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
A divergent synthetic approach to access highly substituted indole scaffolds is illustrated. By virtue of a tunable electrochemical strategy, distinct control over the C-3 substitution pattern was achieved by employing two analogous 2-styrylaniline precursors. The chemoselectivity is governed by the fine-tuning of the acidity of the amide proton, relying on the appropriate selection of N-protecting groups, and assisted by the reactivity of the electrogenerated intermediates. Detailed mechanistic investigations based on cyclic voltametric experiments and computational studies revealed the crucial role of water additive, which assists the proton-coupled electron transfer event for highly acidic amide precursors, followed by an energetically favorable intramolecular C-N coupling, causing exclusive fabrication of the C-3 unsubstituted indoles. Alternatively, the implementation of an electrogenerated cationic olefin activator delivers the C-3 substituted indoles through the preferential nucleophilic nature of the N-acyl amides. This electrochemical approach of judicious selection of N-protecting groups to regulate pKa/E° provides an expansion in the domain of switchable generation of heterocyclic derivatives in a sustainable fashion, with high regio- and chemoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samrat Mallick
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Tanumoy Mandal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Nidhi Kumari
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Lisa Roy
- Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai-IOC Odisha Campus, Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, 751013, India
| | - Suman De Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
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12
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Pal S, Das D, Bhunia S. p-Toluenesulfonic acid-promoted organic transformations for the generation of molecular complexity. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:1527-1579. [PMID: 38275082 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01766d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Since the beginning of this century, p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TSA) catalysed organic transformations have been an active area of research for developing efficient synthetic methodologies. Often, catalysis using p-TSA is associated with many advantages, such as operational simplicity, high selectivity, excellent yields, and ease of product isolation, which make organic synthesis convenient and versatile. Notably, p-TSA is a non-toxic, commercially available, inexpensive solid organic compound that is soluble in water, alcohols, and other polar organic solvents. p-TSA is a strong acid compared to many protic or mineral acids and its high acidity helps activate different organic functional groups. p-TSA-promoted conversions are fast, have a high atom and pot economy, and feature a multiple bond-forming index. Therefore, the utilization of p-TSA enables the synthesis of many important structural scaffolds without any hazardous metals, making it desirable in numerous applications of sustainable and green chemistry. Recently, this emerging area of research has become one of the pillars of synthetic organic chemistry to synthesise biologically relevant, complex carbocycles and heterocycles. This study provides a comprehensive summary of methods, applications, and mechanistic insights into p-TSA-catalysed organic transformations, covering the literature reports that have appeared since 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanchari Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Triveni Devi Bhalotia College, Raniganj, India.
| | - Debjit Das
- Department of Chemistry, Triveni Devi Bhalotia College, Raniganj, India.
| | - Sabyasachi Bhunia
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India.
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13
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Qiao XX, Zhao SN, Li Q, Ma T, Li G, He Y, Zhao XJ. Asymmetric Organocatalyzed Cyclization Cascade Reactions of 3,3-Difluoro-2-aryl-3 H-indoles and Enamides. Org Lett 2024; 26:1154-1159. [PMID: 38323790 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The direct functionalization of β-C(sp2)-H bonds in enamides has garnered increasing attention within the realm of organic synthesis. However, these remarkable advancements are predominantly dependent on transition metals; limited success has been achieved via organocatalytic catalysis. Herein, we report a CPA-catalyzed β-C(sp2)-H functionalization of enamides cascade intramolecular cyclization to synthesize the chiral dihydropyrimido[1,6-a]indoles bearing gem-difluoromethylene. Moreover, this methodology enables the synthesis of diverse chiral dihydropyrimido[1,6-a]indoles with outstanding enantioselectivities in moderate to high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Xiu Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Shi-Na Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Tao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Ganpeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yonghui He
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University Kunming, 650500, China
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14
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Nandi R, Ajarul S, Mandal PK, Manna AS, Kayet A, Maiti DK. Hybrid Heterocycles: Ag(I)-Catalyzed C-C/C-N/C-O Coupled Cascade Dual Cyclization to Valuable Indolo-4 H-indolones and Indolo-4 H-chromenes. J Org Chem 2024; 89:2556-2570. [PMID: 38276896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report a highly efficient Ag(I)-catalyzed indolyzation with Friedel-Crafts alkylation through a cascade cyclization strategy for accessing valuable hybrid heterocycles for the first time. This general strategy consists of forming four C-C/C-N/C-O bonds toward dual annulation reactions of 2-alkynylanilines with methyl benzoate-2-carboxaldehydes and aromatic amines, as well as with salicylaldehydes and malononitrile. Variably substituted new indolo-4H-phthalimidines and indolo-4H-chromenes were synthesized with excellent yields (85-93%) under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Nandi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Sk Ajarul
- Government General Degree College at Salboni, Bhimpur, Paschim, Medinipur 721516, West Bengal, India
| | - Prakash K Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Anindya S Manna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Anirban Kayet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Dilip K Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
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15
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Nguyen HY, Tran TH, Do HN, Van Do D, Ngo QA, Tien NQ, Thanh Nga TT, Nguyen H, Hung TQ, Dang TT. LiO tBu-promoted synthesis of bis(3-indolyl)methanes by the alkylation of indoles with alcohols under air. RSC Adv 2024; 14:2341-2345. [PMID: 38213964 PMCID: PMC10782282 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07115d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Bis(3-indolyl)methanes (BIMs) are known for their important bioactivities, which include anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties. In this study, we are disclosing a metal catalyst-free synthesis of BIMs in high yields via the alkylation reaction of indoles and alcohols in the presence of lithium tert-butoxide base. Notably, oxygen in air played an important role as an oxidant for the facilitation of this transformation. Interestingly, unactivated aliphatic alcohols could be successfully used as alkylating reagents in the alkylation reactions of indole. Especially, several chemical intermediates detected by GC-MS gave important information about the mechanism insights. This method demonstrated cost and environmental advantages for the development of green processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Yen Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU-Hanoi University of Science 19 Le Thanh Tong Hanoi 10000 Vietnam
| | - Thu Hue Tran
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU-Hanoi University of Science 19 Le Thanh Tong Hanoi 10000 Vietnam
| | - Ha Nam Do
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU-Hanoi University of Science 19 Le Thanh Tong Hanoi 10000 Vietnam
| | - Dang Van Do
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU-Hanoi University of Science 19 Le Thanh Tong Hanoi 10000 Vietnam
| | - Quoc-Anh Ngo
- Insitute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi 10000 Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi 10000 Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Quyet Tien
- Insitute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi 10000 Vietnam
| | - Truong Thi Thanh Nga
- Insitute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi 10000 Vietnam
| | - Hien Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi National University of Education 136 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay Hanoi 10000 Vietnam
| | - Tran Quang Hung
- Insitute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi 10000 Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi 10000 Vietnam
| | - Tuan Thanh Dang
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU-Hanoi University of Science 19 Le Thanh Tong Hanoi 10000 Vietnam
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16
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Liu G, Zheng M, Tian R, Zhou Y. Site-Selective Synthesis of Antitumor C5-Aminated Indoles via Neighboring Aldehyde Group Assisted Catellani Reaction. Org Lett 2023; 25:9231-9236. [PMID: 38105532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
A palladium/norbornene (NBE) cooperative catalytic system was developed to access C5-aminated indoles, starting from readily available C4-idonated indoles. Good yields and exclusive site selectivity were achieved for a broad substrate scope, including drug molecule core architectures. Control experiments found that both aldehyde on the C3 position and sulfonyl protecting group on the N1 position were vital for the transformation. Preliminary bioactivity evaluation identified a promising leading compound 3af with potent antitumor proliferative activity against several cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyuan Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Mengzhu Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Rong Tian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Yirong Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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17
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Chen X, Zhou XY, Bao M. Base-Catalyzed Nucleophilic Addition Reaction of Indoles with Vinylene Carbonate: An Approach to Synthesize 4-Indolyl-1,3-dioxolanones. Molecules 2023; 28:7450. [PMID: 37959869 PMCID: PMC10649246 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The N-functionalized indole is a privileged structural framework in a wide range of bioactive molecules. The nucleophilic addition between indoles with vinylene carbonate proceeded smoothly in the presence of K2CO3 as the catalyst to produce novel indolyl-containing skeletons and 4-indolyl-1,3-dioxolanones in satisfactory to excellent yields (up to >97% yield). Various synthetically useful functional groups, such as halogen atoms, cyano, nitro, and methoxycarbonyl groups, remained intact during the regioselective N-H addition reactions. The developed catalytic system also could accommodate 2-naphthalenol to achieve the target O-H additive product in good yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Chen
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Liupanshui Normal University, Liupanshui 553004, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Liupanshui Normal University, Liupanshui 553004, China;
| | - Ming Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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18
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Dai M, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Wang R, Wei W, Zhang Z, Liang T. Iodine-Mediated C2,3-H Aminoheteroarylation of Indoles. J Org Chem 2023; 88:15106-15117. [PMID: 37864558 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
A metal-free one-pot oxidative cross-dehydrogenation coupling reaction for the formation of C-N/C-C bonds at the C2,3-positions of indoles with azoles and quinoxalinones has been developed. The proposed method has several notable features, including metal-free catalysis, the use of N-H free indoles as substrates, ease of operation, mild reaction conditions, and compatibility with a wide range of substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoyi Dai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Ruiyi Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Wanxing Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Zhuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry Technology and Resource Development, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Taoyuan Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry Technology and Resource Development, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
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19
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Shi Q, Hu H, Du M, Sun Y, Li Y, Li Y. Boron-Assisted Cobalt-Catalyzed C-H Methylation Using CO 2 and H 2. Org Lett 2023; 25:7100-7104. [PMID: 37767977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
C-H methylation of heteroarenes (e.g., indoles, pyrroles, etc.) is frequently applied in the synthesis of drug/biorelated compounds. We herein report the use of CO2/H2 as a methylation reagent for selective C-H methylation of indoles and pyrroles in the presence of cobalt/B(C6F5)3 cocatalysts. The Lewis acidic additive B(C6F5)3 is essential to achieving good reactivity for a broad scope of substituted indoles and pyrroles (20 examples, up to 92% yields). The C-H methylation is accomplished via the CO2 reduction/C-C bond formation/reduction sequence. Water is the only byproduct. This system based on the use of non-noble metal catalysts features an environmentally benign alternative for C-H methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Minxing Du
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yajun Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yudong Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Trace Chemicals Sensing, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, P. R. China
| | - Yuehui Li
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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20
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Gogula S, Prasanna DV, Thumma V, Misra S, Lincoln CA, Reddy PM, Hu A, Subbareddy BV. Efficient Green Synthesis, Anticancer Activity, and Molecular Docking Studies of Indolemethanes Using a Bioglycerol-Based Carbon Sulfonic Acid Catalyst. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:36401-36411. [PMID: 37810649 PMCID: PMC10552104 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Indolemethane derivatives are significant molecules in the study of N-heterocyclic chemistry. Herein, we designed and developed a highly efficient green synthesis of indolemethane compounds using a recyclable biodegradable glycerol-based carbon solid acid catalyst under solvent-free conditions at room temperature for 5 min with excellent yields. The synthesized compounds were subjected to cytotoxic activity against prostate (DU145), hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), and melanoma (B16) cell lines. The highest cytotoxicity effects were found with 1k (1.09 μM) and 1c (2.02 μM) against DU145, followed by 1a, 1d, 1f, 1n, and 1m between 5.10 and 8.18 μM concentrations. The anticancer activity is validated using molecular docking simulations, and comparing binding energies with the standard drug doxorubicin suggests that the title compounds are well fitted into the active site pocket of the target molecules..
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Affiliation(s)
- Sailam
Sri Gogula
- Department
of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500007, India
- Center
for Semiochemicals, CSIR-Indian Institute
of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Dasari Vijaya Prasanna
- Center
for Semiochemicals, CSIR-Indian Institute
of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Vishnu Thumma
- Department
of Science and Humanities, Matrusri Engineering
College, Hyderabad 500059, India
| | - Sunil Misra
- Department
of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute
of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Ch. Abraham Lincoln
- Department
of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - P. Muralidhar Reddy
- Department
of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Anren Hu
- Department
of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - B. V. Subbareddy
- Center
for Semiochemicals, CSIR-Indian Institute
of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
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21
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Rodríguez-Franco C, Ros A, Merino P, Fernández R, Lassaletta JM, Hornillos V. Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of Indole-Based Sulfenylated Heterobiaryls by Rhodium-Catalyzed Atroposelective Reductive Aldol Reaction. ACS Catal 2023; 13:12134-12141. [PMID: 37745194 PMCID: PMC10513111 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c03422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
A highly enantio- and diastereoselective dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) of configurationally labile 3-aryl indole-2-carbaldehydes is described. The DKR proceeds via a Rh-catalyzed intermolecular asymmetric reductive aldol reaction with acrylate esters, with simultaneous generation of three stereogenic elements. The strategy relies on the labilization of the stereogenic axis that takes place thanks to a transient Lewis acid-base interaction (LABI) between the formyl group and a thioether moiety strategically located at the ortho' position. The atropisomeric indole products present a high degree of functionalization and can be further converted to a series of axially chiral derivatives, thereby expanding their potential application in drug discovery and asymmetric catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Rodríguez-Franco
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Químicas (CSIC-US) and Centro de Innovación
en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Abel Ros
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Químicas (CSIC-US) and Centro de Innovación
en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Pedro Merino
- Instituto
de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rosario Fernández
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Universidad
de Sevilla and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada
(ORFEO−CINQA), C/Prof. García González, 1, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - José M. Lassaletta
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Químicas (CSIC-US) and Centro de Innovación
en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Valentín Hornillos
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Químicas (CSIC-US) and Centro de Innovación
en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Universidad
de Sevilla and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada
(ORFEO−CINQA), C/Prof. García González, 1, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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22
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Zhao J, Wu M, Luo J, Shi L, Li H. N-Heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed enantioselective annulation of 2-amino-1 H-indoles and bromoenals for the synthesis of chiral 2-aryl-2,3-dihydropyrimido[1,2- a]indol-4 (1 H)-ones. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:6675-6680. [PMID: 37540068 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01006f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
An efficient N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-catalyzed enantioselective [3 + 3] annulation of 2-bromoenals with 2-amino-1H-indoles has been developed. A series of functionalized 2-aryl-2,3-dihydropyrimido[1,2-a]indol-4(1H)-ones were synthesized using NHCs as the catalyst in good yields with high to excellent enantioselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Min Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Jiamin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Lei Shi
- Döhler Food & Beverage Ingredients (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, 739 Shennan Road, Shanghai 201108, China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
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23
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Cui J, Wang T. B(C 6F 5) 3-mediated direct intramolecular C7-alkenylation of N-propargylindoles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:10279-10282. [PMID: 37539546 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02599c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
B(C6F5)3-mediated direct C7-alkenylation of N-propargylindoles without directing groups was developed. This reaction proceeds via the π-activation of the alkynyl group with B(C6F5)3/Friedel-Crafts alkenylation/proton transfer reaction sequence. Interestingly, C7-alkenylation products could further convert into the fused indoles by deprotonation and finally polyaromatic N-heterocycles by the hydride abstraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cui
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Tongdao Wang
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
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24
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Singh Chauhan AN, Mali G, Dua G, Samant P, Kumar A, Erande RD. [RhCp*Cl 2] 2-Catalyzed Indole Functionalization: Synthesis of Bioinspired Indole-Fused Polycycles. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:27894-27919. [PMID: 37576617 PMCID: PMC10413382 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic fused indoles are ubiquitous in natural products and pharmaceuticals due to their immense structural diversity and biological inference, making them suitable for charting broader chemical space. Indole-based polycycles continue to be fascinating as well as challenging targets for synthetic fabrication because of their characteristic structural frameworks possessing biologically intriguing compounds of both natural and synthetic origin. As a result, an assortment of new chemical processes and catalytic routes has been established to provide unified access to these skeletons in a very efficient and selective manner. Transition-metal-catalyzed processes, in particular from rhodium(III), are widely used in synthetic endeavors to increase molecular complexity efficiently. In recent years, this has resulted in significant progress in reaching molecular scaffolds with enormous biological activity based on core indole skeletons. Additionally, Rh(III)-catalyzed direct C-H functionalization and benzannulation protocols of indole moieties were one of the most alluring synthetic techniques to generate indole-fused polycyclic molecules efficiently. This review sheds light on recent developments toward synthesizing fused indoles by cascade annulation methods using Rh(III)-[RhCp*Cl2]2-catalyzed pathways, which align with the comprehensive and sophisticated developments in the field of Rh(III)-catalyzed indole functionalization. Here, we looked at a few intriguing cascade-based synthetic designs catalyzed by Rh(III) that produced elaborate frameworks inspired by indole bioactivity. The review also strongly emphasizes mechanistic insights for reaching 1-2, 2-3, and 3-4-fused indole systems, focusing on Rh(III)-catalyzed routes. With an emphasis on synthetic efficiency and product diversity, synthetic methods of chosen polycyclic carbocycles and heterocycles with at least three fused, bridged, or spiro cages are reviewed. The newly created synthesis concepts or toolkits for accessing diazepine, indol-ones, carbazoles, and benzo-indoles, as well as illustrative privileged synthetic techniques, are included in the featured collection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ghanshyam Mali
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Jodhpur, Jodhpur 342037, India
| | - Garima Dua
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Jodhpur, Jodhpur 342037, India
| | - Priya Samant
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Jodhpur, Jodhpur 342037, India
| | - Akhilesh Kumar
- Department
of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans
University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Rohan D. Erande
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Jodhpur, Jodhpur 342037, India
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25
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Zhao JQ, Wang WJ, Zhou S, Xiao QL, Xue XS, Zhang YP, You Y, Wang ZH, Yuan WC. 3-Nitroindoles Serving as N-Centered Nucleophiles for Aza-1,6-Michael Addition to para-Quinone Methides. Molecules 2023; 28:5529. [PMID: 37513401 PMCID: PMC10384903 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
An unprecedented N-alkylation of 3-nitroindoles with para-quinone methides was developed for the first time. Using potassium carbonate as the base, a wide range of structurally diverse N-diarylmethylindole derivatives were obtained with moderated to good yields via the protection group migration/aza-1,6-Michael addition sequences. The reaction process was also demonstrated by control experiments. Different from the previous advances where 3-nitrodoles served as electrophiles trapping by various nucleophiles, the reaction herein is featured that 3-nitrodoles is defined with latent N-centered nucleophiles to react with ortho-hydrophenyl p-QMs for construction of various N-diarylmethylindoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Qiang Zhao
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Wen-Jie Wang
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Shun Zhou
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qi-Lin Xiao
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Xi-Sha Xue
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Yan-Ping Zhang
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Yong You
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Wang
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Wei-Cheng Yuan
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
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26
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Mishra AK, Chauhan A, Kumar S, Kant R, Kumar R. Catalyst-Controlled Diastereoselective Synthesis of Bridged [3.3.1] Bis(Indolyl)-Oxanes and Oxepanes via Desymmetrization of Bis(Indolyl)-Cyclohexadienones. Org Lett 2023; 25:3034-3039. [PMID: 37092788 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
A catalyst-controlled divergent synthesis of bridged [3.3.1] bis(indolyl)-oxanes and cis-[6.7] fused bis(indolyl) oxepanes via diastereoselective desymmetrization of bis(indolyl)-cyclohexadienones is presented for the first time. The reaction is highly atom- and step-economic, furnishing sp3-rich functionalized bis(indolyl) derivatives in good to excellent yields with wide substrate scope. The reaction proceeds through Friedel-Crafts alkylation followed by catalyst-controlled selective C-C bond formation/rearrangement. Gram scale synthesis and synthetic utility to generate bis(indolyl) alkaloid-like molecular diversity were also illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar Mishra
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Anil Chauhan
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ruchir Kant
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ravindra Kumar
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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27
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Kathiravan S, Zhang T, Nicholls IA. Iridium catalysed C2 site-selective methylation of indoles using a pivaloyl directing group through weak chelation-assistance. RSC Adv 2023; 13:11291-11295. [PMID: 37057266 PMCID: PMC10088075 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02031b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we present an iridium catalysed C2-selective methylation of indoles using methyltrifluoroborate as a source of methyl group. The iridium catalyst selectively discriminates the indole C2 and C4 C-H bonds by coordination with a pivaloyl directing group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tianshu Zhang
- Bioorganic & Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory, Linnaeus University Centre for Biomaterials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry & Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University Kalmar SE-39182 Sweden
| | - Ian A Nicholls
- Bioorganic & Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory, Linnaeus University Centre for Biomaterials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry & Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University Kalmar SE-39182 Sweden
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28
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Tian Y, He D, Gao L, Zou Y, Liu X, Wang Q, Liang E, Zheng Y. Regioselective Reaction of 2-Indolylmethanols with Enamides. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083341. [PMID: 37110576 PMCID: PMC10140953 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A highly regioselective reaction of 2-indolylmethanols with enamides has been developed at room temperature by using AlCl3 as a catalyst. A wide range of hybrids (40 examples) of indoles and enamides were obtained in moderate to good yields (up to 98% yield). This transformation represents the efficient way to introduce biologically important indoles and enamides skeleton into structurally complex hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Dongqing He
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414000, China
| | - Limei Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yu Zou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Enxiang Liang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414000, China
| | - Yongsheng Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
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29
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Pang Q, Zuo WF, Zhang Y, Li X, Han B. Recent Advances on Direct Functionalization of Indoles in Aqueous Media. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202200289. [PMID: 36722727 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Indoles and their derivatives have dominated a significant proportion of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds and play an essential role in synthetic and medicinal chemistry, pesticides, and advanced materials. Compared with conventional synthetic strategies, direct functionalization of indoles provides straightforward access to construct diverse indole scaffolds. As we enter an era emphasizing green and sustainable chemistry, utilizing environment-friendly solvents represented by water demonstrates great potential in synthesizing valuable indole derivatives. This review aims to depict the critical aspects of aqueous-mediated indoles functionalization over the past decade and discusses the future challenges and prospects in this fast-growing field. For the convenience of readers, this review is classified into three parts according to the bonding modes (C-C, C-N, and C-S bonds), which focus on the diversity of indole derivatives, the prominent role of water in the chemical process, and the types of catalyst systems and mechanisms. We hope this review can promote the sustainable development of the direct functionalization of indoles and their derivatives and the discovery of novel and practical organic methods in aqueous phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwen Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Wei-Fang Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
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30
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Leonel G, Klann I, Back DF, Iglesias BA, Nogueira CW, Zeni G. Electrophile-Promoted Nucleophilic Cyclization of 2-Alkynylindoles to Give 4-Substituted Oxazinoindolones. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202847. [PMID: 36322046 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A method for the synthesis of 4-organoselanyl oxazinoindolone derivatives by the cascade cyclization of N-(alkoxycarbonyl)-2-alkynylindoles using iron(III) chloride and diorganyl diselenides as promoters was developed. This protocol was applied to a series of N-(alkoxycarbonyl)-2-alkynylindoles containing different substituents. The reaction conditions also tolerated a variety of diorganyl diselenides having both electron donating and electron withdrawing groups. However, the reaction did not work for diorganyl disulfides and ditellurides. The reaction mechanism seems to proceed via an ionic pathway and the cooperative action between iron(III) chloride and diorganyl diselenides is crucial for successful cyclization. We also found that using the same starting materials, by simply changing the electrophilic source to iodine, led to the formation of 4-iodo-oxazinoindolones. The high reactivity of Csp2 -Se and Csp2 -I bonds were tested under cross-coupling conditions leading to the preparation of a new class of functionalized indole derivatives. In addition, the absorption, emission and electrochemical properties of 4-organoselanyl oxazinoindolones showed an important relationship with the substituents of the aromatic rings. The advantages of the methodology include the use of electrophilic to promote the cyclization reaction and functionalization of the indole ring, and the electronic properties presented by the prepared compounds can be exploited as probes, analyte detectors and optical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Leonel
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade, Avaliação Farmacológica, Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, CCNE, UFSM, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Isabella Klann
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade, Avaliação Farmacológica, Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, CCNE, UFSM, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Davi F Back
- Laboratório de Materiais Inorgânicos Departamento de Química, CCNE, UFSM, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Bernardo A Iglesias
- Laboratório de Bioinorgânica e Materiais Porfirínicos Departamento de Química, CCNE, UFSM, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Cristina W Nogueira
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade, Avaliação Farmacológica, Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, CCNE, UFSM, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Gilson Zeni
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade, Avaliação Farmacológica, Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, CCNE, UFSM, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
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31
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Rana G, Kar A, Kundal S, Musib D, Jana U. DDQ/Fe(NO 3) 3-Catalyzed Aerobic Synthesis of 3-Acyl Indoles and an In Silico Study for the Binding Affinity of N-Tosyl-3-acyl Indoles toward RdRp against SARS-CoV-2. J Org Chem 2023; 88:838-851. [PMID: 36622749 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we herein report a DDQ-catalyzed new protocol for the synthesis of substituted 3-acylindoles. Being a potential system for virtual hydrogen storage, introduction of catalytic DDQ in combination with Fe(NO3)3·9H2O and molecular oxygen as co-catalysts offers a regioselective oxo-functionalization of C-3 alkyl-/aryllidine indolines even with scale-up investigations. Intermediate isolation, their spectroscopic characterization, and the density functional theory calculations indicate that the method involves dehydrogenative allylic hydroxylation and 1,3-functional group isomerization/aromatization followed by terminal oxidation to afford 3-acylindoles quantitatively with very high regioselectivity. This method is very general for a large number of substrates with varieties of functional groups tolerance emerging high-yield outcome. Moreover, molecular docking studies were performed for some selected ligands with an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase complex (RdRp complex) of SARS-CoV-2 to illustrate the binding potential of those ligands. The docking results revealed that few of the ligands possess the potential to inhibit the RdRp of SARS-Cov-2 with binding energies (-6.7 to -8.19 kcal/mol), which are comparably higher with respect to the reported binding energies of the conventional re-purposed drugs such as Remdesivir, Ribavirin, and so forth (-4 to -7 kcal/mol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Rana
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700 032, West Bengal, India
| | - Abhishek Kar
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700 032, West Bengal, India
| | - Sandip Kundal
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700 032, West Bengal, India
| | - Dulal Musib
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal 795004, Manipur, India
| | - Umasish Jana
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700 032, West Bengal, India
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32
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Lao T, Chen J, Zhou X, Zhang Z, Cao G, Su Z, Yu Y, Cao H. Visible-light-induced synthesis of N-disulfanyl indoles, pyrroles or carbazoles via the construction of stable S-S-N bonds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:458-461. [PMID: 36519391 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04616d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A simple and efficient visible-light-induced approach for the formation of stable S-S-N bonds has been developed. Through these photocatalytic reactions, a series of N-disulfanyl indoles, pyrroles and carbazoles were afforded with good to excellent yields. Moreover, the gram-scale experiment has confirmed the practicability of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianfeng Lao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China.
| | - Jianxin Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China.
| | - Xianhang Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China.
| | - Ziwu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China.
| | - Gao Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China.
| | - Zhengquan Su
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China.
| | - Yue Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China. .,Guangdong Pharmaceutical University-University of Hong Kong Joint Biomedical Innovation Platform, Zhongshan 528437, China
| | - Hua Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China. .,Guangdong Pharmaceutical University-University of Hong Kong Joint Biomedical Innovation Platform, Zhongshan 528437, China
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33
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Mamone M, Gentile G, Dosso J, Prato M, Filippini G. Direct C2-H alkylation of indoles driven by the photochemical activity of halogen-bonded complexes. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:575-581. [PMID: 37153645 PMCID: PMC10155616 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A light-driven metal-free protocol for the synthesis of sulfone-containing indoles under mild conditions is reported. Specifically, the process is driven by the photochemical activity of halogen-bonded complexes formed upon complexation of a sacrificial donor, namely 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO), with α-iodosulfones. The reaction provides a variety of densely functionalized products in good yields (up to 96% yield). Mechanistic investigations are reported. These studies provide convincing evidences for the photochemical formation of reactive open-shell species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Mamone
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gentile
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Jacopo Dosso
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
- Centre for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC BiomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014, Donostia San Sebastián, Spain
- Basque Fdn Sci, Ikerbasque, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Giacomo Filippini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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34
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Cheng Q, Yan W, Li T, Jiao Y, Tang Z. Insights into the regioselectivity and diastereoselectivity of the Nazarov cyclization of 3-alkenyl-2-indolylmethanol with tryptophol. Org Chem Front 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo01896a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory calculations of Nazarov cyclizations showed that 3-alkenyl-2-indolylmethanol and tryptophol formed binary and ternary complexes, respectively, in the presence and absence of H2O to produce C–N and C–C products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China
| | - Wenxin Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China
| | - Tian Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China
| | - Yinchun Jiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecular, Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China
| | - Zilong Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecular, Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China
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35
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DFT Insights into the mechanism of Ru(II) Catalyzed C7-selective amidation of N-pivaloylindole. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2022.122534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Sandeep K, Kumar AS, Kumara Swamy KC. Rhodium‐Catalyzed Vinyl Sulfonylation of 3‐Carbonyl‐Substituted Indoles with Ethenesulfonyl Fluoride by Cross‐Dehydrogenative Coupling: An Application in (3+2) Cycloaddition. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202201037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Sandeep
- School of Chemistry University of Hyderabad Gachibowli Hyderabad 5000046 Telangana State India
| | - A. Sanjeeva Kumar
- School of Chemistry University of Hyderabad Gachibowli Hyderabad 5000046 Telangana State India
| | - K. C. Kumara Swamy
- School of Chemistry University of Hyderabad Gachibowli Hyderabad 5000046 Telangana State India
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37
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Xiao F, Liao P, Lu X, Wang J, Dong XQ, Wang CJ. Iridium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Cascade Allylation/Lactonization of Indole Esters: Access to Chiral Tricyclic Oxazinoindolones. Org Lett 2022; 24:8592-8597. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Xiao
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Shanghai, 230021, P.R. China
| | - Peiqin Liao
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoguang Lu
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P.R. China
| | - Jin Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Qin Dong
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Jiang Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Shanghai, 230021, P.R. China
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38
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Yang S, Li L, Zhao J. Chiral Phosphoric Acid‐Catalyzed Chemo‐ and Enantioselective N‐Alkylation of Indoles with Imines. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202201077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyuan Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen) Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University Shenzhen 518107 People's Republic of China
| | - Linger Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen) Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University Shenzhen 518107 People's Republic of China
| | - Junling Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen) Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University Shenzhen 518107 People's Republic of China
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39
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Li L, Ren J, Zhou J, Wu X, Shao Z, Yang X, Qian D. Enantioselective synthesis of N-alkylindoles enabled by nickel-catalyzed C-C coupling. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6861. [PMID: 36369422 PMCID: PMC9652415 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34615-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enantioenriched N-alkylindole compounds, in which nitrogen is bound to a stereogenic sp3 carbon, are an important entity of target molecules in the fields of biological, medicinal, and organic chemistry. Despite considerable efforts aimed at inventing methods for stereoselective indole functionalization, straightforward access to a diverse range of chiral N-alkylindoles in an intermolecular catalytic fashion from readily available indole substrates remains an ongoing challenge. In sharp contrast to existing C-N bond-forming strategies, here, we describe a modular nickel-catalyzed C-C coupling protocol that couples a broad array of N-indolyl-substituted alkenes with aryl/alkenyl/alkynyl bromides to produce chiral N-alkylindole adducts in single regioisomeric form, in up to 91% yield and 97% ee. The process is amenable to proceed under mild conditions and exhibit broad scope and high functional group compatibility. Utility is highlighted through late-stage functionalization of natural products and drug molecules, preparation of chiral building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Li
- grid.440773.30000 0000 9342 2456Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, and State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Jiangtao Ren
- grid.440773.30000 0000 9342 2456Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, and State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China ,Southwest United Graduate School, Kunming, China
| | - Jingjie Zhou
- grid.440773.30000 0000 9342 2456Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, and State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaomei Wu
- grid.440773.30000 0000 9342 2456Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, and State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhihui Shao
- grid.440773.30000 0000 9342 2456Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, and State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China ,Southwest United Graduate School, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- grid.440773.30000 0000 9342 2456Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, and State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Deyun Qian
- grid.440773.30000 0000 9342 2456Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, and State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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40
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Ahmad T, Khan S, Ullah N. Recent Advances in the Catalytic Asymmetric Friedel-Crafts Reactions of Indoles. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:35446-35485. [PMID: 36249392 PMCID: PMC9558610 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Functionalized chiral indole derivatives are privileged and versatile organic frameworks encountered in numerous pharmaceutically active agents and biologically active natural products. The catalytic asymmetric Friedel-Crafts reaction of indoles, catalyzed by chiral metal complexes or chiral organocatalysts, is one of the most powerful and atom-economical approaches to access optically active indole derivatives. Consequently, a wide range of electrophilic partners including α,β-unsaturated ketones, esters, amides, imines, β,γ-unsaturated α-keto- and α-ketiminoesters, ketimines, nitroalkenes, and many others have been successfully employed to achieve a plethora of functionalized chiral indole moieties. In particular, strategies for C-H functionalization in the phenyl of indoles require incorporation of a directing or blocking group in the phenyl or azole ring of indole. The discovery of chiral catalysts which can control enantiodiscrimination has gained a great deal of attention in recent years. This review will provide an updated account on the application of the asymmetric Friedel-Crafts reaction of indoles in the synthesis of diverse chiral indole derivatives, covering the timeframe from 2011 to today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tauqir Ahmad
- Chemistry
Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum
and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sardaraz Khan
- Chemistry
Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum
and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nisar Ullah
- Chemistry
Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum
and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
- The
Center for Refining & Advanced Chemicals, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
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Zhang J, Zhang B, He J, Shi H, Du Y. Divergent synthesis of 2-methylthioindole and 2-unsubstituted indole derivatives mediated by SOCl 2 and dimethyl/diethyl sulfoxides. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:7886-7890. [PMID: 36169012 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01580c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A metal-free divergent synthesis of indole compounds dependent on a reagent via intramolecular C(sp2)-H amination was described. The reaction of 2-vinylanilines with DMSO/SOCl2 at 70 °C was found to give 2-thiomethylindoles, while replacing DMSO with diethyl sulfoxide afforded 2-unsubstituted indoles in a highly selective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingran Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Beibei Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Jiaxin He
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Haofeng Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Yunfei Du
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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42
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Chen N, Deng TT, Li JQ, Cui XY, Sun WW, Wu B. Hypervalent Iodine(III)-Mediated Umpolung Dialkoxylation of N-Substituted Indoles. J Org Chem 2022; 87:12759-12771. [PMID: 36170012 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report dialkoxylation of N-substituted indoles through a hypervalent iodine-mediated umpolung strategy, affording trans-2,3-dimethoxyindolines with up to 95% yield. In addition, C5-selective bromination of 2,3-dialkoxyindoline via NBS-mediated rearomatization was achieved. DFT calculation of the sequence of electrophilic addition and nucleophilic substitution pathway of N-substituted indoles has also been investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ting-Ting Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jin-Quan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xin-Yue Cui
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wen-Wu Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Bin Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China.,Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
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Sohail M, Bilal M, Maqbool T, Rasool N, Ammar M, Mahmood S, Malik A, Zubair M, Abbas Ashraf G. Iron-catalyzed synthesis of N-heterocycles via intermolecular and intramolecular cyclization reactions: A review. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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44
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Qian C, Huang T, Sun J, Li P. Catalyst-Controlled Divergent Reactions of 2,3-Disubstituted Indoles with Propargylic Alcohols: Synthesis of 3 H-Benzo[ b]azepines and Axially Chiral Tetrasubstituted Allenes. Org Lett 2022; 24:6472-6476. [PMID: 36040372 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Catalyst-controlled divergent reactions of 2,3-disubstituted indoles with propargylic alcohols were developed for the first time. In the presence of TsOH or B(C6F5)3 as catalyst, 2,3-disubstituted indoles reacted smoothly with 3-alkynyl-3-hydroxyisoindolinones to afford 3H-benzo[b]azepines by selective C2(sp2)-C3(sp2) ring expansion of indoles. In contrast, decreasing the catalyst strength (e.g., with chiral phosphoric acid) interrupted the cascade reactions, affording axially chiral tetrasubstituted allenes bearing an adjacent chiral quaternary carbon stereocenter. Control experiments provided insights into the reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxiao Qian
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.,Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tingting Huang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Jianwei Sun
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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Recent advances in theoretical studies on transition-metal-catalyzed regioselective C-H functionalization of indoles. J Mol Model 2022; 28:267. [PMID: 35994132 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-022-05265-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Indole compounds are widely found in natural products and drug candidates. The transition-metal-catalyzed regioselective C-H bond functionalization of indoles as the most efficient method for the synthesis of various functionalized indoles has been extensively studied in the past two decades due to its advantages of step economy and atom economy. In general, the catalysts included the transition-metals (Pd, Rh, Ru, Cu, Co, Fe, Zn, and Ga) and these reactions were accomplished with a remarkably wide range of coupling reagents for construction of various C-C and C-X (X = N, O, S) bonds. However, the general and important rules of the regioselectivity are not clear to date. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis through previous reported theoretical studies on transition-metal-catalyzed regioselective C-H bond functionalization of indoles was crucial and significant. In this review, we found that when the C-H bond activation process was the rate-determining step, the regioselectivity ordinarily occurred at the C7 or C4 positions (on benzene ring), and otherwise, the regioselectivity often occurred at C2 position (on pyrrole ring). For indoline substrates, the C-H bond functionalization occurred at the benzene ring. General rules of the regioselectivities for transition-metal-catalyzed C-H bond functionalization of indoles. This review collects major advances in the transition-metal-catalyzed C-H bond functionalization of indoles and indolines.
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Bhatt S, Wang YN, Pham H, Hull KL. Palladium-Catalyzed Oxidative Amination of α-Olefins with Indoles. Org Lett 2022; 24:5746-5750. [PMID: 35905441 PMCID: PMC9807023 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report the use of indoles, one of the most common nitrogen-containing heterocycles in FDA-approved drugs, as nucleophiles in the Pd-catalyzed aza-Wacker reaction. This N-functionalization of indoles is a Markovnikov selective olefin functionalization of simple alkenes using catalytic Pd(NPhth)2(PhCN)2 and O2 as the terminal oxidant in the presence of catalytic Bu4NBr. Various substituted indoles and alkenes are found to participate; 21 examples are presented with yields ranging from 41 to 97% isolated yield. Additionally, lactams and oxazolidinones are shown to participate under the reaction conditions. Mechanistic investigations suggest that the phthalimide ligand and Bu4NBr additive slow undesired side reactions: indole decomposition and olefin isomerization, respectively.
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Paul T, Basak S, Punniyamurthy T. Weak Chelation-Assisted C4-Selective Alkylation of Indoles with Cyclopropanols via Sequential C-H/C-C Bond Activation. Org Lett 2022; 24:6000-6005. [PMID: 35947032 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A Rh-catalyzed weak chelation-guided C4-alkylation of indoles has been accomplished using cyclopropanols as an alkylating agent via the cascade C-H and C-C bond activation. The substrate scope, functional group tolerance, and late-stage mutation of drug molecules are the important practical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tripti Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Shubhajit Basak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
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48
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Wang F, Chen C, Zhang F, Meng Q. Comprehensive Theoretical Study of Nickel‐NHC‐catalyzed Enantioselective Intramolecular Indole C‐H Cyclization: Reaction Mechanism, Reactivity, Regioselectivity, and Electronic Processes. Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fen Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taishan University Taian Shandong China
| | - Changbao Chen
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University Taian Shandong People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Film Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Fujian Industrial Co., Ltd. Xiamen Fujian China
| | - Qingxi Meng
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University Taian Shandong People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Film Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs China
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49
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Ma C, Li C, Bai J, Xiao J, Zhai Y, Guo Y, Ma S. Rhodium-Catalyzed Intermolecular Stereoselective Allylation of Indoles with Allenes. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyan Ma
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Can Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiahui Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junzhe Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yizhan Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yinlong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengming Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, People’s Republic of China
- Research Center for Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 220 Handan Lu, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
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50
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Huang J, Chen LL, Chen ZM. Palladium-Catalyzed Three-Component Cross-Coupling of Conjugated Dienes with Indoles Using Ethynylbenziodazolones as Electrophilic Alkynylating Reagents. Org Lett 2022; 24:5777-5781. [PMID: 35912967 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed regioselective 1,2-alkynyl-carbonalization of conjugated dienes with ethynylbenziodazolone (EBZ) and indoles has been developed for the first time. Various molecules containing alkenyl, alkynyl, and indole groups were readily obtained. Moreover, the resulting products can be applied to various derivatizations. This protocol uses EBZ as an electrophilic alkynylating reagent, avoiding the byproduct of dimerization of alkynes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Ling-Ling Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Min Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
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