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Cheng H, Wang N, Yang Y, Jiao X, Han P, Duan W, Huang D, An M, Chen W, Yao X, Zhang X. The enhanced visible light driven photocatalytic activity of zinc porphyrin/g-C3N4 nanosheet for efficient bacterial infected wound healing. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 643:183-195. [PMID: 37058893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has received much attention as a metal-free polymeric two-dimensional photocatalyst for antibiotic-free antibacterial application. However, the weak photocatalytic antibacterial activity of pure g-C3N4 stimulated by visible light limits its applications. Herein, g-C3N4 is modified with Zinc (II) meso-tetrakis (4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin (ZnTCPP) by amidation reaction to enhance the utilization of visible light and reduce the recombination of electron-hole pairs. The composite (ZP/CN) is used to treat bacterial infection under visible light irradiation with a high efficacy of 99.99% within 10 min due to the enhanced photocatalytic activity. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy and density flooding theory calculations indicate the excellent electrical conductivity between the interface of ZnTCPP and g-C3N4. The formed built-in electric field is responsible for the high visible photocatalytic performance of ZP/CN. In vitro and in vivo tests have demonstrated that ZP/CN not only possesses excellent antibacterial activity upon visible light irradiation, but also facilitates the angiogenesis. In addition, ZP/CN also suppresses the inflammatory response. Therefore, this inorganic-organic material can serve as a promising platform for effective healing of bacteria-infected wounds.
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3
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Qu K, Duan P, Wang JY, Zhang B, Zhang QC, Hong W, Chen ZN. Capturing the Rotation of One Molecular Crank by Single-Molecule Conductance. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:9729-9735. [PMID: 34761680 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Unveiling the internal dynamics of rotation in molecular machine at single-molecule scale is still a challenge. In this work, three crank-shaped molecules are elaborately designed with the conformational flipping between syn and anti fulfilled by two naphthyl groups rotating freely along 1,3-butadiynyl axis. By investigating the single-molecule conductance using scanning tunnelling microscope break junction (STM-BJ) technique and theoretical simulation, the internal rotation of these crank-shaped molecules is well identified through low and high conductance corresponding to syn- and anti-conformations. As demonstrated by theoretically computational study, the orbital energy changes with the conformational flipping and influences the intraorbital quantum interference, thus eventually modulating the single-molecule conductance. This work demonstrates single-molecule conductance measurement to be a rational approach for characterizing the internal rotation of molecular machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Science, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ping Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, NEL, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Jin-Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Science, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Bochao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Qian-Chong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Science, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Fujian Science and Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Wenjing Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, NEL, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Zhong-Ning Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Science, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
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4
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Zwick P, Dulić D, van der Zant HSJ, Mayor M. Porphyrins as building blocks for single-molecule devices. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:15500-15525. [PMID: 34558586 PMCID: PMC8485416 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr04523g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Direct measurement of single-molecule electrical transparency by break junction experiments has become a major field of research over the two last decades. This review specifically and comprehensively highlights the use of porphyrins as molecular components and discusses their potential use for the construction of future devices. Throughout the review, the features provided by porphyrins, such as low level misalignments and very low attenuation factors, are shown with numerous examples, illustrating the potential and limitations of these molecular junctions, as well as differences emerging from applied integration/investigation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Zwick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Diana Dulić
- Department of Physics and Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Chile, Avenida Blanco Encalada 2008, Santiago 8330015, Chile
| | - Herre S J van der Zant
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Mayor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
- Institute for Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P. O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM), School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), 510275 Guangzhou, China
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Yuan S, Gao T, Cao W, Pan Z, Liu J, Shi J, Hong W. The Characterization of Electronic Noise in the Charge Transport through Single-Molecule Junctions. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2001064. [PMID: 34927823 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202001064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With the goal of creating single-molecule devices and integrating them into circuits, the emergence of single-molecule electronics provides various techniques for the fabrication of single-molecule junctions and the investigation of charge transport through such junctions. Among the techniques for characterization of charge transport through molecular junctions, electronic noise characterization is an effective strategy with which issues from molecule-electrode interfaces, mechanisms of charge transport, and changes in junction configurations are studied. Electronic noise analysis in single-molecule junctions can be used to identify molecular conformations and even monitor reaction kinetics. This review summarizes the various types of electronic noise that have been characterized during single-molecule electrical detection, including the functions of random telegraph signal (RTS) noise, flicker noise, shot noise, and their corresponding applications, which provide some guidelines for the future application of these techniques to problems of charge transport through single-molecule junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saisai Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering iChEM, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Tengyang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering iChEM, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Wenqiang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering iChEM, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zhichao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering iChEM, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Junyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering iChEM, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jia Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering iChEM, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Wenjing Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering iChEM, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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6
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Peculiar effect of acylamino and cyan groups on thermal behavior of 2-(1-cyano-1-methylethyl)azocarboxamide. J Loss Prev Process Ind 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2020.104379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Leary E, Kastlunger G, Limburg B, Rincón-García L, Hurtado-Gallego J, González MT, Bollinger GR, Agrait N, Higgins SJ, Anderson HL, Stadler R, Nichols RJ. Long-lived charged states of single porphyrin-tape junctions under ambient conditions. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2021; 6:49-58. [PMID: 33107543 DOI: 10.1039/d0nh00415d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The ability to control the charge state of individual molecules wired in two-terminal single-molecule junctions is a key challenge in molecular electronics, particularly in relation to the development of molecular memory and other computational componentry. Here we demonstrate that single porphyrin molecular junctions can be reversibly charged and discharged at elevated biases under ambient conditions due to the presence of a localised molecular eigenstate close to the Fermi edge of the electrodes. In particular, we can observe long-lived charge-states with lifetimes upwards of 1-10 seconds after returning to low bias and large changes in conductance, in excess of 100-fold at low bias. Our theoretical analysis finds charge-state lifetimes within the same time range as the experiments. The ambient operation demonstrates that special conditions such as low temperatures or ultra-high vacuum are not essential to observe hysteresis and stable charged molecular junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund Leary
- Department of Chemistry, Donnan and Robert Robinson Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK.
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Aragonès AC, Martín‐Rodríguez A, Aravena D, Puigmartí‐Luis J, Amabilino DB, Aliaga‐Alcalde N, González‐Campo A, Ruiz E, Díez‐Pérez I. Tuning Single-Molecule Conductance in Metalloporphyrin-Based Wires via Supramolecular Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:19193-19201. [PMID: 33448538 PMCID: PMC7590179 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nature has developed supramolecular constructs to deliver outstanding charge-transport capabilities using metalloporphyrin-based supramolecular arrays. Herein we incorporate simple, naturally inspired supramolecular interactions via the axial complexation of metalloporphyrins into the formation of a single-molecule wire in a nanoscale gap. Small structural changes in the axial coordinating linkers result in dramatic changes in the transport properties of the metalloporphyrin-based wire. The increased flexibility of a pyridine-4-yl-methanethiol ligand due to an extra methyl group, as compared to a more rigid 4-pyridinethiol linker, allows the pyridine-4-yl-methanethiol ligand to adopt an unexpected highly conductive stacked structure between the two junction electrodes and the metalloporphyrin ring. DFT calculations reveal a molecular junction structure composed of a shifted stack of the two pyridinic linkers and the metalloporphyrin ring. In contrast, the more rigid 4-mercaptopyridine ligand presents a more classical lifted octahedral coordination of the metalloporphyrin metal center, leading to a longer electron pathway of lower conductance. This works opens to supramolecular electronics, a concept already exploited in natural organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert C. Aragonès
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of Natural & Mathematical SciencesKing's College LondonBritannia House, 7 Trinity StreetLondonSE1 1DBUK
- Current address: Molecular Spectroscopy DepartmentMax Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
| | - Alejandro Martín‐Rodríguez
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i OrgànicaDiagonal 64508028BarcelonaSpain
- Institut de Química Teòrica i ComputacionalUniversitat de BarcelonaDiagonal 64508028BarcelonaSpain
| | - Daniel Aravena
- Departamento de Química de los MaterialesFacultad de Química y BiologíaUniversidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH)Casilla 40, Correo 33SantiagoChile
| | - Josep Puigmartí‐Luis
- Institute of Chemical and BioengineeringETH ZurichVladimir Prelog Weg 18093ZurichSwitzerland
| | - David B. Amabilino
- The GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable ChemistryThe University of NottinghamTriumph RoadNottinghamNG7 2TUUK
| | - Núria Aliaga‐Alcalde
- ICMAB-CSIC (Institut de Ciència dels Materials de Barcelona)Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona08193BellaterraSpain
- ICREA (Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats)Passeig Lluis Companys 2308010BarcelonaSpain
| | - Arántzazu González‐Campo
- ICMAB-CSIC (Institut de Ciència dels Materials de Barcelona)Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona08193BellaterraSpain
| | - Eliseo Ruiz
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i OrgànicaDiagonal 64508028BarcelonaSpain
- Institut de Química Teòrica i ComputacionalUniversitat de BarcelonaDiagonal 64508028BarcelonaSpain
| | - Ismael Díez‐Pérez
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of Natural & Mathematical SciencesKing's College LondonBritannia House, 7 Trinity StreetLondonSE1 1DBUK
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9
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Aragonès AC, Martín‐Rodríguez A, Aravena D, Puigmartí‐Luis J, Amabilino DB, Aliaga‐Alcalde N, González‐Campo A, Ruiz E, Díez‐Pérez I. Tuning Single‐Molecule Conductance in Metalloporphyrin‐Based Wires via Supramolecular Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202007237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert C. Aragonès
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Natural & Mathematical Sciences King's College London Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street London SE1 1DB UK
- Current address: Molecular Spectroscopy Department Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Alejandro Martín‐Rodríguez
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica Diagonal 645 08028 Barcelona Spain
- Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional Universitat de Barcelona Diagonal 645 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Daniel Aravena
- Departamento de Química de los Materiales Facultad de Química y Biología Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH) Casilla 40, Correo 33 Santiago Chile
| | - Josep Puigmartí‐Luis
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering ETH Zurich Vladimir Prelog Weg 1 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - David B. Amabilino
- The GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry The University of Nottingham Triumph Road Nottingham NG7 2TU UK
| | - Núria Aliaga‐Alcalde
- ICMAB-CSIC (Institut de Ciència dels Materials de Barcelona) Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 08193 Bellaterra Spain
- ICREA (Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats) Passeig Lluis Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
| | - Arántzazu González‐Campo
- ICMAB-CSIC (Institut de Ciència dels Materials de Barcelona) Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 08193 Bellaterra Spain
| | - Eliseo Ruiz
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica Diagonal 645 08028 Barcelona Spain
- Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional Universitat de Barcelona Diagonal 645 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Ismael Díez‐Pérez
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Natural & Mathematical Sciences King's College London Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street London SE1 1DB UK
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Handayani M, Tanaka H, Katayose S, Ohto T, Chen Z, Yamada R, Tada H, Ogawa T. Three site molecular orbital controlled single-molecule rectifiers based on perpendicularly linked porphyrin-imide dyads. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:22724-22729. [PMID: 31750493 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr07105a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The original single-molecule rectifier proposed by Aviram and Ratner is based on a donor-σ-acceptor structure, in which σ functions as the insulator to disconnect the π electronic systems of the two parts. However, there have been no reports on experimentally demonstrated highly efficient single-molecule rectifiers based on this mechanism. In this paper, we demonstrate single-molecule rectifiers with perpendicularly connected metal porphyrin-imide dyads. Our proposed molecule rectifiers use hydroxyl groups at both ends as weak anchoring groups. Measurements of the single-molecule current-voltage characteristics of these molecules clearly show that the rectification ratio reached a high value of 14 on average. Moreover, the ratio could be tuned by changing the central metal in the porphyrin core. All of these features can be explained by the energy-level shift of the molecular orbital using a model with three electronic parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murni Handayani
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan. and Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Research Center for Metallurgy and Materials, Building 470, PUSPIPTEK Area, Cisauk, Tangerang Selatan, Banten 15314, Indonesia
| | - Hirofumi Tanaka
- Department of Human Intelligence Systems, Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu 808-0196, Japan
| | - Shinichi Katayose
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
| | - Tatsuhiko Ohto
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Zhijin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
| | - Ryo Yamada
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tada
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Takuji Ogawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
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11
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El Abbassi M, Zwick P, Rates A, Stefani D, Prescimone A, Mayor M, van der Zant HSJ, Dulić D. Unravelling the conductance path through single-porphyrin junctions. Chem Sci 2019; 10:8299-8305. [PMID: 31803408 PMCID: PMC6853084 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc02497b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
By studying transport through seven structurally related porphyrin derivatives with a machine learning algorithm we could identify and distinguish three different electronic paths.
Porphyrin derivatives are key components in natural machinery enabling us to store sunlight as chemical energy. In spite of their prominent role in cascades separating electrical charges and their potential as sensitizers in molecular devices, reports concerning their electronic transport characteristics are inconsistent. Here we report a systematic investigation of electronic transport paths through single porphyrin junctions. The transport through seven structurally related porphyrin derivatives was repeatedly measured in an automatized mechanically controlled break-junction set-up and the recorded data were analyzed by an unsupervised clustering algorithm. The correlation between the appearances of similar clusters in particular sub-sets of the porphyrins with a common structural motif allowed us to assign the corresponding current path. The small series of model porphyrins allowed us to identify and distinguish three different electronic paths covering more than four orders of magnitude in conductance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria El Abbassi
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience , Delft University of Technology , 2600 GA Delft , The Netherlands .
| | - Patrick Zwick
- Department of Chemistry , University of Basel , CH-4056 Basel , Switzerland .
| | - Alfredo Rates
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience , Delft University of Technology , 2600 GA Delft , The Netherlands . .,Department of Physics , Department of Electrical Engineering , Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , University of Chile , Avenida Blanco Encalada 2008 , Santiago 8330015 , Chile .
| | - Davide Stefani
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience , Delft University of Technology , 2600 GA Delft , The Netherlands .
| | | | - Marcel Mayor
- Department of Chemistry , University of Basel , CH-4056 Basel , Switzerland . .,Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , D-76021 Karlsruhe , Germany.,Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM) , School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU) , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - Herre S J van der Zant
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience , Delft University of Technology , 2600 GA Delft , The Netherlands .
| | - Diana Dulić
- Department of Physics , Department of Electrical Engineering , Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , University of Chile , Avenida Blanco Encalada 2008 , Santiago 8330015 , Chile .
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12
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Martin MM, Lungerich D, Haines P, Hampel F, Jux N. Electronic Communication across Porphyrin Hexabenzocoronene Isomers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:8932-8937. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201903654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Max M. Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Organic Chemistry IIFriedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuernberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Dominik Lungerich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Organic Chemistry IIFriedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuernberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Department of Chemistry & Molecular Technology Innovation Presidential Endowed ChairThe University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Philipp Haines
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyPhysical Chemistry IFriedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuernberg Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Frank Hampel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Organic Chemistry IIFriedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuernberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Norbert Jux
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Organic Chemistry IIFriedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuernberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
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13
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Martin MM, Lungerich D, Haines P, Hampel F, Jux N. Elektronische Kommunikation von Porphyrin‐Hexabenzocoronen‐Isomeren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201903654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Max M. Martin
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Organische Chemie IIFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Dominik Lungerich
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Organische Chemie IIFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
- Department of Chemistry & Molecular Technology Innovation Presidential Endowed ChairThe University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Philipp Haines
- Department Chemie und PharmaziePhysikalische Chemie IFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Frank Hampel
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Organische Chemie IIFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Norbert Jux
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Organische Chemie IIFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
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14
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Buimaga-Iarinca L, Morari C. Charge transport pathways in metal porphyrin as interplay between long and short range scattering processes. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:045204. [PMID: 30468678 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aaed75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the ballistic transport for Mn, Fe-porphyrin molecules in contact with Au(111) electrodes by using density functional theory. We show that the information resulted from the projected density of electronic states does not provide a complete picture of the transport mechanism. Instead, we propose a methodology based on the concept of the orbital projected transmissions for selected groups of atoms. We have found that the transmission channels for occupied states can be assigned to short range scattering processes at gold-molecule interface, while for the states above Fermi level the transmission takes place via long range scattering processes. The interplay between these two conduction mechanisms is responsible for the transport path in metal-porphyrin; our model is in qualitative agreement with the existing experimental data on transport pathway on single porphyrin molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Buimaga-Iarinca
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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15
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Stefani D, Perrin M, Gutiérrez‐Cerón C, Aragonès AC, Labra‐Muñoz J, Carrasco RDC, Matsushita Y, Futera Z, Labuta J, Ngo TH, Ariga K, Díez‐Pérez I, van der Zant HSJ, Dulić D, Hill JP. Mechanical Tuning of Through‐Molecule Conductance in a Conjugated Calix[4]pyrrole. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201801076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Stefani
- Kavli Institute of NanoscienceDelft University of Technology Lorentzweg 1 2628 CJ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Mickael Perrin
- Kavli Institute of NanoscienceDelft University of Technology Lorentzweg 1 2628 CJ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Cristian Gutiérrez‐Cerón
- Physics DepartmentFaculty of Physical and Mathematical SciencesUniversity of Chile, Av. Blanco Encalada 2008 Santiago Chile
| | - Albert C. Aragonès
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of Natural & Mathematical SciencesKing's College London, Brittania House, 7 Trinity Street London SE1 1DB United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline Labra‐Muñoz
- Physics DepartmentFaculty of Physical and Mathematical SciencesUniversity of Chile, Av. Blanco Encalada 2008 Santiago Chile
| | - Rodrigo D. C. Carrasco
- Physics DepartmentFaculty of Physical and Mathematical SciencesUniversity of Chile, Av. Blanco Encalada 2008 Santiago Chile
| | - Yoshitaka Matsushita
- Research Network and Facilities DivisionNational Institute for Materials Science, Sengen 1-2-1, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0047 Japan
| | - Zdenek Futera
- School of Chemical & Bioprocess EngineeringUniversity College Dublin, Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - Jan Labuta
- WPI Center for Materials NanoarchitectonicsNational Institute for Materials Science, Namiki 1–1, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
| | - Thien H. Ngo
- WPI Center for Materials NanoarchitectonicsNational Institute for Materials Science, Namiki 1–1, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Ariga
- WPI Center for Materials NanoarchitectonicsNational Institute for Materials Science, Namiki 1–1, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
| | - Ismael Díez‐Pérez
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of Natural & Mathematical SciencesKing's College London, Brittania House, 7 Trinity Street London SE1 1DB United Kingdom
| | - Herre S. J. van der Zant
- Kavli Institute of NanoscienceDelft University of Technology Lorentzweg 1 2628 CJ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Diana Dulić
- Physics DepartmentFaculty of Physical and Mathematical SciencesUniversity of Chile, Av. Blanco Encalada 2008 Santiago Chile
| | - Jonathan P. Hill
- WPI Center for Materials NanoarchitectonicsNational Institute for Materials Science, Namiki 1–1, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
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16
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Bera K, Maiti S, Maity M, Mandal C, Maiti NC. Porphyrin-Gold Nanomaterial for Efficient Drug Delivery to Cancerous Cells. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:4602-4619. [PMID: 30023896 PMCID: PMC6045359 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
With an aim to overcome multidrug resistance (MDR), nontargeted delivery, and drug toxicity, we developed a new nanochemotherapeutic system with tetrasodium salt of meso-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (TPPS) armored on gold nanoparticles (TPPS-AuNPs). The nanocarrier is able to be selectively internalized within tumor cells than in normal cells followed by endocytosis and therefore delivers the antitumor drug doxorubicin (DOX) particularly to the nucleus of diseased cells. The embedment of TPPS on the gold nanosurface provides excellent stability and biocompatibility to the nanoparticles. Porphyrin interacts with the gold nanosurface through the coordination interaction between gold and pyrrolic nitrogen atoms of the porphyrin and forms a strong association complex. DOX-loaded nanocomposite (DOX@TPPS-AuNPs) demonstrated enhanced cellular uptake with significantly reduced drug efflux in MDR brain cancer cells, thereby increasing the retention time of the drug within tumor cells. It exhibited about 9 times greater potency for cellular apoptosis via triggered release commenced by acidic pH. DOX has been successfully loaded on the porphyrin-modified gold nanosurface noncovalently with high encapsulation efficacy (∼90%) and tightly associated under normal physiological conditions but capable of releasing ∼81% of drug in a low-pH environment. Subsequently, DOX-loaded TPPS-AuNPs exhibited higher inhibition of cellular metastasis, invasion, and angiogenesis, suggesting that TPPS-modified AuNPs could improve the therapeutic efficacy of the drug molecule. Unlike free DOX, drug-loaded TPPS-AuNPs did not show toxicity toward normal cells. Therefore, higher drug encapsulation efficacy with selective targeting potential and acidic-pH-mediated intracellular release of DOX at the nucleus make TPPS-AuNPs a "magic bullet" for implication in nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Bera
- Structural
Biology and Bioinformatics Division and Cancer Biology & Inflammatory
Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute
of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Samarpan Maiti
- Structural
Biology and Bioinformatics Division and Cancer Biology & Inflammatory
Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute
of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Mritunjoy Maity
- Structural
Biology and Bioinformatics Division and Cancer Biology & Inflammatory
Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute
of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Chitra Mandal
- Structural
Biology and Bioinformatics Division and Cancer Biology & Inflammatory
Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute
of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Nakul C. Maiti
- Structural
Biology and Bioinformatics Division and Cancer Biology & Inflammatory
Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute
of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
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17
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Parra GG, Ferreira LP, Gonçalves PJ, Sizova SV, Oleinikov VA, Morozov VN, Kuzmin VA, Borissevitch IE. Stimulation of Cysteine-Coated CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dot Luminescence by meso-Tetrakis (p-sulfonato-phenyl) Porphyrin. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2018; 13:40. [PMID: 29404784 PMCID: PMC5799094 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-018-2449-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Interaction between porphyrins and quantum dots (QD) via energy and/or charge transfer is usually accompanied by reduction of the QD luminescence intensity and lifetime. However, for CdSe/ZnS-Cys QD water solutions, kept at 276 K during 3 months (aged QD), the significant increase in the luminescence intensity at the addition of meso-tetrakis (p-sulfonato-phenyl) porphyrin (TPPS4) has been observed in this study. Aggregation of QD during the storage provokes reduction in the quantum yield and lifetime of their luminescence. Using steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence techniques, we demonstrated that TPPS4 stimulated disaggregation of aged CdSe/ZnS-Cys QD in aqueous solutions, increasing the quantum yield of their luminescence, which finally reached that of the fresh-prepared QD. Disaggregation takes place due to increase in electrostatic repulsion between QD at their binding with negatively charged porphyrin molecules. Binding of just four porphyrin molecules per single QD was sufficient for total QD disaggregation. The analysis of QD luminescence decay curves demonstrated that disaggregation stronger affected the luminescence related with the electron-hole annihilation in the QD shell. The obtained results demonstrate the way to repair aged QD by adding of some molecules or ions to the solutions, stimulating QD disaggregation and restoring their luminescence characteristics, which could be important for QD biomedical applications, such as bioimaging and fluorescence diagnostics. On the other hand, the disaggregation is important for QD applications in biology and medicine since it reduces the size of the particles facilitating their internalization into living cells across the cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo G Parra
- Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-901, Brazil.
- Present Address: MackGraphe, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, SP, 01302-907, Brazil.
| | - Lucimara P Ferreira
- Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Pablo J Gonçalves
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Caixa Postal 131, Goiânia, GO, 74001-970, Brazil
| | - Svetlana V Sizova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya str, Moscow, Russia, 117997
| | - Vladimir A Oleinikov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya str, Moscow, Russia, 117997
| | | | | | - Iouri E Borissevitch
- Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-901, Brazil
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Caixa Postal 131, Goiânia, GO, 74001-970, Brazil
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18
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Stuyver T, Perrin M, Geerlings P, De Proft F, Alonso M. Conductance Switching in Expanded Porphyrins through Aromaticity and Topology Changes. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:1313-1326. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thijs Stuyver
- Department
of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mickael Perrin
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg
1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Paul Geerlings
- Department
of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frank De Proft
- Department
of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mercedes Alonso
- Department
of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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19
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Pawlicki AA, Vilan A, Jurow M, Drain CM, Batteas JD. The influence of nearest-neighbour interactions and assembly dynamics on the transport properties of porphyrin supramolecular assemblies on Au(111). Faraday Discuss 2017; 204:349-366. [PMID: 28871297 DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00118e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Here we report on the effect of local molecular organization or "tertiary structure" on the charge transport properties of thiol-tethered tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnTPPF4-SC5SH) nanoscale clusters of ca. 5 nm in lateral dimension embedded within a dodecanethiol (C12) monolayer on Au(111). The structure of the clusters in the mixed monolayers and their resulting transport properties were monitored by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) and Spectroscopy (STS). The mixed films were deposited on Au(111) for a period of one to five days, during which the lateral dimensions of the ZnTPPF4-SC5SH islands that were formed after one day reduced by nearly 35% on average by five days, accompanied by a noticeable depletion of the surrounding C12 monolayer. These subtle changes in mixed monolayer morphology were accompanied by drastic differences in conductance. The ZnTPPF4-SC5SH clusters assembled for one day exhibited highly reproducible I-V spectra with simple tunneling behavior. By three days, this evolved into bias-induced switching of conductance, with a ∼100-1000 fold increase. Furthermore, current fluctuations started to become significant, and then dominated transport across the ZnTPPF4-SC5SH clusters assembled over five days. Our data suggests that this evolution can be understood by slow surface diffusion, enabling the ZnTPPF4-SC5SH molecules to overcome initial steric hindrance in the early stages of island formation in the C12 monolayer (at day one), to reach a more energetically-favored, close-packed organization, as noted by the decrease in island size (by day three). However, when desorption of the supporting matrix of C12 became pronounced (by day five), the ZnTPPF4-SC5SH clusters began to lose stabilization, and stochastic switching was then observed to dominate transport in the clusters, illustrating the critical nature of the local organization on these transport properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison A Pawlicki
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, PO Box 3003, College Station, TX 77842, USA.
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20
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Sadeghi H, Sangtarash S, Lambert C. Robust Molecular Anchoring to Graphene Electrodes. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:4611-4618. [PMID: 28700831 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b01001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in the engineering of picoscale gaps between electroburnt graphene electrodes provide new opportunities for studying electron transport through electrostatically gated single molecules. But first we need to understand and develop strategies for anchoring single molecules to such electrodes. Here, for the first time we present a systematic theoretical study of transport properties using four different modes of anchoring zinc-porphyrin monomer, dimer, and trimer molecular wires to graphene electrodes. These involve either amine anchor groups, covalent C-C bonds to the edges of the graphene, or coupling via π-π stacking of planar polyaromatic hydrocarbons formed from pyrene or tetrabenzofluorene (TBF). π-π stacked pyrene anchors are particularly stable, which may be advantageous for forming robust single-molecule transistors. Despite their planar, multiatom coupling to the electrodes, pyrene anchors can exhibit both destructive interference and different degrees of constructive interference, depending on their connectivity to the porphyrin wire, which makes them attractive also for thermoelectricity. TBF anchors are more weakly coupled to both the graphene and the porphyrin wires and induce negative differential conductance at finite source-drain voltages. Furthermore, although direct C-C covalent bonding to the edges of graphene electrodes yields the highest electrical conductance, electron transport is significantly affected by the shape and size of the graphene electrodes because the local density of states at the carbon atoms connecting the electrode edges to the molecule is sensitive to the electrode surface shape. This sensitivity suggests that direct C-C bonding may be the most desirable for sensing applications. The ordering of the low-bias electrical conductances with different anchors is as follows: direct C-C coupling > π-π stacking with the pyrene anchors > direct coupling via amine anchors > π-π stacking with TBF anchors. Despite this dependency of conductances on the mode of anchoring, the decay of conductance with the length of the zinc-porphyrin wires is relatively insensitive with the associated attenuation factor β lying between 0.9 and 0.11 Å-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatef Sadeghi
- Quantum Technology Centre, Department of Physics, Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Sangtarash
- Quantum Technology Centre, Department of Physics, Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Lambert
- Quantum Technology Centre, Department of Physics, Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
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21
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Fujii S, Marqués-González S, Shin JY, Shinokubo H, Masuda T, Nishino T, Arasu NP, Vázquez H, Kiguchi M. Highly-conducting molecular circuits based on antiaromaticity. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15984. [PMID: 28722006 PMCID: PMC5524926 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aromaticity is a fundamental concept in chemistry. It is described by Hückel’s rule that states that a cyclic planar π-system is aromatic when it shares 4n+2 π-electrons and antiaromatic when it possesses 4n π-electrons. Antiaromatic compounds are predicted to exhibit remarkable charge transport properties and high redox activities. However, it has so far only been possible to measure compounds with reduced aromaticity but not antiaromatic species due to their energetic instability. Here, we address these issues by investigating the single-molecule charge transport properties of a genuinely antiaromatic compound, showing that antiaromaticity results in an order of magnitude increase in conductance compared with the aromatic counterpart. Single-molecule current–voltage measurements and ab initio transport calculations reveal that this results from a reduced energy gap and a frontier molecular resonance closer to the Fermi level in the antiaromatic species. The conductance of the antiaromatic complex is further modulated electrochemically, demonstrating its potential as a high-conductance transistor. Antiaromatic molecules are predicted to have unusual charge transport properties, but are notoriously unstable and reactive. Here, the authors successfully fabricate an antiaromatic molecular circuit, based on a macrocyclic complex, displaying much higher conductance than its aromatic counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Fujii
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Santiago Marqués-González
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Ji-Young Shin
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Takuya Masuda
- Global Research Center for Environment and Energy Based on Nanomaterials Science (GREEN), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Nishino
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Narendra P Arasu
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Cukrovarnicka 10, Prague CZ-162 00, Czech Republic
| | - Héctor Vázquez
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Cukrovarnicka 10, Prague CZ-162 00, Czech Republic
| | - Manabu Kiguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
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22
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Fujii S, Kanae S, Iwane M, Nishino T, Osuga T, Murase T, Fujita M, Kiguchi M. Effect of Ag Ion Insertion on Electron Transport through Au Ion Wires. CHEM LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.160286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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23
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Shaikh AJ. Exploring the Direction of Charge Transfer in Porphyrin - PbSe Quantum Dot Hybrids. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahson J. Shaikh
- Department of Chemistry; COMSATS Institute of Information Technology; Abbottabad- 22060, KPK Pakistan
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Delft University of Technology; Julianalaan 136 2628 BL Delft the Netherlands
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24
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Li L, Lo WY, Cai Z, Zhang N, Yu L. Proton-triggered switch based on a molecular transistor with edge-on gate. Chem Sci 2016; 7:3137-3141. [PMID: 29997804 PMCID: PMC6005264 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc00152a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The manipulation of charge transport through single molecules so that electronic information can be controlled is a basic challenge that is important for both fundamental understanding of the mechanisms and the potential applications in single-molecule technologies. This paper reports the influence of protonation on the gating effect in a series of molecular wires utilizing a pyridinoparacyclophane (PPC) moiety as the edge-on gate. It was found that the molecular conductance, transition voltage, and the corresponding tunnelling barriers can be reversibly switched by the protonation/deprotonation process of the nitrogen atom on the PPC pyridine ring. It was found that protonation levels off the tunnelling barrier of different molecules and converts p-type molecular wires into n-type, reversibly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianwei Li
- Department of Chemistry and the James Franck Institute , The University of Chicago , 929 E 57th Street , Chicago , IL 60637 , USA .
| | - Wai-Yip Lo
- Department of Chemistry and the James Franck Institute , The University of Chicago , 929 E 57th Street , Chicago , IL 60637 , USA .
| | - Zhengxu Cai
- Department of Chemistry and the James Franck Institute , The University of Chicago , 929 E 57th Street , Chicago , IL 60637 , USA .
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and the James Franck Institute , The University of Chicago , 929 E 57th Street , Chicago , IL 60637 , USA .
| | - Luping Yu
- Department of Chemistry and the James Franck Institute , The University of Chicago , 929 E 57th Street , Chicago , IL 60637 , USA .
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25
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Mol JA, Lau CS, Lewis WJM, Sadeghi H, Roche C, Cnossen A, Warner JH, Lambert CJ, Anderson HL, Briggs GAD. Graphene-porphyrin single-molecule transistors. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:13181-13185. [PMID: 26185952 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr03294f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a robust graphene-molecule-graphene transistor architecture. We observe remarkably reproducible single electron charging, which we attribute to insensitivity of the molecular junction to the atomic configuration of the graphene electrodes. The stability of the graphene electrodes allow for high-bias transport spectroscopy and the observation of multiple redox states at room-temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan A Mol
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, 16 Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK.
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26
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Wierzbowska M, Rode MF, Sadek M, Sobolewski AL. Contacts for organic switches with carbon-nanotube leads. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:245201. [PMID: 26011251 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/24/245201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We focus on two classes of organic switches operating due to the photo- or field-induced proton transfer (PT) process. By means of first-principles simulations, we search for the atomic contacts that strengthen diversity of the two swapped current-voltage (I-V) characteristics between two tautomers. We emphasize that the low-resistive contacts do not necessarily possess good switching properties. Very often, the higher-current flow makes it more difficult to distinguish between the logic states. Instead, the more resistive contacts multiply a current gear to a larger extent. The low- and high-bias work regimes set additional conditions, which are fulfilled by different contacts: (i) in the very low-voltage regime, the direct connections to the nanotubes perform better than the popular sulfur contacts, and (ii) in the higher-voltage regime, the best are the peroxide (-O-O-) contacts. Additionally, we find that the switching-bias value is not an inherent property of the conducting molecule, but it strongly depends on the chosen contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Wierzbowska
- Institut of Physics, Polish Academy of Science (PAS), Al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warszawa, Poland
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27
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Shaikh AJ, Rabbani F, Sherazi TA, Iqbal Z, Mir S, Shahzad SA. Binding strength of porphyrin-gold nanoparticle hybrids based on number and type of linker moieties and a simple method to calculate inner filter effects of gold nanoparticles using fluorescence spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:1108-16. [PMID: 25611751 DOI: 10.1021/jp510924n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticle-porphyrin assemblies were formed by binding functionalized porphyrins to gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs). Spectroscopic properties of hybrids and binding strength of porphyrins to Au-NPs were observed based on number and type of linker moieties using fluorescence spectroscopy. Binding appears to be dependent on number rather than type of linker moieties present on the porphyrin molecules, as tetraaminophenyl porphyrin shows the highest binding among the molecules we studied and causes agglomeration of nanoparticles due to presence of four linker groups. The inner filter effects of Au-NPs are considerably high due to their high extinction coefficient and cause large errors in the evaluation of quenching efficiencies. We have described a very simple method to calculate the inner filter effects of Au-NPs by first loading them with porphyrins and then replacing them with nonfluorescent ligands. The difference in the fluorescence of unbound porphyrins in the presence and absence of Au-NPs describes their inner filter effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahson J Shaikh
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology , Abbottabad-22060, Pakistan
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28
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Li Z, Smeu M, Park TH, Rawson J, Xing Y, Therien MJ, Ratner MA, Borguet E. Hapticity-dependent charge transport through carbodithioate-terminated [5,15-bis(phenylethynyl)porphinato]zinc(II) complexes in metal-molecule-metal junctions. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:5493-5499. [PMID: 25255444 DOI: 10.1021/nl502466a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Single molecule break junction experiments and nonequilibrium Green's function calculations using density functional theory (NEGF-DFT) of carbodithioate- and thiol-terminated [5,15-bis(phenylethynyl)-10,20-diarylporphinato]zinc(II) complexes reveal the impact of the electrode-linker coordination mode on charge transport at the single-molecule level. Replacement of thiolate (-S(-)) by the carbodithioate (-CS2(-)) anchoring motif leads to an order of magnitude increase of single molecule conductance. In contrast to thiolate-terminated structures, metal-molecule-metal junctions that exploit the carbodithioate linker manifest three distinct conductance values. We hypothesize that the magnitudes of these conductances depend upon carbodithoate linker hapticity with measured conductances across Au-[5,15-bis(4'-(dithiocarboxylate)phenylethynyl)-10,20-diarylporphinato]zinc(II)-Au junctions the greatest when both anchoring groups attach to the metal surface in a bidentate fashion. We support this hypothesis with NEGF-DFT calculations, which consider the electron transport properties for specific binding geometries. These results provide new insights into the origin of molecule-to-molecule conductance heterogeneity in molecular charge transport measurements and the factors that optimize electrode-molecule-electrode electronic coupling and maximize the conductance for charge transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihai Li
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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29
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Kiguchi M, Ohto T, Fujii S, Sugiyasu K, Nakajima S, Takeuchi M, Nakamura H. Single Molecular Resistive Switch Obtained via Sliding Multiple Anchoring Points and Varying Effective Wire Length. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:7327-32. [DOI: 10.1021/ja413104g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Kiguchi
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 W4-10, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Ohto
- Nanosystem Research
Institute (NRI) “RICS,” National Institute of Advanced
Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 2, Umezono 1-1-1, Tsukuba,
Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Shintaro Fujii
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 W4-10, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Kazunori Sugiyasu
- Organic
Materials Group, Polymer Materials Unit, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Shigeto Nakajima
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 W4-10, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Masayuki Takeuchi
- Organic
Materials Group, Polymer Materials Unit, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Hisao Nakamura
- Nanosystem Research
Institute (NRI) “RICS,” National Institute of Advanced
Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 2, Umezono 1-1-1, Tsukuba,
Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
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30
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Tanaka D, Inuta Y, Sakamoto M, Furube A, Haruta M, So YG, Kimoto K, Hamada I, Teranishi T. Strongest π–metal orbital coupling in a porphyrin/gold cluster system. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc53460j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
π–Metal coupling in a porphyrin/gold cluster system at the closest distance was investigated spectroscopically; this system formed an exciplex in the excited state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Tanaka
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences
- University of Tsukuba
- Tsukuba 305-8571, Japan
- CREST
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)
| | - Yoko Inuta
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences
- University of Tsukuba
- Tsukuba 305-8571, Japan
| | - Masanori Sakamoto
- Institute for Chemical Research
- Kyoto University
- Uji 611-0011, Japan
- CREST
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)
| | - Akihiro Furube
- Research Institute of Instrumentation Frontier (RIIF)
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
- Tsukuba 305-8568, Japan
| | - Mitsutaka Haruta
- Institute for Chemical Research
- Kyoto University
- Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yeong-Gi So
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering and Resource Science
- Akita University
- Gakuen-machi, Akita 010-8502, Japan
| | - Koji Kimoto
- Advanced Key Technologies Division
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Ikutaro Hamada
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA)
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Teranishi
- Institute for Chemical Research
- Kyoto University
- Uji 611-0011, Japan
- CREST
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)
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31
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Li Z, Smeu M, Afsari S, Xing Y, Ratner MA, Borguet E. Single-Molecule Sensing of Environmental pH-an STM Break Junction and NEGF-DFT Approach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 53:1098-102. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201308398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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32
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Li Z, Smeu M, Afsari S, Xing Y, Ratner MA, Borguet E. Single-Molecule Sensing of Environmental pH-an STM Break Junction and NEGF-DFT Approach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201308398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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33
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Kuo CT, Su LC, Chen CH. Transitions between Electron Transporting Mechanisms in Molecular Junctions and Transistors. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201300504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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34
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Perrin ML, Verzijl CJO, Martin CA, Shaikh AJ, Eelkema R, van Esch JH, van Ruitenbeek JM, Thijssen JM, van der Zant HSJ, Dulić D. Large tunable image-charge effects in single-molecule junctions. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 8:282-7. [PMID: 23503093 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2013.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Metal/organic interfaces critically determine the characteristics of molecular electronic devices, because they influence the arrangement of the orbital levels that participate in charge transport. Studies on self-assembled monolayers show molecule-dependent energy-level shifts as well as transport-gap renormalization, two effects that suggest that electric-field polarization in the metal substrate induced by the formation of image charges plays a key role in the alignment of the molecular energy levels with respect to the metal's Fermi energy. Here, we provide direct experimental evidence for an electrode-induced gap renormalization in single-molecule junctions. We study charge transport through single porphyrin-type molecules using electrically gateable break junctions. In this set-up, the position of the occupied and unoccupied molecular energy levels can be followed in situ under simultaneous mechanical control. When increasing the electrode separation by just a few ångströms, we observe a substantial increase in the transport gap and level shifts as high as several hundreds of meV. Analysis of this large and tunable gap renormalization based on atomic charges obtained from density functional theory confirms and clarifies the dominant role of image-charge effects in single-molecule junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickael L Perrin
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
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35
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Chen IWP, Tseng WH, Gu MW, Su LC, Hsu CH, Chang WH, Chen CH. Tactile-feedback stabilized molecular junctions for the measurement of molecular conductance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:2449-53. [PMID: 23341350 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201207116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Handling the (AFM) tip: The duration of stable molecular junctions was prolonged using a tactile feedback method in which the operator can sense the force of the AFM tip on the sample surface. The movement of the tip is adjusted accordingly, maintaining a more consistent current (i) and voltage (V), instead of having the tip move at a constant preset speed, as in the conventional setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Wen Peter Chen
- Department of Applied Science, National Taitung University, Taitung, Taiwan 95002, Taiwan
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36
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Chen IWP, Tseng WH, Gu MW, Su LC, Hsu CH, Chang WH, Chen CH. Tactile-Feedback Stabilized Molecular Junctions for the Measurement of Molecular Conductance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201207116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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37
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Abstract
Single molecular junctions, in which a single molecule bridges between metal electrodes, have attracted wide attention as novel properties can appear due to their peculiar geometrical and electronic characters. The single molecular junction has also attracted attention due to its potential application in ultrasmall single molecular electronic devices, where single molecules are utilized as active electronic components. Thus, fabrication of single molecular junctions as well as understanding and controlling their properties (e.g. conductance, optical and magnetic properties) have become long-standing goals of scientists and engineers. This review article focuses on the experimental aspects of single molecular junctions, with primary focus on the electron transport mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Kiguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 W4-10 Ookayama, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan.
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38
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Wierzbinski E, Yin X, Werling K, Waldeck DH. The Effect of Oxygen Heteroatoms on the Single Molecule Conductance of Saturated Chains. J Phys Chem B 2012; 117:4431-41. [DOI: 10.1021/jp307902v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emil Wierzbinski
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Xing Yin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Keith Werling
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - David H. Waldeck
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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Díez-Pérez I, Li Z, Guo S, Madden C, Huang H, Che Y, Yang X, Zang L, Tao N. Ambipolar transport in an electrochemically gated single-molecule field-effect transistor. ACS NANO 2012; 6:7044-7052. [PMID: 22789617 DOI: 10.1021/nn302090t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Charge transport is studied in single-molecule junctions formed with a 1,7-pyrrolidine-substituted 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic diimide (PTCDI) molecular block using an electrochemical gate. Compared to an unsubstituted-PTCDI block, spectroscopic and electrochemical measurements indicate a reduction in the highest occupied (HOMO)-lowest unoccupied (LUMO) molecular orbital energy gap associated with the electron donor character of the substituents. The small HOMO-LUMO energy gap allows for switching between electron- and hole-dominated charge transports as a function of gate voltage, thus demonstrating a single-molecule ambipolar field-effect transistor. Both the unsubstituted and substituted molecules display similar n-type behaviors, indicating that they share the same n-type conduction mechanism. However, the substituted-PTCDI block shows a peak in the source-drain current vs gate voltage characteristics for the p-type transport, which is attributed to a two-step incoherent transport via the HOMO of the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Díez-Pérez
- Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
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Perrin ML, Martin CA, Prins F, Shaikh AJ, Eelkema R, van Esch JH, van Ruitenbeek JM, van der Zant HSJ, Dulić D. Charge transport in a zinc-porphyrin single-molecule junction. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 2:714-9. [PMID: 22043461 PMCID: PMC3201625 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.2.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated charge transport in ZnTPPdT-Pyr (TPPdT: 5,15-di(p-thiolphenyl)-10,20-di(p-tolyl)porphyrin) molecular junctions using the lithographic mechanically controllable break-junction (MCBJ) technique at room temperature and cryogenic temperature (6 K). We combined low-bias statistical measurements with spectroscopy of the molecular levels in the form of I(V) characteristics. This combination allows us to characterize the transport in a molecular junction in detail. This complex molecule can form different junction configurations, having an observable effect on the trace histograms and the current-voltage (I(V)) measurements. Both methods show that multiple, stable single-molecule junction configurations can be obtained by modulating the interelectrode distance. In addition we demonstrate that different ZnTPPdT-Pyr junction configurations can lead to completely different spectroscopic features with the same conductance values. We show that statistical low-bias conductance measurements should be interpreted with care, and that the combination with I(V) spectroscopy represents an essential tool for a more detailed characterization of the charge transport in a single molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickael L Perrin
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Christian A Martin
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Ferry Prins
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Ahson J Shaikh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Rienk Eelkema
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H van Esch
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jan M van Ruitenbeek
- Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Herre S J van der Zant
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Diana Dulić
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, Delft, The Netherlands
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