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Synthesis of (S)- and (R)-β-Tyrosine by Redesigned Phenylalanine Aminomutase. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12040397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenylalanine aminomutase from Taxus chinensis (TchPAM) is employed in the biosynthesis of the widely used antitumor drug paclitaxel. TchPAM has received substantial attention due to its strict enantioselectivity towards (R)-β-phenylalanine, in contrast to the bacterial enzymes classified as EC 5.4.3.11 which are (S)-selective for this substrate. However, the understanding of the isomerization mechanism of the reorientation and rearrangement reactions in TchPAM might support and promote further research on expanding the scope of the substrate and thus the establishment of large-scale production of potential synthesis for drug development. Upon conservation analysis, computational simulation, and mutagenesis experiments, we report a mutant from TchPAM, which can catalyze the amination reaction of trans-p-hydroxycinnamic acid to (R)- and (S)-β-tyrosine. We propose a mechanism for the function of the highly conserved residues L179, N458, and Q459 in the active site of TchPAM. This work highlights the importance of the hydrophobic residues in the active site, including the residues L104, L108, and I431, for maintaining the strict enantioselectivity of TchPAM, and the importance of these residues for substrate specificity and activation by altering the substrate binding position or varying the location of neighboring residues. Furthermore, an explanation of (R)-selectivity in TchPAM is proposed based on the mutagenesis study of these hydrophobic residues. In summary, these studies support the future exploitation of the rational engineering of corresponding enzymes with MIO moiety (3,5-dihydro-5-methylidene-4H-imidazole-4-one) such as ammonia lyases and aminomutases of aromatic amino acids.
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Substrate Tunnel Engineering Aided by X-ray Crystallography and Functional Dynamics Swaps the Function of MIO-Enzymes. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Intermolecular Amine Transfer to Enantioenriched trans-3-Phenylglycidates by an α/β-Aminomutase to Access Both anti-Phenylserine Isomers. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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5
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Crystal structure of histidine ammonia-lyase from Trypanosoma cruzi. Biochimie 2020; 175:181-188. [PMID: 32464165 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease is one of seventeen neglected tropical diseases according to the World Health Organization (WHO). The histidine-glutamate metabolic pathway is an oxidative route that has shown to be relevant for the bioenergetics in Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent for Chagas disease. Histidine ammonia-lyase participates in the first stage of the histidine catabolism, catalyzing the conversion of l-histidine into urocanate. This work presents the three-dimensional (3D) structure of Trypanosoma cruzi histidine ammonia-lyase enzyme (TcHAL) and some comparisons of it to homologous structures. The enzyme was expressed, purified and assayed for crystallization, what allowed the obtainment of crystals of sufficient quality to collect X-ray diffraction data up to 2.55 Å resolution. After refinement, some structural analyses indicated that the structure does not contain the active site protection domain, in opposition to previously known 3D structures from plants and fungi phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, therefore, it is the first structure of eukaryotic ammonia-lyases that lacks this domain.
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Investigation into isomerization reaction of phenylalanine aminomutase from Pantoea agglomerans. Enzyme Microb Technol 2019; 132:109428. [PMID: 31731949 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.109428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Phenylalanine aminomutase (PaPAM) from Pantoea agglomerans is a member of the MIO (4-methylene-imidazol-5-one) family of enzymes, which isomerizes α-phenylalanine to β-phenylalanine, and could be used to synthesize unnatural β-arylalanine. However, the mechanism of isomerization reaction is not clear. To investigate the mechanism, the gene (pam), which encodes PaPAM, was first expressed in E.coli, and recombinant PaPAM was prepared using affinity chromatography. Then, 15N-(2S)-α-phenylalanine, (2S)-(3-2H2)-α-phenylalanine and (2S,3S)-[2,3-2H2]-α-phenylalanine were used as substrates to analyze the mechanism of isomerization reaction. The results of MS and NMR showed that the isomerization reaction was performed through the intramolecular exchange of NH2 with pro-3R hydrogen of α-phenylalanine. The PaPAM shuttles the α-NH2 of α-phenylalanine to β site to replace the pro-3R hydrogen. Simultaneously, the pro-3R hydrogen is shifted to α site to produce β-phenylalanine. Furthermore, a key residue, Phe at position 455 in the active site, was determined to control the exchange way using molecular docking and sequence alignment of MIO family enzymes. The results indicated that the key 455 Phe residue is involved in changing the binding orientation of the carboxyl group of the intermediate trans-cinnamic acid to control the NH2-H pair exchange.
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Exploring the Scope of an α/β-Aminomutase for the Amination of Cinnamate Epoxides to Arylserines and Arylisoserines. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b01557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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8
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Functional characterization and correlation analysis of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) in coumarin biosynthesis from Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 158:35-45. [PMID: 30448740 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Coumarins exhibit many biological activities and are the main specialised metabolites of Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn, an important plant used in traditional Chinese medicine. In preliminary studies, we cloned several genes involved in coumarin biosynthesis in P. praeruptorum, such as 4-coumarate: CoA ligase (4CL), p-coumaroyl CoA 2'-hydroxylase (C2'H), feruloyl CoA 6'-hydroxylase (F6'H) and bergaptol O-methyltransferase (BMT). However, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) in P. praeruptorum (PpPAL) has not yet been studied. In the present study, we cloned one novel PpPAL gene. Subsequently, the relationship between gene and compounds was studied using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Then, enzyme function was analyzed with L-phenylalanine (L-Phe) as substrate. These experiments showed that the coumarin content could be upregulated by methyl jasmonate (MeJA), UV irradiation and cold, which was consistent with increased expression levels of PpPAL. In addition, correlation analysis indicated that coumarins were partially related to PpPAL. And the recombinant protein could catalyze the conversion of L-Phe to trans-cinnamic acid (t-CA) with a Km of 120 ± 33 μM and a Kcat of 117 ± 32 min-1. Besides, Tyr110, Phe116, Gly117, Ser206, Leu209, Leu259, Tyr354, Arg357, Asn387 and Phe403 were essential for enzymatic activity based on three-dimensional modeling and site-directed mutagenesis experiments. Altogether these results highlight the importance of PpPAL in abiotically induced coumarin biosynthesis and provide further insights regarding the structure-function relationships of this protein.
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One step synthesis of unnatural β-arylalanines using mutant phenylalanine aminomutase from Taxus chinensis with high β-regioselectivity. Enzyme Microb Technol 2018; 114:22-28. [PMID: 29685349 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phenylalanine aminomutase (TcPAM) from Taxus chinensis catalyzes the regioselective hydroamination of trans-cinnamic acid (t-CA) to yield β-phe. However, the final product mixture consists of both α- and β-phe owing to low regioselectivity, which is still a challenge to synthesize highly pure β-phe. Therefore, a modified TcPAM with high β-selectivity is expected. Based on the catalytic mechanism and structure, two amino acid residues (Asn458 and Leu108) in active sites were identified as the key residues for controlling the regioselective hydroamination of t-CA and as promising candidates for mutagenesis to enhance β-selectivity and decrease α-selectivity. The Asn458 and Leu108 residues were mutated to yield variant TcPAM-Asn458Phe/Leu108Glu, and the β-selectivity was approximately 5.2-fold higher than that of wild-type TcPAM, while α-selectivity decreased to 68%, and the percentage of β-phe in the product mixture increased from 42% to 83%. In addition, the mutant was applied to synthesize β-arylalanines using substituent t-CA as a substrate. The regioselectivity was also affected by the substituent groups at the phenyl ring of t-CA with respect to their electronic properties and position, and the 4-methoxy and methyl substituent t-CA were transferred into β-arylalanines. The conversion rate also exceeded 90%. In summary, the engineered TcPAM proved to be useful for one-step asymmetric amination of t-CA and its derivatives to synthesize highly pure β-arylalanines.
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Abstract
The effect of extended reaction times on the regio- and enantioselectivity of the phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL)-catalysed amination of a subset of cinnamate derivatives was investigated. This was done using a PAL from the cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis and incubation in a concentrated ammonia buffer. Whilst early time point analyses revealed excellent selectivities to give mostly the well-documented (S)-α-amino acid products, subsequent accumulation of other regio-/stereo- isomers was seen. For many para-substituted substrates, the β-regioisomer, a previously-unreported product with this enzyme class, was found to become more abundant than the α-, after sufficient incubation, with slight preference for the (R)-enantiomer. Although attempts to tune the selectivity of the PAL toward any of the three side products were largely unsuccessful, the results provide insight into the evolutionary history of this class of enzymes and reinforce the prominence of the toolbox of specific and selective cinnamate-aminating enzymes.
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11
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Pseudomonas fluorescensStrain R124 Encodes Three Different MIO Enzymes. Chembiochem 2018; 19:411-418. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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12
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Zymophore identification enables the discovery of novel phenylalanine ammonia lyase enzymes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13691. [PMID: 29057979 PMCID: PMC5651878 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13990-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The suite of biological catalysts found in Nature has the potential to contribute immensely to scientific advancements, ranging from industrial biotechnology to innovations in bioenergy and medical intervention. The endeavour to obtain a catalyst of choice is, however, wrought with challenges. Herein we report the design of a structure-based annotation system for the identification of functionally similar enzymes from diverse sequence backgrounds. Focusing on an enzymatic activity with demonstrated synthetic and therapeutic relevance, five new phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) enzymes were discovered and characterised with respect to their potential applications. The variation and novelty of various desirable traits seen in these previously uncharacterised enzymes demonstrates the importance of effective sequence annotation in unlocking the potential diversity that Nature provides in the search for tailored biological tools. This new method has commercial relevance as a strategy for assaying the ‘evolvability’ of certain enzyme features, thus streamlining and informing protein engineering efforts.
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The Enzymology of Organic Transformations: A Survey of Name Reactions in Biological Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:3446-3489. [PMID: 27505692 PMCID: PMC5477795 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201603291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Chemical reactions that are named in honor of their true, or at least perceived, discoverers are known as "name reactions". This Review is a collection of biological representatives of named chemical reactions. Emphasis is placed on reaction types and catalytic mechanisms that showcase both the chemical diversity in natural product biosynthesis as well as the parallels with synthetic organic chemistry. An attempt has been made, whenever possible, to describe the enzymatic mechanisms of catalysis within the context of their synthetic counterparts and to discuss the mechanistic hypotheses for those reactions that are currently active areas of investigation. This Review has been categorized by reaction type, for example condensation, nucleophilic addition, reduction and oxidation, substitution, carboxylation, radical-mediated, and rearrangements, which are subdivided by name reactions.
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15
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Die Enzymologie organischer Umwandlungen: Namensreaktionen in biologischen Systemen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201603291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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16
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Kinetic Resolution of Aromatic β-Amino Acids Using a Combination of Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase and Aminomutase Biocatalysts. Adv Synth Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201600894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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17
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Expanding the substrate scope of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase from Petroselinum crispum towards styrylalanines. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:3717-3727. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob00562h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The substrate scope of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase from Petroselinum crispum (PcPAL) towards the l-enantiomers of racemic styrylalanines rac-1a–d were extended by reshaping the aromatic binding pocket of the active site of PcPAL by point mutations of F137.
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Stepwise Simulation of 3,5-Dihydro-5-methylidene-4H-imidazol-4-one (MIO) Biogenesis in Histidine Ammonia-lyase. Biochemistry 2016; 55:5854-5864. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mutation of Aryl Binding Pocket Residues Results in an Unexpected Activity Switch in an Oryza sativa Tyrosine Aminomutase. Biochemistry 2016; 55:3497-503. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Layer-by-Layer Deposition with Polymers Containing Nitrilotriacetate, A Convenient Route to Fabricate Metal- and Protein-Binding Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:10164-10173. [PMID: 27042860 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b00896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a convenient synthesis of nitrilotriacetate (NTA)-containing polymers and subsequent layer-by-layer adsorption of these polymers on flat surfaces and in membrane pores. The resulting films form NTA-metal-ion complexes and capture 2-3 mmol of metal ions per mL of film. Moreover, these coatings bind multilayers of polyhistidine-tagged proteins through association with NTA-metal-ion complexes. Inclusion of acrylic acid repeat units in NTA-containing copolymers promotes swelling to increase protein binding in films on Au-coated wafers. Adsorption of NTA-containing films in porous nylon membranes gives materials that capture ∼46 mg of His-tagged ubiquitin per mL. However, the binding capacity decreases with the protein molecular weight. Due to the high affinity of NTA for metal ions, the modified membranes show modest leaching of Ni(2+) in binding and rinsing buffers. Adsorption of NTA-containing polymers is a simple method to create metal- and protein-binding films and may, with future enhancement of stability, facilitate development of disposable membranes that rapidly purify tagged proteins.
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Influence of the aromatic moiety in α- and β-arylalanines on their biotransformation with phenylalanine 2,3-aminomutase from Pantoea agglomerans. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra02964g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study enantiomer selective isomerization of various racemic α- and β-arylalanines catalysed by phenylalanine 2,3-aminomutase from Pantoea agglomerans (PaPAM) was investigated.
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Whole-cell biocatalytic production of variously substituted β-aryl- and β-heteroaryl-β-amino acids. J Biotechnol 2016; 217:12-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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A Tyrosine Aminomutase from Rice (Oryza sativa) Isomerizes (S)-α- to (R)-β-Tyrosine with Unique High Enantioselectivity and Retention of Configuration. Biochemistry 2015; 55:1-4. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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The Bacterial Ammonia Lyase EncP: A Tunable Biocatalyst for the Synthesis of Unnatural Amino Acids. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:12977-83. [PMID: 26390197 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b07326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes of the class I lyase-like family catalyze the asymmetric addition of ammonia to arylacrylates, yielding high value amino acids as products. Recent examples include the use of phenylalanine ammonia lyases (PALs), either alone or as a gateway to deracemization cascades (giving (S)- or (R)-α-phenylalanine derivatives, respectively), and also eukaryotic phenylalanine aminomutases (PAMs) for the synthesis of the (R)-β-products. Herein, we present the investigation of another family member, EncP from Streptomyces maritimus, thereby expanding the biocatalytic toolbox and enabling the production of the missing (S)-β-isomer. EncP was found to convert a range of arylacrylates to a mixture of (S)-α- and (S)-β-arylalanines, with regioselectivity correlating to the strength of electron-withdrawing/-donating groups on the ring of each substrate. The low regioselectivity of the wild-type enzyme was addressed via structure-based rational design to generate three variants with altered preference for either α- or β-products. By examining various biocatalyst/substrate combinations, it was demonstrated that the amination pattern of the reaction could be tuned to achieve selectivities between 99:1 and 1:99 for β:α-product ratios as desired.
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Ring-Substituted α-Arylalanines for Probing Substituent Effects on the Isomerization Reaction Catalyzed by an Aminomutase. ACS Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/cs500474s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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26
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Mechanism-based site-directed mutagenesis to shift the optimum pH of the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase from Rhodotorula glutinis JN-1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [PMID: 28626644 PMCID: PMC5466100 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (RgPAL) from Rhodotorula glutinis JN-1 stereoselectively catalyzes the conversion of the l-phenylalanine into trans-cinnamic acid and ammonia, and was used in chiral resolution of dl-phenylalanine to produce the d-phenylalanine under acidic condition. However, the optimum pH of RgPAL is 9 and the RgPAL exhibits low catalytic efficiency at acidic side. Therefore, a mutant RgPAL with a lower optimum pH is expected. Based on catalytic mechanism and structure analysis, we constructed a mutant RgPAL-Q137E by site-directed mutagenesis, and found that this mutant had an extended optimum pH 7-9 with activity of 1.8-fold higher than that of the wild type at pH 7. As revealed by Friedel-Crafts-type mechanism of RgPAL, the improvement of the RgPAL-Q137E might be due to the negative charge of Glu137 which could stabilize the intermediate transition states through electrostatic interaction. The RgPAL-Q137E mutant was used to resolve the racemic dl-phenylalanine, and the conversion rate and the eeD value of d-phenylalanine using RgPAL-Q137E at pH 7 were increased by 29% and 48%, and achieved 93% and 86%, respectively. This work provides an effective strategy to shift the optimum pH which is favorable to further applications of RgPAL.
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Structural Investigations into the Stereochemistry and Activity of a Phenylalanine-2,3-aminomutase from Taxus chinensis. Biochemistry 2014; 53:3187-98. [DOI: 10.1021/bi500187a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase Catalyzed Synthesis of Amino Acids by an MIO-Cofactor Independent Pathway. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201311061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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29
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Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase Catalyzed Synthesis of Amino Acids by an MIO-Cofactor Independent Pathway. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:4652-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201311061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
β-Amino acids are unique components involved in a wide variety of natural products such as anticancer agents taxol, bleomycin, cytotoxic microcystin, enediyne compound C-1027 chromophore, nucleoside antibiotic blasticidin S, and macrolactam antibiotic vicenistatin. The biosynthesis and incorporation mechanisms are reviewed.
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Chemoenzymatic synthesis of both enantiomers of 3-hydroxy- and 3-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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32
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A Bacterial Tyrosine Aminomutase Proceeds through Retention or Inversion of Stereochemistry To Catalyze Its Isomerization Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:11193-204. [DOI: 10.1021/ja403918w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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A new member of the 4-methylideneimidazole-5-one-containing aminomutase family from the enediyne kedarcidin biosynthetic pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:8069-74. [PMID: 23633564 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1304733110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
4-Methylideneimidazole-5-one (MIO)-containing aminomutases catalyze the conversion of L-α-amino acids to β-amino acids with either an (R) or an (S) configuration. L-phenylalanine and L-tyrosine are the only two natural substrates identified to date. The enediyne chromophore of the chromoprotein antitumor antibiotic kedarcidin (KED) harbors an (R)-2-aza-3-chloro-β-tyrosine moiety reminiscent of the (S)-3-chloro-5-hydroxy-β-tyrosine moiety of the C-1027 enediyne chromophore, the biosynthesis of which uncovered the first known MIO-containing aminomutase, SgcC4. Comparative analysis of the KED and C-1027 biosynthetic gene clusters inspired the proposal for (R)-2-aza-3-chloro-β-tyrosine biosynthesis starting from 2-aza-L-tyrosine, featuring KedY4 as a putative MIO-containing aminomutase. Here we report the biochemical characterization of KedY4, confirming its proposed role in KED biosynthesis. KedY4 is an MIO-containing aminomutase that stereospecifically catalyzes the conversion of 2-aza-L-tyrosine to (R)-2-aza-β-tyrosine, exhibiting no detectable activity toward 2-aza-L-phenylalanine or L-tyrosine as an alternative substrate. In contrast, SgcC4, which stereospecifically catalyzes the conversion of L-tyrosine to (S)-β-tyrosine in C-1027 biosynthesis, exhibits minimal activity with 2-aza-L-tyrosine as an alternative substrate but generating (S)-2-aza-β-tyrosine, a product with the opposite stereochemistry of KedY4. This report of KedY4 broadens the scope of known substrates for the MIO-containing aminomutase family, and comparative studies of KedY4 and SgcC4 provide an outstanding opportunity to examine how MIO-containing aminomutases control substrate specificity and product enantioselectivity.
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Priming ammonia lyases and aminomutases for industrial and therapeutic applications. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2013; 17:250-60. [PMID: 23557642 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia lyases (AL) and aminomutases (AM) are emerging in green synthetic routes to chiral amines and an AL is being explored as an enzyme therapeutic for treating phenylketonuria and cancer. Although the restricted substrate range of the wild-type enzymes limits their widespread application, the non-reliance on external cofactors and direct functionalization of an olefinic bond make ammonia lyases attractive biocatalysts for use in the synthesis of natural and non-natural amino acids, including β-amino acids. The approach of combining structure-guided enzyme engineering with efficient mutant library screening has extended the synthetic scope of these enzymes in recent years and has resolved important mechanistic issues for AMs and ALs, including those containing the MIO (4-methylideneimidazole-5-one) internal cofactor.
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Assessing the deamination rate of a covalent aminomutase adduct by burst phase analysis. Biochemistry 2012; 51:5226-8. [PMID: 22686417 DOI: 10.1021/bi300569r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Burst-phase kinetic analysis was used to evaluate the deamination rate of the aminated-methylidene imidazolone (NH(2)-MIO) adduct of a Taxus phenylalanine aminomutase. The kinetic parameters were interrogated by a non-natural substrate (S)-styryl-α-alanine that yielded a chromophoric styrylacrylate product upon deamination by the aminomutase. Transient inactivation of the enzyme by the NH(2)-MIO adduct intermediate resulted in an initial burst of product, with reactivation by deamination of the adduct. This study validated the rate constants of a kinetic model demonstrating that the NH(2)-MIO adduct and cinnamate intermediate are sufficiently retained to catalyze the natural α- to β-phenylalanine isomerization.
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