1
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Schoenthaler M, Waltl L, Hasenoehrl T, Seher D, Lutz A, Aulinger L, Temml V, König S, Siller A, Braun DE, Garscha U, Werz O, Schuster D, Schennach H, Koeberle A, Matuszczak B. Novel thiazolopyridine derivatives of diflapolin as dual sEH/FLAP inhibitors with improved solubility. Bioorg Chem 2023; 139:106685. [PMID: 37418786 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory responses are orchestrated by a plethora of lipid mediators, and perturbations of their biosynthesis or degradation hinder resolution and lead to uncontrolled inflammation, which contributes to diverse pathologies. Small molecules that induce a switch from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory lipid mediators are considered valuable for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases. Commonly used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are afflicted with side effects caused by the inhibition of beneficial prostanoid formation and redirection of arachidonic acid (AA) into alternative pathways. Multi-target inhibitors like diflapolin, the first dual inhibitor of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) and 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP), promise improved efficacy and safety but are confronted by poor solubility and bioavailability. Four series of derivatives bearing isomeric thiazolopyridines as bioisosteric replacement of the benzothiazole core and two series additionally containing mono- or diaza-isosteres of the phenylene spacer were designed and synthesized to improve solubility. The combination of thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridine, a pyridinylen spacer and a 3,5-Cl2-substituted terminal phenyl ring (46a) enhances solubility and FLAP antagonism, while preserving sEH inhibition. Moreover, the thiazolo[4,5-c]pyridine derivative 41b, although being a less potent sEH/FLAP inhibitor, additionally decreases thromboxane production in activated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. We conclude that the introduction of nitrogen, depending on the position, not only enhances solubility and FLAP antagonism (46a), but also represents a valid strategy to expand the scope of application towards inhibition of thromboxane biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schoenthaler
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lorenz Waltl
- Michael Popp Institute and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Mitterweg 24, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Hasenoehrl
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - David Seher
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna Lutz
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Michael Popp Institute and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Mitterweg 24, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lucia Aulinger
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Michael Popp Institute and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Mitterweg 24, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Veronika Temml
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Strubergasse 21, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Stefanie König
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Straße 17, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anita Siller
- Central Institute for Blood Transfusion and Immunology, Tirol Kliniken GmbH, Anichstraße 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Doris Elfriede Braun
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Josef-Moeller-Haus, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ulrike Garscha
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Straße 17, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Strubergasse 21, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Harald Schennach
- Central Institute for Blood Transfusion and Immunology, Tirol Kliniken GmbH, Anichstraße 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Koeberle
- Michael Popp Institute and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Mitterweg 24, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Barbara Matuszczak
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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2
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Eyberg J, Ringenberg M, Richert C. Caging of a Strongly Pairing Fluorescent Thymidine Analog with Soft Nucleophiles. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203289. [PMID: 36395348 PMCID: PMC10107337 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Controlling the pairing strength of nucleobases in DNA through reactions with compounds found inside the cell is a formidable challenge. Here we report how a thiazolyl substituent turns a strongly pairing ethynylpyridone C-nucleoside into a reactive residue in oligonucleotides. The thiazolyl-bearing pyridone reacts with soft nucleophiles, such as glutathione, but not with hard nucleophiles like hydroxide or carbonate. The addition products pair much more weakly with adenine in a complementary strand than the starting material, and also change their fluorescence. This makes oligonucleotides containing the new deoxynucleoside interesting for controlled release. Due to its reactivity toward N, P, S, and Se-nucleophiles, and the visual signal accompanying chemical conversion, the fluorescent nucleotide reported here may also have applications in chemical biology, sensing and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juri Eyberg
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mark Ringenberg
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Clemens Richert
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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3
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Kennelly SA, Moorthy R, Otero RS, Harki DA. Expanding Catch and Release DNA Decoy (CRDD) Technology with Pyrimidine Mimics. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201355. [PMID: 35849314 PMCID: PMC9588621 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Catch and release DNA decoys (CRDDs) utilize photochemically responsive nucleoside analogues that generate abasic sites upon exposure to light. Herein, we describe the synthesis and evaluation of four candidate CRDD monomers containing nucleobases that mimic endogenous pyrimidines: 2-nitroimidazole (2-NI), 2-nitrobenzene (2-NB), 2-nitropyrrole (2-NP) and 3-nitropyrrole (3-NP). Our studies reveal that 2-NI and 2-NP can function as CRDDs, whereas 3-NP and 2-NB undergo decomposition and transformation to a higher-ordered structure upon photolysis, respectively. When incorporated into DNA, 2-NP undergoes rapid photochemical cleavage of the anomeric bond (1.8 min half-life) to yield an abasic site. Finally, we find that all four pyrimidine mimics show significantly greater stability when base-paired against the previously reported 7-nitroindole CRDD monomer. Our work marks the expansion of CRDD technology to both purine and pyrimidine scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A. Kennelly
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryUniversity of Minnesota2231 6th Street SEMinneapolis, MN 55455USA
| | - Ramkumar Moorthy
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryUniversity of Minnesota2231 6th Street SEMinneapolis, MN 55455USA
| | - Ruben Silva Otero
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryUniversity of Minnesota2231 6th Street SEMinneapolis, MN 55455USA
| | - Daniel A. Harki
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryUniversity of Minnesota2231 6th Street SEMinneapolis, MN 55455USA
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4
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Eyberg J, Göhringer D, Salihovic A, Richert C. Acid‐Stable Nucleobase Protection for a Strongly Pairing Pyridone C‐Nucleoside Suitable for Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Oligonucleotides. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amila Salihovic
- University of Stuttgart: Universitat Stuttgart Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Clemens Richert
- Universität Stuttgart Institut für Organische Chemie Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart GERMANY
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5
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Wallin J, Lönnberg T. Improved Synthesis Strategy for N‐Methoxy‐1,3‐Oxazinane Nucleic Acids (MOANAs). European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josefiina Wallin
- University of Turku: Turun Yliopisto Department of Chemistry FINLAND
| | - Tuomas Lönnberg
- University of Turku Dept. of Chemistry Vatselankatu 2 20014 Turku FINLAND
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6
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Afari MNK, Virta P, Lönnberg T. N-Methoxy-1,3-oxazinane nucleic acids (MOANAs) - a configurationally flexible backbone modification allows post-synthetic incorporation of base moieties. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:3480-3485. [PMID: 35388869 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00465h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
(2R,3S)-4-(Methoxyamino)butane-1,2,3-triol was converted into a protected phosphoramidite building block and incorporated into the middle of a short DNA oligonucleotide. O1 and O3 of the (2R,3S)-4-(methoxyamino)butane-1,2,3-triol were engaged in phosphodiester linkages, leaving O2 and the methoxyamino function available to form an N-methoxy-1,3-oxazinane ring through reaction with an aldehyde. In modified oligonucleotides thus obtained, the oxazinane ring formally replaces the furanose ring and the aldehyde, the base moiety of natural nucleosides. The feasibility of synthesizing base-modified oligonucleotides by this approach was demonstrated with several aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes featuring various functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark N K Afari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Henrikinkatu 2, 20500 Turku, Finland.
| | - Pasi Virta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Henrikinkatu 2, 20500 Turku, Finland.
| | - Tuomas Lönnberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Henrikinkatu 2, 20500 Turku, Finland.
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7
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Okamura H, Trinh GH, Dong Z, Masaki Y, Seio K, Nagatsugi F. Selective and stable base pairing by alkynylated nucleosides featuring a spatially-separated recognition interface. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:3042-3055. [PMID: 35234916 PMCID: PMC8989583 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Unnatural base pairs (UBPs) which exhibit a selectivity against pairing with canonical nucleobases provide a powerful tool for the development of nucleic acid-based technologies. As an alternative strategy to the conventional UBP designs, which involve utility of different recognition modes at the Watson–Crick interface, we now report that the exclusive base pairing can be achieved through the spatial separation of recognition units. The design concept was demonstrated with the alkynylated purine (NPu, OPu) and pyridazine (NPz, OPz) nucleosides endowed with nucleobase-like 2-aminopyrimidine or 2-pyridone (‘pseudo-nucleobases’) on their major groove side. These alkynylated purines and pyridazines exhibited exclusive and stable pairing properties by the formation of complementary hydrogen bonds between the pseudo-nucleobases in the DNA major groove as revealed by comprehensive Tm measurements, 2D-NMR analyses, and MD simulations. Moreover, the alkynylated purine-pyridazine pairs enabled dramatic stabilization of the DNA duplex upon consecutive incorporation while maintaining a high sequence-specificity. The present study showcases the separation of the recognition interface as a promising strategy for developing new types of UBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Okamura
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Giang Hoang Trinh
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Zhuoxin Dong
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Masaki
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.,JST, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Kohji Seio
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Fumi Nagatsugi
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
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8
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Aro-Heinilä A, Lepistö A, Äärelä A, Lönnberg TA, Virta P. 2-Trifluoromethyl-6-mercurianiline Nucleotide, a Sensitive 19F NMR Probe for Hg(II)-mediated Base Pairing. J Org Chem 2022; 87:137-146. [PMID: 34905374 PMCID: PMC8749955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A 2-trifluoromethylaniline C-nucleoside was synthesized, incorporated in the middle of an oligonucleotide, and mercurated. The affinity of the mercurated oligonucleotide toward complementary strands placing each of the canonical nucleobases opposite to the organomercury nucleobase analogue was examined by ultraviolet (UV), circular dichroism (CD), and 19F NMR spectroscopy analyses. According to the UV melting profile analysis, the organomercury nucleobase analogue showed increased affinities in the order T > G > C > A. The CD profiles indicated the typical B-type helix in each case. The 19F resonance signal proved sensitive for the local environmental changes, showing clearly distinct signals for the duplexes with different opposing nucleobases. Furthermore, valuable information on the mercurated oligonucleotide and its binding to complementary strands at varying temperature could be obtained by 19F NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmo Aro-Heinilä
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Turku, Henrikinkatu 2, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Assi Lepistö
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Turku, Henrikinkatu 2, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Antti Äärelä
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Turku, Henrikinkatu 2, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | | | - Pasi Virta
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Turku, Henrikinkatu 2, 20500 Turku, Finland
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9
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Han J, Kervio E, Richert C. High Fidelity Enzyme-Free Primer Extension with an Ethynylpyridone Thymidine Analog. Chemistry 2021; 27:15918-15921. [PMID: 34559417 PMCID: PMC9293356 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
High fidelity base pairing is important for the transmission of genetic information. Weak base pairs can lower fidelity, complicating sequencing, amplification and replication of DNA. Thymidine 5′‐monophosphate (TMP) is the most weakly pairing nucleotide among the canonical deoxynucleotides, causing high errors rates in enzyme‐free primer extension. Here we report the synthesis of an ethynylpyridone C‐nucleoside analog of 3′‐amino‐2′,3′‐dideoxythymidine monophosphate and its incorporation in a growing strand by enzyme‐free primer extension. The ethynylpyridone C‐nucleotide accelerates extension more than five‐fold, reduces misincorporation and readily displaces TMP in competition experiments. The results bode well for the use of the C‐nucleoside as replacements for thymidine in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyang Han
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Eric Kervio
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Clemens Richert
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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10
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Chawla M, Gorle S, Shaikh AR, Oliva R, Cavallo L. Replacing thymine with a strongly pairing fifth Base: A combined quantum mechanics and molecular dynamics study. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:1312-1324. [PMID: 33738080 PMCID: PMC7940798 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The non-natural ethynylmethylpyridone C-nucleoside (W), a thymidine (T) analogue that can be incorporated in oligonucleotides by automated synthesis, has recently been reported to form a high fidelity base pair with adenosine (A) and to be well accommodated in B-DNA duplexes. The enhanced binding affinity for A of W, as compared to T, makes it an ideal modification for biotechnological applications, such as efficient probe hybridization for the parallel detection of multiple DNA strands. In order to complement the experimental study and rationalize the impact of the non-natural W nucleoside on the structure, stability and dynamics of DNA structures, we performed quantum mechanics (QM) calculations along with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Consistently with the experimental study, our QM calculations show that the A:W base pair has an increased stability as compared to the natural A:T pair, due to an additional CH-π interaction. Furthermore, we show that mispairing between W and guanine (G) causes a distortion in the planarity of the base pair, thus explaining the destabilization of DNA duplexes featuring a G:W pair. MD simulations show that incorporation of single or multiple consecutive A:W pairs in DNA duplexes causes minor changes to the intra- and inter-base geometrical parameters, while a moderate widening/shrinking of the major/minor groove of the duplexes is observed. QM calculations applied to selected stacks from the MD simulations also show an increased stacking energy for W, over T, with the neighboring bases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Chawla
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, Kaust Catalysis Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suresh Gorle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Abdul Rajjak Shaikh
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, Kaust Catalysis Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Romina Oliva
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University Parthenope of Naples, Centro Direzionale Isola C4, I-80143 Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, Kaust Catalysis Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Han J, Funk C, Eyberg J, Bailer S, Richert C. An AZT Analog with Strongly Pairing Ethynylpyridone Nucleobase and Its Antiviral Activity against HSV1. Chem Biodivers 2020; 18:e2000937. [PMID: 33270983 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Challenges resulting from novel viruses or new strains of known viruses call for new antiviral agents. Nucleoside analogs that act as inhibitors of viral polymerases are an attractive class of antivirals. For nucleosides containing thymine, base pairing is weak, making it desirable to identify nucleobase analogs that pair more strongly with adenine, in order to compete successfully with the natural substrate. We have recently described a new class of strongly binding thymidine analogs that contain an ethynylmethylpyridone as base and a C-nucleosidic linkage to the deoxyribose. Here we report the synthesis of the 3'-azido-2',3'-deoxyribose derivative of this compound, dubbed AZW, both as free nucleoside and as ProTide phosphoramidate. As a proof of principle, we studied the activity against Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1). Whereas the ProTide phosphoramidate suffered from low solubility, the free nucleoside showed a stronger inhibitory effect than that of AZT in a plaque reduction assay. This suggests that strongly pairing C-nucleoside analogs of pyrimidines have the potential to become active pharmaceutical ingredients with antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyang Han
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, DE-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christina Funk
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, DE-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Juri Eyberg
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, DE-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Susanne Bailer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, DE-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Clemens Richert
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, DE-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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12
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Ukale DU, Tähtinen P, Lönnberg T. 1,8-Dimercuri-6-Phenyl-1H-Carbazole as a Monofacial Dinuclear Organometallic Nucleobase. Chemistry 2020; 26:2164-2168. [PMID: 31913530 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A C-nucleoside with 6-phenyl-1H-carbazole as the base moiety has been synthesized and incorporated in the middle of an oligonucleotide. Mercuration of this modified residue at positions 1 and 8 gave the first example of an oligonucleotide featuring a monofacial dinuclear organometallic nucleobase. The dimercurated oligonucleotide formed stable duplexes with unmodified oligonucleotides placing either cytosine, guanine, or thymine opposite to the organometallic nucleobase. A highly stabilizing (ΔTm =7.3 °C) HgII -mediated base pair was formed with thymine. According to DFT calculations performed at the PBE0DH level of theory, this base pair is most likely dinuclear, with the two HgII ions coordinated to O2 and O4 of the thymine base.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Petri Tähtinen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Vatselankatu 2, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuomas Lönnberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Vatselankatu 2, 20014, Turku, Finland
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13
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Johnson A, Karimi A, Luedtke NW. Enzymatic Incorporation of a Coumarin–Guanine Base Pair. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:16839-16843. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Johnson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Ashkan Karimi
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Nathan W. Luedtke
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
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14
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Johnson A, Karimi A, Luedtke NW. Enzymatic Incorporation of a Coumarin–Guanine Base Pair. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201910059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Johnson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Ashkan Karimi
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Nathan W. Luedtke
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
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15
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Aro-Heinilä A, Lönnberg T, Virta P. 3-Fluoro-2-mercuri-6-methylaniline Nucleotide as a High-Affinity Nucleobase-Specific Hybridization Probe. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:2183-2190. [PMID: 31246432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A 3-fluoro-6-methylaniline nucleoside was synthesized and incorporated into an oligonucleotide, and its ability to form mercury-mediated base pairs was studied. UV melting experiments revealed increased duplex stability with thymine, guanine, and cytosine opposite to the probe and a clear nucleobase-specific binding preference (T > G > C > A). Moreover, the 3-fluoro group was utilized as a spin label that showed distinct 19F NMR resonance shifts depending on the complementary nucleobase, providing more detailed information on Hg(II)-mediated base pairing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmo Aro-Heinilä
- Department of Chemistry , University of Turku , Vatselankatu 2 , 20014 Turku , Finland
| | - Tuomas Lönnberg
- Department of Chemistry , University of Turku , Vatselankatu 2 , 20014 Turku , Finland
| | - Pasi Virta
- Department of Chemistry , University of Turku , Vatselankatu 2 , 20014 Turku , Finland
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Walter TJ, Richert C. A strongly pairing fifth base: oligonucleotides with a C-nucleoside replacing thymidine. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:8069-8078. [PMID: 30085103 PMCID: PMC6144870 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There are five canonical bases in DNA and RNA. Each base has its particular molecular recognition properties and base pairing strength. Thymine and uracil form only two hydrogen bonds when pairing with adenine, and duplexes rich in A:T base pairs are more labile than duplexes rich in C and G, making some sequences difficult to detect via hybridization in a genomic context. Here we report the synthesis of an ethynylmethylpyridone C-nucleoside, abbreviated ‘W’, that presents a similar recognition surface as thymidine in the major groove but pairs with A about as strongly as C pairs with G. A phosphoramidite building block was synthesized that allows for incorporation of W residues via automated synthesis in high yield. Melting point increases over duplexes containing T:A pairs of up to 17.5°C, or up to 5.8°C per residue were measured for oligonucleotides containing W. Further, the new base shows excellent fidelity, with a single mismatched G opposite W causing a melting point depression of up to 20.5°C. The strongly pairing replacement for thymidine is only slightly larger than its natural counterpart and performs well in different sequence contexts. It can be used to target weakly pairing A-rich sequences in biological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja J Walter
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Clemens Richert
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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17
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Sato K, Matsuda A. Synthesis of 2-Amino-4-Fluoropyridine-C-Nucleoside Phosphoramidite for Incorporation into Oligonucleotides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 77:e77. [PMID: 30747492 DOI: 10.1002/cpnc.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Straightforward and efficient methods for the synthesis of 2-amino-4-fluoropyridine-C-nucleoside (dF P) and the solid-phase synthesis of oligodeoxynucleotides containing dF P using a phosphoramidite are described. The synthesis of dF P is achieved by cross-coupling between a nucleobase (2-amino-4-fluoro-3,5-diiodopyridine) and sugar moieties. Its 3'-O-phosphoramidite is obtained by deiodination, 5'-O-protection, and 3'-O-phosphitilation in three steps. The phosphoramidite unit is compatible for the synthesis of oligonucleotides on solid-phase according to conventional phosphoramidite chemistry. The 2-amino-4-fluoropyridine-C-nucleoside moiety incorporated into the oligodeoxynucleotide reacts with a Cys residue in the catalytic site of DNA cytosine-5-methyltransferase (DNMT). It is apparent that 2-amino-4-fluoropyridine-C-nucleoside would be utilized in DNA-protein crosslink technology. This protocol describes the importance of solid-phase synthesis to obtain novel pyridine-C-nucleoside analogues and its incorporation into oligodeoxynucleotides in a short period of time. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousuke Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Tobetsu, Japan
| | - Akira Matsuda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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18
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Abstract
Pseudouridine (1) was synthesized by functional group interconversions of the Heck adduct11from 2,4-dimethoxy-5-iodopyrimidine (8) and ribofuranoid glycal4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Ping Yu
- Department of Chemistry
- National Taiwan Normal University
- Taipei 11677
- Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yun Chang
- Department of Chemistry
- National Taiwan Normal University
- Taipei 11677
- Taiwan
| | - Tun-Cheng Chien
- Department of Chemistry
- National Taiwan Normal University
- Taipei 11677
- Taiwan
- Faculty of Pharmacy
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19
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Sato K, Kunitomo Y, Kasai Y, Utsumi S, Suetake I, Tajima S, Ichikawa S, Matsuda A. Mechanism-Based Inhibitor of DNA Cytosine-5 Methyltransferase by a S N Ar Reaction with an Oligodeoxyribonucleotide Containing a 2-Amino-4-Halopyridine-C-Nucleoside. Chembiochem 2018; 19:865-872. [PMID: 29392812 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In chromatin, 5-methylcytosine (mC), which represents the fifth nucleobase in genomic DNA, plays a role as an inducer of epigenetic changes. Tumor cells exhibit aberrant DNA methylation patterns, and inhibition of human DNA cytosine-5 methyltransferase (DNMT), which is responsible for generating mC in CpG sequences, is an effective strategy to treat various cancers. Here, we describe the design, synthesis, and evaluation of the properties of 2-amino-4-halopyridine-C-nucleosides (dX P) and oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs) containing dX P as a novel mechanism-based inhibitor of DNMTs. The designed ODN containing X PpG forms a complex with DNMTs by covalent bonding through a nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SN Ar) reaction, and its cell proliferation activity is investigated. This study suggests that dX P in a CpG sequence of DNA could serve as a potential nucleic acid drug lead in cancer chemotherapy and a useful chemical probe for studies of epigenetics. Our molecular design using a SN Ar reaction would be useful for DNMTs and other protein-DNA interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousuke Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Tobetsu, Ishikari-gun, 061-0293, Japan
| | - Yuma Kunitomo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yukiko Kasai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Shohei Utsumi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Isao Suetake
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shoji Tajima
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ichikawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan.,Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Akira Matsuda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan.,Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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20
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Novosjolova I, Kennedy SD, Rozners E. 2-Methoxypyridine as a Thymidine Mimic in Watson-Crick Base Pairs of DNA and PNA: Synthesis, Thermal Stability, and NMR Structural Studies. Chembiochem 2017; 18:2165-2170. [PMID: 28858428 PMCID: PMC5920655 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of nucleic acid base-pair analogues that use new modes of molecular recognition is important both for fundamental research and practical applications. The goal of this study was to evaluate 2-methoxypyridine as a cationic thymidine mimic in the A-T base pair. The hypothesis was that including protonation in the Watson-Crick base pairing scheme would enhance the thermal stability of the DNA double helix without compromising the sequence selectivity. DNA and peptide nucleic acid (PNA) sequences containing the new 2-methoxypyridine nucleobase (P) were synthesized and studied by using UV thermal melting and NMR spectroscopy. Introduction of P nucleobase caused a loss of thermal stability of ≈10 °C in DNA-DNA duplexes and ≈20 °C in PNA-DNA duplexes over a range of mildly acidic to neutral pH. Despite the decrease in thermal stability, the NMR structural studies showed that P-A formed the expected protonated base pair at pH 4.3. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of cationic unnatural base pairs; however, future optimization of such analogues will be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Novosjolova
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, The State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Scott D Kennedy
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Eriks Rozners
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, The State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
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21
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Wang D, Liu B, Ma Y, Wu C, Mou Q, Deng H, Wang R, Yan D, Zhang C, Zhu X. A Molecular Recognition Approach To Synthesize Nucleoside Analogue Based Multifunctional Nanoparticles for Targeted Cancer Therapy. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:14021-14024. [PMID: 28945366 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b08303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-targeted drug delivery with simultaneous cancer imaging is highly desirable for personalized medicine. Herein, we report a supramolecular approach to design a promising class of multifunctional nanoparticles based on molecular recognition of nucleobases, which combine excellent tumor-targeting capability via aptamer, controlled drug release, and efficient fluorescent imaging for cancer-specific therapy. First, an amphiphilic prodrug dioleoyl clofarabine was self-assembled into micellar nanoparticles with hydrophilic nucleoside analogue clofarabine on their surface. Thereafter, two types of single-stranded DNAs that contain the aptamer motif and fluorescent probe Cy5.5, respectively, were introduced onto the surface of the nanoparticles via molecular recognition between the clofarabine and the thymine on DNA. These drug-containing multifunctional nanoparticles exhibit good capabilities of targeted clofarabine delivery to the tumor site and intracellular controlled drug release, leading to a robust and effective antitumor effect in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dali Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences , Heilongjiang, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yuan Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chenwei Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Quanbing Mou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hongping Deng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ruibin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Deyue Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xinyuan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
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22
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23
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Matyašovský J, Perlíková P, Malnuit V, Pohl R, Hocek M. 2-Substituted dATP Derivatives as Building Blocks for Polymerase-Catalyzed Synthesis of DNA Modified in the Minor Groove. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:15856-15859. [PMID: 27879047 PMCID: PMC6680173 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201609007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
2'-Deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP) derivatives bearing diverse substituents (Cl, NH2 , CH3 , vinyl, ethynyl, and phenyl) at position 2 were prepared and tested as substrates for DNA polymerases. The 2-phenyl-dATP was not a substrate for DNA polymerases, but the dATPs bearing smaller substituents were good substrates in primer-extension experiments, producing DNA substituted in the minor groove. The vinyl-modified DNA was applied in thiol-ene addition and the ethynyl-modified DNA was applied in a CuAAC click reaction to form DNA labelled with fluorescent dyes in the minor groove.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ján Matyašovský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Perlíková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Vincent Malnuit
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Pohl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Hocek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, 12843, Prague 2, Czech Republic
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24
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Matyašovský J, Perlíková P, Malnuit V, Pohl R, Hocek M. 2-Substituted dATP Derivatives as Building Blocks for Polymerase-Catalyzed Synthesis of DNA Modified in the Minor Groove. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201609007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ján Matyašovský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nam. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Perlíková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nam. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Vincent Malnuit
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nam. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Radek Pohl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nam. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Michal Hocek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nam. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Hlavova 8 12843 Prague 2 Czech Republic
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25
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Metal-Dependent Nucleobase Recognition by Picolinamide. Chempluschem 2016; 81:978-984. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201600258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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26
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Halder A, Datta A, Bhattacharyya D, Mitra A. Why does substitution of thymine by 6-ethynylpyridone increase the thermostability of DNA double helices? J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:6586-96. [PMID: 24857638 DOI: 10.1021/jp412416p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Efficiency of 6-ethynylpyridone (E), a potential thymine (T) analogue, which forms high-fidelity base pairs with adenine (A) and gives rise to stabler DNA duplexes, with stability comparable to those containing canonical cytosine(C):guanine(G) base pairs, has been reported recently. Estimates of the interaction energies, involving geometry optimization at the DFT level (including middle range dispersion interactions) followed by single point energy calculation at MP2 level, in excellent correlation with the experimentally observed trends, show that E binds more strongly and more discriminately with A than T does. Detailed analysis reveals that the increase in base-base interaction arises out of conjugation of acetylenic π electrons with the ring π system of E, which results in not only an extra stabilizing C-H···π interaction in the EA pair, but also a strengthening of the conventional hydrogen bonds. However, the computed base-base interaction energy for the EA pair was found to be much less than that of the canonical CG pair, implying that the difference in the TA versus EA base pairing interaction alone cannot explain the large experimentally observed increase in the thermostability of DNA duplexes, where a TA pair is replaced with an EA pair. Our computations show that the conjugation of acetylenic π electrons with the ring π system also possibly plays a role in increasing the stacking potential of the EA pair, which in turn can explain its marked influence in the enhancement of duplex stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antarip Halder
- Center for Computational Natural Sciences and Bioinformatics, International Institute of Information Technology Hyderabad , Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500032, AP, India
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27
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Lefoix M, Mathis G, Kleinmann T, Truffert JC, Asseline U. Pyrazolo[1,5-a]-1,3,5-triazine C-nucleoside as deoxyadenosine analogue: synthesis, pairing, and resistance to hydrolysis. J Org Chem 2014; 79:3221-7. [PMID: 24649913 DOI: 10.1021/jo5000253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a pyrazolo[1,5-a]-1,3,5-triazine C-nucleoside (dA(PT)), designed to form two hydrogen bonds with a complementary dT residue, is reported. Oligonucleotides including this dA nucleoside analogue possess base-pairing properties similar to those of the parent oligonucleotide. This dA nucleoside analogue is more resistant to acid-catalyzed hydrolysis than dA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Lefoix
- NucleoSyn. Pépinières d'entreprises - Centre Innovation 16, Rue Léonard de Vinci 45074 Orléans Cedex 2, France
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