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Xu Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Li JC, Zhou ZH, Yang Z, Xiu J, Chen X, Huang J, Ge HM, Shi J. Genome Mining of Cinnamoyl-Containing Nonribosomal Peptide Gene Clusters Directs the Production of Malacinnamycin. Org Lett 2024; 26:971-976. [PMID: 38265233 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Cinnamoyl-containing nonribosomal peptides (CCNPs) constitute a unique family of actinobacterial secondary metabolites that display a broad spectrum of biological activities. Here, we present a genome mining approach targeting cyclase and is isomerase to discover new CCNPs, which led to the identification of 207 putative CCNP gene clusters from public bacterial genome databases. After strain prioritization, a novel class of CCNP-type glycopeptides named malacinnamycin was identified. A plausible biosynthetic pathway for malacinnamycin was deduced by bioinformatics analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Enhanced Oil Recovery, PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Enhanced Oil Recovery, PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jian Cheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Zhao Hui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Enhanced Oil Recovery, PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhengming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Enhanced Oil Recovery, PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jianlong Xiu
- State Key Laboratory of Enhanced Oil Recovery, PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xinglong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Enhanced Oil Recovery, PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jia Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Enhanced Oil Recovery, PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hui Ming Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Jing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
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2
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Ijichi S, Hoshino S, Asamizu S, Onaka H. SolS-catalyzed sulfoxidation of labionin to solabionin drives antibacterial activity of solabiomycins. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 89:129323. [PMID: 37169227 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Ribosomally synthesized and posttranslationally modified peptides (RiPPs) with polar-functionalized fatty acyl groups are newly found lipopeptide-class natural products. We recently employed a combined approach of genome mining and stable isotope labeling and discovered solabiomycins as one of the polar-functionalized fatty-acylated RiPPs (PFARs) from Streptomyces lydicus NBRC13058. The solabiomycins contained a characteristic sulfoxide group in the labionin moiety referred to as the 'solabionin' structure for the RiPP moiety. A previous gene knockout experiment indicated that solS, which encodes a putative flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) (NAD(P))-binding protein, is involved in the sulfoxidation of an alkyl sulfide in the solabionin. In this study, we isolated deoxysolabiomycins A and B from ΔsolS mutant and fully determined the chemical structures using a series of NMR experiments. We also tested the bioactivity of deoxysolabiomycins against Gram-positive bacteria, including Mycolicibacterium smegmatis, and notably found that the sulfoxide is critical for the antibacterial activity. To characterize the catalytic activity of SolS, the recombinant protein was incubated with a putative substrate, deoxysolabiomycins, and the cofactors FAD and NADPH. In vitro reactions demonstrated that SolS catalyzes the sulfoxidation, converting deoxysolabiomycins to solabiomycins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinta Ijichi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shotaro Hoshino
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shumpei Asamizu
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan; Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology (CRIIM), The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Onaka
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan; Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology (CRIIM), The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
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3
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Kishimoto S, Minami A, Aoki Y, Matsubara Y, Watanabe S, Watanabe K. Reactive Azlactone Intermediate Drives Fungal Secondary Metabolite Cross-Pathway Generation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:3221-3228. [PMID: 36706030 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic fungi of Aspergillus section Fumigati are known to produce various secondary metabolites. A reported isolation of a compound with an atypical carbon skeleton called fumimycin from A. fumisynnematus prompted us to examine a related fungus, A. lentulus, for production of similar products. Here we report the isolation of fumimycin and a related new racemic compound we named lentofuranine. Detailed analyses revealed that both compounds were assembled by a nonenzymatic condensation of a polyketide intermediate from the terrein biosynthetic pathway and a highly reactive azlactone intermediate produced by an unrelated nonribosomal peptide synthetase carrying a terminal condensation-like domain. While highly reactive azlactone is commonly used in chemical synthesis, its production by a conventional non-metalloenzyme and employment as a biosynthetic pathway intermediate is unprecedented. The observed unusual carbon skeleton formation is likely due to the reactivity of azlactone. Our finding provides another example of a chemical principle being aptly exploited by a biological system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Kishimoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka422-8526, Japan
| | - Ayumi Minami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka422-8526, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Aoki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka422-8526, Japan
| | - Yuya Matsubara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka422-8526, Japan
| | - Shogo Watanabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka422-8526, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka422-8526, Japan
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4
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Pseurotin D inhibits delayed type IV hypersensitivity response. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 368:110241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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5
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Zhang R, Wang H, Chen B, Dai H, Sun J, Han J, Liu H. Discovery of Anti-MRSA Secondary Metabolites from a Marine-Derived Fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:302. [PMID: 35621953 PMCID: PMC9146929 DOI: 10.3390/md20050302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a WHO high-priority pathogen that can cause great harm to living beings, is a primary cause of death from antibiotic-resistant infections. In the present study, six new compounds, including fumindoline A-C (1-3), 12β, 13β-hydroxy-asperfumigatin (4), 2-epi-tryptoquivaline F (17) and penibenzophenone E (37), and thirty-nine known ones were isolated from the marine-derived fungus Aspergillus fumigatus H22. The structures and the absolute configurations of the new compounds were unambiguously assigned by spectroscopic data, mass spectrometry (MS), electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectroscopic analyses, quantum NMR and ECD calculations, and chemical derivatizations. Bioactivity screening indicated that nearly half of the compounds exhibit antibacterial activity, especially compounds 8 and 11, and 33-38 showed excellent antimicrobial activities against MRSA, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 1.25 to 2.5 μM. In addition, compound 8 showed moderate inhibitory activity against Mycobacterium bovis (MIC: 25 μM), compound 10 showed moderate inhibitory activity against Candida albicans (MIC: 50 μM), and compound 13 showed strong inhibitory activity against the hatching of a Caenorhabditis elegans egg (IC50: 2.5 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Education, College of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; (R.Z.); (H.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (B.C.); (H.D.); (J.S.)
| | - Haifeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Education, College of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; (R.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Baosong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (B.C.); (H.D.); (J.S.)
| | - Huanqin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (B.C.); (H.D.); (J.S.)
| | - Jingzu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (B.C.); (H.D.); (J.S.)
| | - Junjie Han
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (B.C.); (H.D.); (J.S.)
| | - Hongwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Education, College of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; (R.Z.); (H.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (B.C.); (H.D.); (J.S.)
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6
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Skellam E. Biosynthesis of fungal polyketides by collaborating and trans-acting enzymes. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:754-783. [PMID: 34842268 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00056j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 1999 up to 2021Fungal polyketides encompass a range of structurally diverse molecules with a wide variety of biological activities. The giant multifunctional enzymes that synthesize polyketide backbones remain enigmatic, as do many of the tailoring enzymes involved in functional modifications. Recent advances in elucidating biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) have revealed numerous examples of fungal polyketide synthases that require the action of collaborating enzymes to synthesize the carbon backbone. This review will discuss collaborating and trans-acting enzymes involved in loading, extending, and releasing polyketide intermediates from fungal polyketide synthases, and additional modifications introduced by trans-acting enzymes demonstrating the complexity encountered when investigating natural product biosynthesis in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Skellam
- Department of Chemistry, BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, Denton, TX 76203, USA.
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7
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Jachak GR, Tharra PR, Sevelda P, Švenda J. Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Pseurotin A 2. J Org Chem 2021; 86:11845-11861. [PMID: 34378926 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report synthesis of two diastereomeric structures previously proposed for the complex secondary metabolite pseurotin A2. Both structures were accessed from the same building blocks taking advantage of a stereodivergent nickel(II)-diamine-catalyzed 1,4-addition of a chiral 2-alkoxycarbonyl-3(2H)-furanone. Late-stage Csp-Csp3 cross-coupling of a highly functionalized bromoalkyne featured in the pseurotin A2 side-chain assembly. The work supports the 2016 stereochemical revision of pseurotin A2 and represents the first chemical synthesis of this natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorakhnath R Jachak
- Department of Chemistry, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno 656 91, Czech Republic
| | - Prabhakara R Tharra
- Department of Chemistry, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno 656 91, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Sevelda
- Department of Chemistry, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Švenda
- Department of Chemistry, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno 656 91, Czech Republic
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Tao H, Mori T, Wei X, Matsuda Y, Abe I. One Polyketide Synthase, Two Distinct Products: Trans-Acting Enzyme-Controlled Product Divergence in Calbistrin Biosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:8851-8858. [PMID: 33480463 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Calbistrins are fungal polyketides consisting of the characteristic decalin and polyene moieties. Although the biosynthetic gene cluster of calbistrin A was recently identified, the pathway of calbistrin A biosynthesis has largely remained uninvestigated. Herein, we investigated the mechanism by which the backbone structures of calbistrins are formed, by heterologous and in vitro reconstitution of the biosynthesis and a structural biological study. Intriguingly, our analyses revealed that the decalin and polyene portions of calbistrins are synthesized by the single polyketide synthase (PKS) CalA, with the aid of the trans-acting enoylreductase CalK and the trans-acting C-methyltransferase CalH, respectively. We also determined that the esterification of the two polyketide parts is catalyzed by the acyltransferase CalD. Our study has uncovered a novel dual-functional PKS and thus broadened our understanding of how fungi synthesize diverse polyketide natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Tao
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takahiro Mori
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.,PRESTO (Japan) Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Xingxing Wei
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yudai Matsuda
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ikuro Abe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
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9
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Tao H, Mori T, Wei X, Matsuda Y, Abe I. One Polyketide Synthase, Two Distinct Products:
Trans
‐Acting Enzyme‐Controlled Product Divergence in Calbistrin Biosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202016525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Tao
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Takahiro Mori
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology The University of Tokyo Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8657 Japan
- PRESTO (Japan) Science and Technology Agency Kawaguchi Saitama 332-0012 Japan
| | - Xingxing Wei
- Department of Chemistry City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Yudai Matsuda
- Department of Chemistry City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Ikuro Abe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology The University of Tokyo Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8657 Japan
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10
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New immunosuppressive secondary metabolites from the endophytic fungus Aspergillus sp. Fitoterapia 2021; 151:104882. [PMID: 33746061 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2021.104882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Six new metabolites, including two diphenolic derivatives (1 and 2), one pseurotin (3), one butenolide derivative (4), one benzopyran (5) and one isochromane lactone (6), together with ten known compounds (7-16) were isolated from an endophytic fungus Aspergillus sp. Their planar structures and absolute configurations were established based on techniques of MS, NMR, IR, UV, [Rh2(OCOCF3)4] complex-induced ECD, quantum chemical electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations, and single crystal X-ray diffraction. Structurally, compound 2 represents the first example of diphenolic derivative possessing an unusual 1-oxaspiro[2.4]heptane core bearing a 5/3 bicyclic skeleton; compound 3 represents the first example of pseurotin type natural products that only one hydroxy group is substituted at side chain. In bioassay, compounds 3, 7 and 8 exhibited potential inhibitory effect on the proliferation of anti-CD3/anti-CD28 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) induced murine T cells, with IC50 values of (7.81 ± 0.71), (8.25 ± 0.78) and (8.84 ± 0.81) μM, respectively.
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11
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Sun Q, Huang M, Wei Y. Diversity of the reaction mechanisms of SAM-dependent enzymes. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:632-650. [PMID: 33777672 PMCID: PMC7982431 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) is ubiquitous in living organisms and is of great significance in metabolism as a cofactor of various enzymes. Methyltransferases (MTases), a major group of SAM-dependent enzymes, catalyze methyl transfer from SAM to C, O, N, and S atoms in small-molecule secondary metabolites and macromolecules, including proteins and nucleic acids. MTases have long been a hot topic in biomedical research because of their crucial role in epigenetic regulation of macromolecules and biosynthesis of natural products with prolific pharmacological moieties. However, another group of SAM-dependent enzymes, sharing similar core domains with MTases, can catalyze nonmethylation reactions and have multiple functions. Herein, we mainly describe the nonmethylation reactions of SAM-dependent enzymes in biosynthesis. First, we compare the structural and mechanistic similarities and distinctions between SAM-dependent MTases and the non-methylating SAM-dependent enzymes. Second, we summarize the reactions catalyzed by these enzymes and explore the mechanisms. Finally, we discuss the structural conservation and catalytical diversity of class I-like non-methylating SAM-dependent enzymes and propose a possibility in enzymes evolution, suggesting future perspectives for enzyme-mediated chemistry and biotechnology, which will help the development of new methods for drug synthesis.
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12
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Pseurotin D Inhibits the Activation of Human Lymphocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041938. [PMID: 33669259 PMCID: PMC7920033 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pseurotins, a family of secondary metabolites of different fungi characterized by an unusual spirocyclic furanone-lactam core, are suggested to have different biological activities including the modulation of immune response. Purpose: Complex characterization of the effects of pseurotin D on human lymphocyte activation in order to understand the potential of pseurotin to modulate immune response in humans. Methods: CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and CD19+ B cells isolated from human blood were activated by various activators simultaneously with pseurotin D treatment. The effects of pseurotin were tested on the basis of changes in cell viability, apoptosis, activation of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) signaling pathways, production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α by T cells, expression of activation markers CD69 and CD25 on T cells and Human Leukocyte Antigen–DR isotype (HLA-DR) on B cells, and the differentiation markers CD20, CD27, CD38, and immunoglobulin (Ig) D on B cells. Results: Pseurotin D significantly inhibited the activation of both CD4+ and CD8+ human T cells complemented by the inhibition of TNF-α production without significant acute toxic effects. The Pseurotin D-mediated inhibition of T-cell activation was accompanied by the induction of the apoptosis of T cells. This corresponded with the inhibited phosphorylation of STAT3 and STAT5. In human B cells, pseurotin D did not significantly inhibit their activation; however, it affected their differentiation. Conclusions: Our results advance the current mechanistic understanding of the pseurotin-induced inhibition of lymphocytes and suggest pseurotins as new attractive chemotypes for future research in the context of immune-modulatory drugs.
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Zhang H, Hantke V, Bruhnke P, Skellam EJ, Cox RJ. Chemical and Genetic Studies on the Formation of Pyrrolones During the Biosynthesis of Cytochalasans. Chemistry 2021; 27:3106-3113. [PMID: 33146923 PMCID: PMC7898483 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A key step during the biosynthesis of cytochalasans is a proposed Knoevenagel condensation to form the pyrrolone core, enabling the subsequent 4+2 cycloaddition reaction that results in the characteristic octahydroisoindolone motif of all cytochalasans. In this work, we investigate the role of the highly conserved α,β-hydrolase enzymes PyiE and ORFZ during the biosynthesis of pyrichalasin H and the ACE1 metabolite, respectively, using gene knockout and complementation techniques. Using synthetic aldehyde models we demonstrate that the Knoevenagel condensation proceeds spontaneously but results in the 1,3-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one tautomer, rather than the required 1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one tautomer. Taken together our results suggest that the α,β-hydrolase enzymes are essential for first ring cyclisation, but the precise nature of the intermediates remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haili Zhang
- Institute for Organic ChemistryLeibniz Universität HannoverSchneiderberg 1B30167HannoverGermany
- Biomolekulares Wirkstoff Zentrum (BMWZ)Leibniz Universität HannoverSchneiderberg 3830167HannoverGermany
| | - Verena Hantke
- Institute for Organic ChemistryLeibniz Universität HannoverSchneiderberg 1B30167HannoverGermany
- Biomolekulares Wirkstoff Zentrum (BMWZ)Leibniz Universität HannoverSchneiderberg 3830167HannoverGermany
| | - Pia Bruhnke
- Institute for Organic ChemistryLeibniz Universität HannoverSchneiderberg 1B30167HannoverGermany
- Biomolekulares Wirkstoff Zentrum (BMWZ)Leibniz Universität HannoverSchneiderberg 3830167HannoverGermany
| | - Elizabeth J. Skellam
- Institute for Organic ChemistryLeibniz Universität HannoverSchneiderberg 1B30167HannoverGermany
- Biomolekulares Wirkstoff Zentrum (BMWZ)Leibniz Universität HannoverSchneiderberg 3830167HannoverGermany
- Current Address: Department of ChemistryUniversity of North Texas1508 W Mulberry30167DentonTexasUSA
| | - Russell J. Cox
- Institute for Organic ChemistryLeibniz Universität HannoverSchneiderberg 1B30167HannoverGermany
- Biomolekulares Wirkstoff Zentrum (BMWZ)Leibniz Universität HannoverSchneiderberg 3830167HannoverGermany
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14
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Minami A, Ugai T, Ozaki T, Oikawa H. Predicting the chemical space of fungal polyketides by phylogeny-based bioinformatics analysis of polyketide synthase-nonribosomal peptide synthetase and its modification enzymes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13556. [PMID: 32782278 PMCID: PMC7421883 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70177-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal polyketide synthase (PKS)–nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) hybrids are key enzymes for synthesizing structurally diverse hybrid natural products (NPs) with characteristic biological activities. Predicting their chemical space is of particular importance in the field of natural product chemistry. However, the unexplored programming rule of the PKS module has prevented prediction of its chemical structure based on amino acid sequences. Here, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis of 884 PKS–NRPS hybrids and a modification enzyme analysis of the corresponding biosynthetic gene cluster, revealing a hidden relationship between its genealogy and core structures. This unexpected result allowed us to predict 18 biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) groups producing known carbon skeletons (number of BGCs; 489) and 11 uncharacterized BGC groups (171). The limited number of carbon skeletons suggests that fungi tend to select PK skeletons for survival during their evolution. The possible involvement of a horizontal gene transfer event leading to the diverse distribution of PKS–NRPS genes among fungal species is also proposed. This study provides insight into the chemical space of fungal PKs and the distribution of their biosynthetic gene clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Minami
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Ugai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Taro Ozaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Hideaki Oikawa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan.
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Genome-Inspired Chemical Exploration of Marine Fungus Aspergillus fumigatus MF071. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18070352. [PMID: 32640519 PMCID: PMC7401266 DOI: 10.3390/md18070352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The marine-derived fungus Aspergillus fumigatus MF071, isolated from sediment collected from the Bohai Sea, China, yielded two new compounds 19S,20-epoxy-18-oxotryprostatin A (1) and 20-hydroxy-18-oxotryprostatin A (2), in addition to 28 known compounds (3-30). The chemical structures were established on the basis of 1D, 2D NMR and HRESIMS spectroscopic data. This is the first report on NMR data of monomethylsulochrin-4-sulphate (4) and pseurotin H (10) as naturally occurring compounds. Compounds 15, 16, 20, 23, and 30 displayed weak antibacterial activity (minimum inhibitory concentration: 100 μg/mL). Compounds 18 and 19 exhibited strong activity against S. aureus (minimum inhibitory concentration: 6.25 and 3.13 μg/mL, respectively) and E. coli (minimum inhibitory concentration: 6.25 and 3.13 μg/mL, respectively). A genomic data analysis revealed the putative biosynthetic gene clusters ftm for fumitremorgins, pso for pseurotins, fga for fumigaclavines, and hel for helvolinic acid. These putative biosynthetic gene clusters fundamentally underpinned the enzymatic and mechanistic function study for the biosynthesis of these compounds. The current study reported two new compounds and biosynthetic gene clusters of fumitremorgins, pseurotins, fumigaclavines and helvolinic acid from Aspergillus fumigatus MF071.
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16
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Wunderlich J, Roß T, Schröder M, Hahn F. Step-Economic Synthesis of Biomimetic β-Ketopolyene Thioesters and Demonstration of Their Usefulness in Enzymatic Biosynthesis Studies. Org Lett 2020; 22:4955-4959. [PMID: 32610930 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Studies on the biosynthetic processing of polyene thioester intermediates are complicated by limited access to appropriate substrate surrogates. We present a step-economic synthetic access to biomimetic β-ketopolyene thioesters that is based on an Ir-catalyzed reductive Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons olefination. New β-ketotriene and pentaenethioates of pantetheine and N-acetylcysteamine were exemplarily synthesized via short and concise routes. The usefulness of these compounds was demonstrated in an in vitro assay with the ketoreductase domain MycKRB from mycolactone biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Wunderlich
- Fakultät Biologie, Chemie und Geologie, Department of Chemistry, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Theresa Roß
- Fakultät Biologie, Chemie und Geologie, Department of Chemistry, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Marius Schröder
- Fakultät Biologie, Chemie und Geologie, Department of Chemistry, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Frank Hahn
- Fakultät Biologie, Chemie und Geologie, Department of Chemistry, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
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17
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Heravi MM, Janati F, Zadsirjan V. Applications of Knoevenagel condensation reaction in the total synthesis of natural products. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-020-02586-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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18
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Zhang JM, Wang HH, Liu X, Hu CH, Zou Y. Heterologous and Engineered Biosynthesis of Nematocidal Polyketide–Nonribosomal Peptide Hybrid Macrolactone from Extreme Thermophilic Fungi. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:1957-1965. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Mei Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Hang-Hang Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Chang-Hua Hu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
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19
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Guruceaga X, Perez-Cuesta U, Abad-Diaz de Cerio A, Gonzalez O, Alonso RM, Hernando FL, Ramirez-Garcia A, Rementeria A. Fumagillin, a Mycotoxin of Aspergillus fumigatus: Biosynthesis, Biological Activities, Detection, and Applications. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 12:E7. [PMID: 31861936 PMCID: PMC7020470 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fumagillin is a mycotoxin produced, above all, by the saprophytic filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. This mold is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause invasive aspergillosis, a disease that has high mortality rates linked to it. Its ability to adapt to environmental stresses through the production of secondary metabolites, including several mycotoxins (gliotoxin, fumagillin, pseurotin A, etc.) also seem to play an important role in causing these infections. Since the discovery of the A. fumigatus fumagillin in 1949, many studies have focused on this toxin and in this review we gather all the information currently available. First of all, the structural characteristics of this mycotoxin and the different methods developed for its determination are given in detail. Then, the biosynthetic gene cluster and the metabolic pathway involved in its production and regulation are explained. The activity of fumagillin on its target, the methionine aminopeptidase type 2 (MetAP2) enzyme, and the effects of blocking this enzyme in the host are also described. Finally, the applications that this toxin and its derivatives have in different fields, such as the treatment of cancer and its microsporicidal activity in the treatment of honeybee hive infections with Nosema spp., are reviewed. Therefore, this work offers a complete review of all the information currently related to the fumagillin mycotoxin secreted by A. fumigatus, important because of its role in the fungal infection process but also because it has many other applications, notably in beekeeping, the treatment of infectious diseases, and in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xabier Guruceaga
- Fungal and Bacterial Biomics Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (X.G.); (U.P.-C.); (A.A.-D.d.C.); (F.L.H.)
| | - Uxue Perez-Cuesta
- Fungal and Bacterial Biomics Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (X.G.); (U.P.-C.); (A.A.-D.d.C.); (F.L.H.)
| | - Ana Abad-Diaz de Cerio
- Fungal and Bacterial Biomics Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (X.G.); (U.P.-C.); (A.A.-D.d.C.); (F.L.H.)
| | - Oskar Gonzalez
- FARMARTEM Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (O.G.); (R.M.A.)
| | - Rosa M. Alonso
- FARMARTEM Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (O.G.); (R.M.A.)
| | - Fernando Luis Hernando
- Fungal and Bacterial Biomics Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (X.G.); (U.P.-C.); (A.A.-D.d.C.); (F.L.H.)
| | - Andoni Ramirez-Garcia
- Fungal and Bacterial Biomics Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (X.G.); (U.P.-C.); (A.A.-D.d.C.); (F.L.H.)
| | - Aitor Rementeria
- Fungal and Bacterial Biomics Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (X.G.); (U.P.-C.); (A.A.-D.d.C.); (F.L.H.)
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20
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Kishimoto S, Tsunematsu Y, Matsushita T, Hara K, Hashimoto H, Tang Y, Watanabe K. Functional and Structural Analyses of trans C-Methyltransferase in Fungal Polyketide Biosynthesis. Biochemistry 2019; 58:3933-3937. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Kishimoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yuta Tsunematsu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Takuma Matsushita
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Kodai Hara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hashimoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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21
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Hirasawa S, Mukai K, Sakai S, Wakamori S, Hasegawa T, Souma K, Kanomata N, Ogawa N, Aizawa M, Emoto M. Elucidation of Racemization Process of Azaspirene Skeleton in Neutral Aqueous Media. J Org Chem 2018; 83:14457-14464. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shun Hirasawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Waseda University, 3-4-1, Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Ken Mukai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Waseda University, 3-4-1, Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Shinnosuke Sakai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Waseda University, 3-4-1, Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Shinnosuke Wakamori
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Waseda University, 3-4-1, Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hasegawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Waseda University, 3-4-1, Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Kazunori Souma
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Kanomata
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Waseda University, 3-4-1, Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - Narihito Ogawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Waseda University, 3-4-1, Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - Mamoru Aizawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - Makoto Emoto
- Clinical Research Center and Division of Preventive Medicine, Fukuoka Sanno Hospital, International University of Health and Welfare, 3-6-45 Momochihama, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka 814-0001, Japan
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22
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Jo D, Han S. Total syntheses of spirocyclic PKS-NRPS-based fungal metabolites. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:6750-6758. [PMID: 29873347 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc02315h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Since the first isolation of pseurotin A in 1976, over twenty five spirocyclic PKS-NRPS-based (polyketide synthase-nonribosomal peptide synthetase-based) fungal natural products have been discovered to date. The common 1-oxa-7-azaspiro[4.4]non-2-ene-4,6-dione core of this family of natural products has served as a platform for the development of novel chemistry and resulted in the development of numerous new reactivities and synthetic strategies. Herein, we delineate all reported syntheses of spirocyclic PKS-NRPS-based fungal metabolites including our own recent contributions on this subject. We showcase how a biosynthetic consideration could lead to concise synthetic routes to this family of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deokhee Jo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
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23
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Grijseels S, Nielsen JC, Nielsen J, Larsen TO, Frisvad JC, Nielsen KF, Frandsen RJN, Workman M. Physiological characterization of secondary metabolite producing Penicillium cell factories. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2017; 4:8. [PMID: 29075506 PMCID: PMC5644182 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-017-0036-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Penicillium species are important producers of bioactive secondary metabolites. However, the immense diversity of the fungal kingdom is only scarcely represented in industrial bioprocesses and the upscaling of compound production remains a costly and labor intensive challenge. In order to facilitate the development of novel secondary metabolite producing processes, two routes are typically explored: optimization of the native producer or transferring the enzymatic pathway into a heterologous host. Recent genome sequencing of ten Penicillium species showed the vast amount of secondary metabolite gene clusters present in their genomes, and makes them accessible for rational strain improvement. In this study, we aimed to characterize the potential of these ten Penicillium species as native producing cell factories by testing their growth performance and secondary metabolite production in submerged cultivations. RESULTS Cultivation of the fungal species in controlled submerged bioreactors showed that the ten wild type Penicillium species had promising, highly reproducible growth characteristics in two different media. Analysis of the secondary metabolite production using liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry proved that the species produced a broad range of secondary metabolites, at different stages of the fermentations. Metabolite profiling for identification of the known compounds resulted in identification of 34 metabolites; which included several with bioactive properties such as antibacterial, antifungal and anti-cancer activities. Additionally, several novel species-metabolite relationships were found. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that the fermentation characteristics and the highly reproducible performance in bioreactors of ten recently genome sequenced Penicillium species should be considered as very encouraging for the application of native hosts for production via submerged fermentation. The results are particularly promising for the potential development of the ten analysed Penicillium species for production of novel bioactive compounds via submerged fermentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sietske Grijseels
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jens Christian Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas Ostenfeld Larsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jens Christian Frisvad
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kristian Fog Nielsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Mhairi Workman
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeho Kang
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Deokhee Jo
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center
for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sunkyu Han
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center
for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
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25
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Wakefield J, Hassan HM, Jaspars M, Ebel R, Rateb ME. Dual Induction of New Microbial Secondary Metabolites by Fungal Bacterial Co-cultivation. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1284. [PMID: 28744271 PMCID: PMC5504103 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The frequent re-isolation of known compounds is one of the major challenges in drug discovery. Many biosynthetic genes are not expressed under standard culture conditions, thus limiting the chemical diversity of microbial compounds that can be obtained through fermentation. On the other hand, the competition during co-cultivation of two or more different microorganisms in most cases leads to an enhanced production of constitutively present compounds or an accumulation of cryptic compounds that are not detected in axenic cultures of the producing strain under different fermentation conditions. Herein, we report the dual induction of newly detected bacterial and fungal metabolites by the co-cultivation of the marine-derived fungal isolate Aspergillus fumigatus MR2012 and two hyper-arid desert bacterial isolates Streptomyces leeuwenhoekii strain C34 and strain C58. Co-cultivation of the fungal isolate MR2012 with the bacterial strain C34 led to the production of luteoride D, a new luteoride derivative and pseurotin G, a new pseurotin derivative in addition to the production of terezine D and 11-O-methylpseurotin A which were not traced before from this fungal strain under different fermentation conditions. In addition to the previously detected metabolites in strain C34, the lasso peptide chaxapeptin was isolated under co-culture conditions. The gene cluster for the latter compound had been identified through genome scanning, but it had never been detected before in the axenic culture of strain C34. Furthermore, when the fungus MR2012 was co-cultivated with the bacterial strain C58, the main producer of chaxapeptin, the titre of this metabolite was doubled, while additionally the bacterial metabolite pentalenic acid was detected and isolated for the first time from this strain, whereas the major fungal metabolites that were produced under axenic culture were suppressed. Finally, fermentation of the MR2012 by itself led to the isolation of the new diketopiperazine metabolite named brevianamide X.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Wakefield
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of AberdeenAberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Hossam M Hassan
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef UniversityBeni Suef, Egypt
| | - Marcel Jaspars
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of AberdeenAberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Rainer Ebel
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of AberdeenAberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Mostafa E Rateb
- School of Science and Sport, University of the West of ScotlandPaisley, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Oxidative cyclizations are important transformations that occur widely during natural product biosynthesis. The transformations from acyclic precursors to cyclized products can afford morphed scaffolds, structural rigidity, and biological activities. Some of the most dramatic structural alterations in natural product biosynthesis occur through oxidative cyclization. In this Review, we examine the different strategies used by nature to create new intra(inter)molecular bonds via redox chemistry. This Review will cover both oxidation- and reduction-enabled cyclization mechanisms, with an emphasis on the former. Radical cyclizations catalyzed by P450, nonheme iron, α-KG-dependent oxygenases, and radical SAM enzymes are discussed to illustrate the use of molecular oxygen and S-adenosylmethionine to forge new bonds at unactivated sites via one-electron manifolds. Nonradical cyclizations catalyzed by flavin-dependent monooxygenases and NAD(P)H-dependent reductases are covered to show the use of two-electron manifolds in initiating cyclization reactions. The oxidative installations of epoxides and halogens into acyclic scaffolds to drive subsequent cyclizations are separately discussed as examples of "disappearing" reactive handles. Last, oxidative rearrangement of rings systems, including contractions and expansions, will be covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Cheng Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yi Zou
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Christopher T. Walsh
- Stanford University Chemistry, Engineering, and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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27
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Dunbar KL, Scharf DH, Litomska A, Hertweck C. Enzymatic Carbon-Sulfur Bond Formation in Natural Product Biosynthesis. Chem Rev 2017; 117:5521-5577. [PMID: 28418240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur plays a critical role for the development and maintenance of life on earth, which is reflected by the wealth of primary metabolites, macromolecules, and cofactors bearing this element. Whereas a large body of knowledge has existed for sulfur trafficking in primary metabolism, the secondary metabolism involving sulfur has long been neglected. Yet, diverse sulfur functionalities have a major impact on the biological activities of natural products. Recent research at the genetic, biochemical, and chemical levels has unearthed a broad range of enzymes, sulfur shuttles, and chemical mechanisms for generating carbon-sulfur bonds. This Review will give the first systematic overview on enzymes catalyzing the formation of organosulfur natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle L Dunbar
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI) , Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel H Scharf
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan , 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2216, United States
| | - Agnieszka Litomska
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI) , Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI) , Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Friedrich Schiller University , 07743 Jena, Germany
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28
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Kishimoto S, Tsunematsu Y, Sato M, Watanabe K. Elucidation of Biosynthetic Pathways of Natural Products. CHEM REC 2017; 17:1095-1108. [PMID: 28387469 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201700015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
During the last decade, we have revealed biosynthetic pathways responsible for the formation of important and chemically complex natural products isolated from various organisms through genetic manipulation. Detailed in vivo and in vitro characterizations enabled elucidation of unexpected mechanisms of secondary metabolite biosynthesis. This personal account focuses on our recent efforts in identifying the genes responsible for the biosynthesis of spirotryprostatin, aspoquinolone, Sch 210972, pyranonigrin, fumagillin and pseurotin. We exploit heterologous reconstitution of biosynthetic pathways of interest in our study. In particular, extensive involvement of oxidation reactions is discussed. Heterologous hosts employed here are Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus nidulans and A. niger that can also be used to prepare biosynthetic intermediates and product analogs by engineering the biosynthetic pathways using the knowledge obtained by detailed characterizations of the enzymes. (998 char.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Kishimoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, City of Shizuoka, 422-8526, JAPAN
| | - Yuta Tsunematsu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, City of Shizuoka, 422-8526, JAPAN
| | - Michio Sato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, City of Shizuoka, 422-8526, JAPAN
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, City of Shizuoka, 422-8526, JAPAN
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29
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Yokoyama M, Hirayama Y, Yamamoto T, Kishimoto S, Tsunematsu Y, Watanabe K. Integration of Chemical, Genetic, and Bioinformatic Approaches Delineates Fungal Polyketide–Peptide Hybrid Biosynthesis. Org Lett 2017; 19:2002-2005. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru Yokoyama
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Hirayama
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yamamoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Shinji Kishimoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yuta Tsunematsu
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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30
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Chalupa D, Vojáčková P, Partl J, Pavlović D, Nečas M, Švenda J. Enantioselective Synthesis of Cephalimysins B and C. Org Lett 2017; 19:750-753. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b03373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Chalupa
- Department
of Chemistry, Masaryk University, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Vojáčková
- Department
of Chemistry, Masaryk University, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Partl
- Department
of Chemistry, Masaryk University, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Dražen Pavlović
- Department
of Chemistry, Masaryk University, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- International
Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Nečas
- Department
of Chemistry, Masaryk University, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Švenda
- Department
of Chemistry, Masaryk University, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- International
Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
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31
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Abstract
We describe the total synthesis of (±)-berkeleyamide D using a strategy stemmed from biosynthetic considerations of γ-hydroxy/methoxy-γ-lactam-based fungal metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deokhee Jo
- Department of Chemistry
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)
- Daejeon 34141
- Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations
| | - Sunkyu Han
- Department of Chemistry
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)
- Daejeon 34141
- Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations
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32
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Hemmerling F, Hahn F. Biosynthesis of oxygen and nitrogen-containing heterocycles in polyketides. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 12:1512-50. [PMID: 27559404 PMCID: PMC4979870 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This review highlights the biosynthesis of heterocycles in polyketide natural products with a focus on oxygen and nitrogen-containing heterocycles with ring sizes between 3 and 6 atoms. Heterocycles are abundant structural elements of natural products from all classes and they often contribute significantly to their biological activity. Progress in recent years has led to a much better understanding of their biosynthesis. In this context, plenty of novel enzymology has been discovered, suggesting that these pathways are an attractive target for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Hemmerling
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Zentrum für Biomolekulare Wirkstoffe, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany; Fakultät für Biologie, Chemie und Geowissenschaften, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Frank Hahn
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Zentrum für Biomolekulare Wirkstoffe, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany; Fakultät für Biologie, Chemie und Geowissenschaften, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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33
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Kato H, Tsunematsu Y, Yamamoto T, Namiki T, Kishimoto S, Noguchi H, Watanabe K. New natural products isolated from Metarhizium robertsii ARSEF 23 by chemical screening and identification of the gene cluster through engineered biosynthesis in Aspergillus nidulans A1145. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2016; 69:561-6. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2016.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Yamamoto T, Tsunematsu Y, Hara K, Suzuki T, Kishimoto S, Kawagishi H, Noguchi H, Hashimoto H, Tang Y, Hotta K, Watanabe K. Oxidative trans
to cis
Isomerization of Olefins in Polyketide Biosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201600940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Yamamoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Yuta Tsunematsu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Kodai Hara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Tomohiro Suzuki
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology; Shizuoka University; Shizuoka 422-8529 Japan
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education; Utsunomiya University; Tochigi 321-8505 Japan
| | - Shinji Kishimoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kawagishi
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology; Shizuoka University; Shizuoka 422-8529 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Noguchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hashimoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of California; Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Kinya Hotta
- School of Biosciences; The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus; Selangor 43500 Malaysia
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
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35
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Yamamoto T, Tsunematsu Y, Hara K, Suzuki T, Kishimoto S, Kawagishi H, Noguchi H, Hashimoto H, Tang Y, Hotta K, Watanabe K. Oxidative trans to cis Isomerization of Olefins in Polyketide Biosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:6207-10. [PMID: 27072782 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201600940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Geometric isomerization can expand the scope of biological activities of natural products. The observed chemical diversity among the pseurotin-type fungal secondary metabolites is in part generated by a trans to cis isomerization of an olefin. In vitro characterizations of pseurotin biosynthetic enzymes revealed that the glutathione S-transferase PsoE requires participation of the bifunctional C-methyltransferase/epoxidase PsoF to complete the trans to cis isomerization of the pathway intermediate presynerazol. The crystal structure of the PsoE/glutathione/presynerazol complex indicated stereospecific glutathione-presynerazol conjugate formation is the principal function of PsoE. Moreover, PsoF was identified to have an additional, unexpected oxidative isomerase activity, thus making it a trifunctional enzyme which is key to the complexity generation in pseurotin biosynthesis. Through the study, we identified a novel mechanism of accomplishing a seemingly simple trans to cis isomerization reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Yamamoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yuta Tsunematsu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Kodai Hara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Suzuki
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.,Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, 321-8505, Japan
| | - Shinji Kishimoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kawagishi
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Noguchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hashimoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Kinya Hotta
- School of Biosciences, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Selangor, 43500, Malaysia
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.
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36
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Genome mining of the sordarin biosynthetic gene cluster from Sordaria araneosa Cain ATCC 36386: characterization of cycloaraneosene synthase and GDP-6-deoxyaltrose transferase. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2016; 69:541-8. [PMID: 27072286 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2016.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Sordarin is a glycoside antibiotic with a unique tetracyclic diterpene aglycone structure called sordaricin. To understand its intriguing biosynthetic pathway that may include a Diels-Alder-type [4+2]cycloaddition, genome mining of the gene cluster from the draft genome sequence of the producer strain, Sordaria araneosa Cain ATCC 36386, was carried out. A contiguous 67 kb gene cluster consisting of 20 open reading frames encoding a putative diterpene cyclase, a glycosyltransferase, a type I polyketide synthase, and six cytochrome P450 monooxygenases were identified. In vitro enzymatic analysis of the putative diterpene cyclase SdnA showed that it catalyzes the transformation of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to cycloaraneosene, a known biosynthetic intermediate of sordarin. Furthermore, a putative glycosyltransferase SdnJ was found to catalyze the glycosylation of sordaricin in the presence of GDP-6-deoxy-d-altrose to give 4'-O-demethylsordarin. These results suggest that the identified sdn gene cluster is responsible for the biosynthesis of sordarin. Based on the isolated potential biosynthetic intermediates and bioinformatics analysis, a plausible biosynthetic pathway for sordarin is proposed.
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37
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Watanabe K. Effective use of heterologous hosts for characterization of biosynthetic enzymes allows production of natural products and promotes new natural product discovery. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2015; 62:1153-65. [PMID: 25450623 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c14-00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the past few years, there has been impressive progress in elucidating the mechanism of biosynthesis of various natural products accomplished through the use of genetic, molecular biological and biochemical techniques. Here, we present a comprehensive overview of the current results from our studies on fungal natural product biosynthetic enzymes, including nonribosomal peptide synthetase and polyketide synthase-nonribosomal peptide synthetase hybrid synthetase, as well as auxiliary enzymes, such as methyltransferases and oxygenases. Specifically, biosynthesis of the following compounds is described in detail: (i) Sch210972, potentially involving a Diels-Alder reaction that may be catalyzed by CghA, a functionally unknown protein identified by targeted gene disruption in the wild type fungus; (ii) chaetoglobosin A, formed via multi-step oxidations catalyzed by three redox enzymes, one flavin-containing monooxygenase and two cytochrome P450 oxygenases as characterized by in vivo biotransformation of relevant intermediates in our engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae; (iii) (-)-ditryptophenaline, formed by a cytochrome P450, revealing the dimerization mechanism for the biosynthesis of diketopiperazine alkaloids; (iv) pseurotins, whose variations in the C- and O-methylations and the degree of oxidation are introduced combinatorially by multiple redox enzymes; and (v) spirotryprostatins, whose spiro-carbon moiety is formed by a flavin-containing monooxygenase or a cytochrome P450 as determined by heterologous de novo production of the biosynthetic intermediates and final products in Aspergillus niger. We close our discussion by summarizing some of the key techniques that have facilitated the discovery of new natural products, production of their analogs and identification of biosynthetic mechanisms in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Watanabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
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38
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Sheridan KJ, Dolan SK, Doyle S. Endogenous cross-talk of fungal metabolites. Front Microbiol 2015; 5:732. [PMID: 25601857 PMCID: PMC4283610 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-ribosomal peptide (NRP) synthesis in fungi requires a ready supply of proteogenic and non-proteogenic amino acids which are subsequently incorporated into the nascent NRP via a thiotemplate mechanism catalyzed by NRP synthetases. Substrate amino acids can be modified prior to or during incorporation into the NRP, or following incorporation into an early stage amino acid-containing biosynthetic intermediate. These post-incorporation modifications involve a range of additional enzymatic activities including but not exclusively, monooxygenases, methyltransferases, epimerases, oxidoreductases, and glutathione S-transferases which are essential to effect biosynthesis of the final NRP. Likewise, polyketide biosynthesis is directly by polyketide synthase megaenzymes and cluster-encoded ancillary decorating enzymes. Additionally, a suite of additional primary metabolites, for example: coenzyme A (CoA), acetyl CoA, S-adenosylmethionine, glutathione (GSH), NADPH, malonyl CoA, and molecular oxygen, amongst others are required for NRP and polyketide synthesis (PKS). Clearly these processes must involve exquisite orchestration to facilitate the simultaneous biosynthesis of different types of NRPs, polyketides, and related metabolites requiring identical or similar biosynthetic precursors or co-factors. Moreover, the near identical structures of many natural products within a given family (e.g., ergot alkaloids), along with localization to similar regions within fungi (e.g., conidia) suggests that cross-talk may exist, in terms of biosynthesis and functionality. Finally, we speculate if certain biosynthetic steps involved in NRP and PKS play a role in cellular protection or environmental adaptation, and wonder if these enzymatic reactions are of equivalent importance to the actual biosynthesis of the final metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen K Dolan
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Sean Doyle
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University Maynooth, Ireland
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39
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Zou Y, Xu W, Tsunematsu Y, Tang M, Watanabe K, Tang Y. Methylation-dependent acyl transfer between polyketide synthase and nonribosomal peptide synthetase modules in fungal natural product biosynthesis. Org Lett 2014; 16:6390-3. [PMID: 25494235 PMCID: PMC4275151 DOI: 10.1021/ol503179v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Biochemical studies of purified and dissected fungal polyketide synthase and nonribosomal peptide synthetase (PKS-NRPS) hybrid enzymes involved in biosynthesis of pseurotin and aspyridone indicate that one α-methylation step during polyketide synthesis is a prerequisite and a key checkpoint for chain transfer between PKS and NRPS modules. In the absence of the resulting γ-methyl feature, the completed polyketide intermediate is offloaded as an α-pyrone instead of being aminoacylated by the NRPS domain. These examples illustrate that precisely timed tailoring domain activities play critical roles in the overall programming of the iterative PKS (and NRPS) functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zou
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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40
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Kakule TB, Lin Z, Schmidt EW. Combinatorialization of Fungal Polyketide Synthase–Peptide Synthetase Hybrid Proteins. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:17882-90. [DOI: 10.1021/ja511087p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B. Kakule
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Zhenjian Lin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Eric W. Schmidt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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41
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A modified recombineering protocol for the genetic manipulation of gene clusters in Aspergillus fumigatus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111875. [PMID: 25372385 PMCID: PMC4221250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic analyses of fungal genome structure have revealed the presence of physically-linked groups of genes, termed gene clusters, where collective functionality of encoded gene products serves a common biosynthetic purpose. In multiple fungal pathogens of humans and plants gene clusters have been shown to encode pathways for biosynthesis of secondary metabolites including metabolites required for pathogenicity. In the major mould pathogen of humans Aspergillus fumigatus, multiple clusters of co-ordinately upregulated genes were identified as having heightened transcript abundances, relative to laboratory cultured equivalents, during the early stages of murine infection. The aim of this study was to develop and optimise a methodology for manipulation of gene cluster architecture, thereby providing the means to assess their relevance to fungal pathogenicity. To this end we adapted a recombineering methodology which exploits lambda phage-mediated recombination of DNA in bacteria, for the generation of gene cluster deletion cassettes. By exploiting a pre-existing bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library of A. fumigatus genomic clones we were able to implement single or multiple intra-cluster gene replacement events at both subtelomeric and telomere distal chromosomal locations, in both wild type and highly recombinogenic A. fumigatus isolates. We then applied the methodology to address the boundaries of a gene cluster producing a nematocidal secondary metabolite, pseurotin A, and to address the role of this secondary metabolite in insect and mammalian responses to A. fumigatus challenge.
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42
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Hill RA, Sutherland A. Hot off the press. Nat Prod Rep 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4np90041c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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43
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Kyeremeh K, Acquah KS, Camas M, Tabudravu J, Houssen W, Deng H, Jaspars M. Butrepyrazinone, a new pyrazinone with an unusual methylation pattern from a Ghanaian Verrucosispora sp. K51G. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:5197-208. [PMID: 25325732 PMCID: PMC4210894 DOI: 10.3390/md12105197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the structural characterization of a new pyrazinone analogue; butrepyrazinone, which was isolated from a new actinomycete strain Verrucosispora sp. K51G recovered from Ghanaian mangrove river sediment. Spectroscopy-guided fractionation led to the isolation of a compound from the fermentation culture and a combination of NMR spectroscopy, high-resolution mass spectrometry and computer-aided calculations revealed that butrepyrazinone (10) possesses an unusual methylation pattern on the pyrazinone ring. Butrepyrazinone (10), however, displayed no antibacterial activity against Gram-positive S. aureus ATCC 25923, the Gram-negative E. coli ATCC 25922 and a panel of clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains, suggesting that 10 may act as a signal molecule for this strain. Although the same molecule has been synthesized previously, this is the first report to disclose the discovery of butrepyrazinone (10) from nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwaku Kyeremeh
- Marine and Plant Laboratory of Ghana, Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, Accra, P.O. Box LG 56, Ghana.
| | - Kojo Sekyi Acquah
- Marine and Plant Laboratory of Ghana, Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, Accra, P.O. Box LG 56, Ghana.
| | - Mustafa Camas
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tunceli University, 62000 Tunceli, Turkey.
| | - Jioji Tabudravu
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Old Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK.
| | - Wael Houssen
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Old Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK.
| | - Hai Deng
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Old Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK.
| | - Marcel Jaspars
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Old Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK.
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