1
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Guo L, Chu R, Hao X, Lei Y, Li H, Ma D, Wang G, Tung CH, Wang Y. Ag 3PO 4 enables the generation of long-lived radical cations for visible light-driven [2 + 2] and [4 + 2] pericyclic reactions. Nat Commun 2024; 15:979. [PMID: 38302484 PMCID: PMC10834519 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45217-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Photocatalytic redox reactions are important for synthesizing fine chemicals from olefins, but the limited lifetime of radical cation intermediates severely restricts semiconductor photocatalysis efficiency. Here, we report that Ag3PO4 can efficiently catalyze intramolecular and intermolecular [2 + 2] and Diels-Alder cycloadditions under visible-light irradiation. The approach is additive-free, catalyst-recyclable. Mechanistic studies indicate that visible-light irradiation on Ag3PO4 generates holes with high oxidation power, which oxidize aromatic alkene adsorbates into radical cations. In photoreduced Ag3PO4, the conduction band electron (eCB-) has low reduction power due to the delocalization among the Ag+-lattices, while the particle surfaces have a strong electrostatic interaction with the radical cations, which considerably stabilize the radical cations against recombination with eCB-. The radical cation on the particle's surfaces has a lifetime of more than 2 ms, 75 times longer than homogeneous systems. Our findings highlight the effectiveness of inorganic semiconductors for challenging radical cation-mediated synthesis driven by sunlight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Guo
- Key Lab for Colloid and Interface Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong University Jinan, 250100, Jinan, China
| | - Rongchen Chu
- Key Lab for Colloid and Interface Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong University Jinan, 250100, Jinan, China
| | - Xinyu Hao
- Key Lab for Colloid and Interface Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong University Jinan, 250100, Jinan, China
| | - Yu Lei
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Haibin Li
- Key Lab for Colloid and Interface Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong University Jinan, 250100, Jinan, China
| | - Dongge Ma
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing, 100048, Beijing, China
| | - Guo Wang
- Department of Chemistry Capital Normal University Beijing, 100048, Beijing, China
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- Key Lab for Colloid and Interface Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong University Jinan, 250100, Jinan, China
| | - Yifeng Wang
- Key Lab for Colloid and Interface Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong University Jinan, 250100, Jinan, China.
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2
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Genzink MJ, Rossler MD, Recendiz H, Yoon TP. A General Strategy for the Synthesis of Truxinate Natural Products Enabled by Enantioselective [2+2] Photocycloadditions. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19182-19188. [PMID: 37603410 PMCID: PMC10528511 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Pseudodimeric cyclobutanes constitute a large class of natural products that could, in principle, be efficiently synthesized via [2+2] photocycloadditions. However, the difficulty in developing chemo-, regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselective cycloadditions has limited their use in asymmetric syntheses. Herein, we show that chiral acid catalysts promote highly selective visible-light photocycloadditions, the products of which can be quickly transformed into truxinate natural products. This general approach has enabled the synthesis of both dimeric and pseudodimeric cyclobutane natural products with excellent enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Genzink
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Matthew D. Rossler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Herman Recendiz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Tehshik P. Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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3
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Yan M, Zhou Q, Lu P. Collective Synthesis of Chiral Tetrasubstituted Cyclobutanes Enabled by Enantioconvergent Negishi Cross-Coupling of Cyclobutenones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218008. [PMID: 36539352 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cyclobutenones provide a straightforward four-carbon ring platform for further structural elaborations in that every carbon atom of the ring could be potentially functionalized. We report here a nickel catalyzed enantioconvergent Negishi coupling of 4-iodocyclobutenones with an array of aryl or alkenyl zinc reagents to access enantioenriched 4-substituted cyclobutenones, from which a modular approach to the synthesis of 1,2,3,4-tetrasubstituted cyclobutanes was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yan
- Research Center for Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 220 Handan Lu, 200433, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Research Center for Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 220 Handan Lu, 200433, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Ping Lu
- Research Center for Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 220 Handan Lu, 200433, Shanghai, P. R. China
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4
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Matsumoto T, Okazaki S, Aoki S, Niki A, Iwasaki H, Ozeki M, Yamashita M, Kojima N, Kawasaki I. Facile Synthesis of 5-Alkoxy-4-Aryltetrahydrofuran-2-one Using Hypervalent Iodine Reagents. Tetrahedron Lett 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2023.154382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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5
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Abstract
1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) is a polar, strongly hydrogen bond-donating solvent that has found numerous uses in organic synthesis due to its ability to stabilize ionic species, transfer protons, and engage in a range of other intermolecular interactions. The use of this solvent has exponentially increased in the past decade and has become a solvent of choice in some areas, such as C-H functionalization chemistry. In this review, following a brief history of HFIP in organic synthesis and an overview of its physical properties, literature examples of organic reactions using HFIP as a solvent or an additive are presented, emphasizing the effect of solvent of each reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim F Motiwala
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Ahlam M Armaly
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Jackson G Cacioppo
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Thomas C Coombs
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403 United States
| | - Kimberly R K Koehn
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Verrill M Norwood
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
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6
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Hui C, Wang Z, Xie Y, Liu J. Contemporary synthesis of bioactive cyclobutane natural products. Green Synthesis and Catalysis 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2022.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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7
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Patel BK, Dahiya A, Sahoo AK, Chakraborty N, Das B. Updates on hypervalent-iodine reagents in metal-free organic synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:2005-2027. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02233d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hypervalent iodine (HVI) chemistry is a rapidly growing subdomain of contemporary organic chemistry because of its enormous synthetic applications. The high nucleofugality of the phenyliodonio group (I+Ph) and their radical...
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8
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Grantham HF, Kimber MC. Dimeric Cyclobutane Formation Under Continuous Flow Conditions Using Organophotoredox‐Catalysed [2+2] Cycloaddition**. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202100273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helena F. Grantham
- School of Science Department of Chemistry Loughborough University Loughborough LE11 3TU UK
| | - Marc C. Kimber
- School of Science Department of Chemistry Loughborough University Loughborough LE11 3TU UK
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9
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Abstract
AbstractNowadays, hypervalent iodine chemistry has remarkably advanced in parallel with the emergence of novel hypervalent iodine reagents. Hypervalent iodine reagents, due to their outstanding characteristics including rich reactivities, excellent chemoselectivity, stability, and environmental friendliness, are becoming more and more popular in the synthetic organic chemistry. In this Account, a number of recent elegant research works and our perspective on the future of hypervalent iodine chemistry is presented.1 Introduction2 Recent Advances and Discussion2.1 Novel Reactivities of Hypervalent Iodine Reagents2.2 Atom-Economical Reactions Promoted by Hypervalent Iodine Reagents2.3 Other Applications of Hypervalent Iodine Reagents2.4 The Applications of DFT Calculations in Elucidating Reaction Mechanism Involving Hypervalent Iodine Reagents3 Outlook and Conclusion
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10
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Abstract
The focus article discusses the innovation of hypervalent(iii) iodine regarding skeletal rearrangement, cycloaddition and cyclization, and sp3 C–H functionalization in natural product synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- Southern University of Science and Technology
- School of Medicine
- Shenzhen
- People's Republic of China
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11
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Hussein AA, Ma Y, Al‐Yasari A. Hypervalent Iodine‐Mediated Styrene Hetero‐ and Homodimerization Initiation Proceeds with Two‐Electron Reductive Cleavage. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yumiao Ma
- BSJ Institue, Haidian 100084 Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Ahmed Al‐Yasari
- School of Chemistry University of East Anglia NR4 7TJ Norwich United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Sciences University of Kerbala Kerbala Iraq
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12
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Xiang JC, Wang Q, Zhu J. Radical-Cation Cascade to Aryltetralin Cyclic Ether Lignans Under Visible-Light Photoredox Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:21195-21202. [PMID: 32744786 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of concise, sustainable, and cost-effective synthesis of aryltetralin lignans, bearing either a fused lactone or cyclic ether, is of significant medicinal importance. Reported is that in the presence of Fukuzumi's acridinium salt under blue LED irradiation, functionalized dicinnamyl ether derivatives are converted into aryltetralin cyclic ether lignans with concurrent generation of three stereocenters in good to high yields with up to 20:1 diastereoselectivity. Oxidation of an alkene to the radical cation is key to the success of this formal Diels-Alder reaction of electronically mismatched diene and dienophile. Applying this methodology, six natural products, aglacin B, aglacin C, sulabiroin A, sulabiroin B, gaultherin C, and isoshonanin, are synthesized in only two to three steps from readily available biomass-derived monolignols. A revised structure is proposed for gaultherin C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Chen Xiang
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH 5304, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Qian Wang
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH 5304, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jieping Zhu
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH 5304, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia‐Chen Xiang
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH 5304 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Qian Wang
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH 5304 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Jieping Zhu
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH 5304 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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14
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Abstract
Radical cations generated from the oxidation of C
Created by potrace 1.16, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2019
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C π-bonds are synthetically useful reactive intermediates for C–C and C–X bond formation. Radical cation formation, induced by sub-stoichiometric amounts of external oxidant, are important intermediates in the Woodward–Hoffmann thermally disallowed [2 + 2] cycloaddition of electron-rich alkenes. Using density functional theory (DFT), we report the detailed mechanisms underlying the intermolecular heterodimerisation of anethole and β-methylstyrene to give unsymmetrical, tetra-substituted cyclobutanes. Reactions between trans-alkenes favour the all-trans adduct, resulting from a kinetic preference for anti-addition reinforced by reversibility at ambient temperatures since this is also the thermodynamic product; on the other hand, reactions between a trans-alkene and a cis-alkene favour syn-addition, while exocyclic rotation in the acyclic radical cation intermediate is also possible since C–C forming barriers are higher. Computations are consistent with the experimental observation that hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) is a better solvent than acetonitrile, in part due to its ability to stabilise the reduced form of the hypervalent iodine initiator by hydrogen bonding, but also through the stabilisation of radical cationic intermediates along the reaction coordinate. A computational study details the mechanism, catalytic cycle and origins of stereoselectivity underlying hole-catalyzed intermolecular alkene heterodimerisation to give unsymmetrical, tetra-substituted cyclobutanes.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinglong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Robert S Paton
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK.,Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
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15
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Wang X, Liu H, Xiang D, Zhang Q, Li D. Hypervalent Iodine Reagent‐Mediated Selective Vinyl C−H Amidation of 4‐Alkoxystyrenes with Diarylsulfonimides for Preparation of Enamides. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202001689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering Hubei University of Technology Wuhan 430068 China
| | - Hao Liu
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering Hubei University of Technology Wuhan 430068 China
| | - Dehu Xiang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering Hubei University of Technology Wuhan 430068 China
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering Hubei University of Technology Wuhan 430068 China
| | - Dong Li
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering Hubei University of Technology Wuhan 430068 China
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16
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Abstract
The straightforward oxidation of electron-rich arenes, namely, phenols, naphthols, and anisole derivatives, under mild reaction conditions, is described by means of the use of an environmentally benign HFIP-UHP system. The corresponding quinones or hydroxylated arenes were obtained in moderate to good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Llopis
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica and Instituto de Sı́ntesis Orgánica (ISO), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, Alicante E-03080, Spain
| | - Alejandro Baeza
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica and Instituto de Sı́ntesis Orgánica (ISO), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, Alicante E-03080, Spain
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Maeta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Kamiya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Yohei Okada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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18
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Abstract
Herein we report the design and synthesis of hypervalent trifluoromethylthio-iodine(III) reagent 1 and the elucidation of its structure by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. The trifluoromethylthiolation reactions of 1 with various nucleophiles were explored, and this compound was found to be a versatile electrophilic reagent for the transfer of a trifluoromethylthio group (-SCF3). The hydrogen-bonding mode responsible for the activation of 1 by the solvent 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol was investigated both experimentally and computationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Guang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ke Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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19
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Abstract
An efficient cobalt-catalyzed Z to E isomerization of β-substituted styrenes using the amido-diphosphine ligand was developed, delivering the (E)-isomers with good functional tolerance and high stereoselectivity. The reaction could be scaled up to gram-scale with a catalyst loading of 0.1 mol %, using a mixture of (Z)- and (E)-alkene as the starting material. Preliminary mechanistic studies indicated that cobalt(I)-hydride and a benzylic-cobalt species were probably involved in the reaction, as supported by experiments and DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering , Wenzhou University , Wenzhou 325035 , China
| | - Man Xu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering , Wenzhou University , Wenzhou 325035 , China
| | - Cheng Cai
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering , Wenzhou University , Wenzhou 325035 , China
| | - Jianhui Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering , Wenzhou University , Wenzhou 325035 , China
| | - Yugui Gu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering , Wenzhou University , Wenzhou 325035 , China
| | - Yuanzhi Xia
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering , Wenzhou University , Wenzhou 325035 , China
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Horibe
- Graduate School of EngineeringNagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Shuhei Ohmura
- Graduate School of EngineeringNagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Kei Katagiri
- Graduate School of EngineeringNagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Kazuaki Ishihara
- Graduate School of EngineeringNagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
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21
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Horibe T, Katagiri K, Ishihara K. Radical‐Cation‐Induced Crossed [2+2] Cycloaddition of Electron‐Deficient Anetholes Initiated by Iron(III) Salt. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201901337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Horibe
- Graduate School of EngineeringNagoya University B2-3(611), Furo-cho, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Kei Katagiri
- Graduate School of EngineeringNagoya University B2-3(611), Furo-cho, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Kazuaki Ishihara
- Graduate School of EngineeringNagoya University B2-3(611), Furo-cho, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Horibe
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, B2-3(611), Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Ishihara
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, B2-3(611), Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
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23
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Abstract
Recent developments of strategies on the construction of cyclobutanes and their application in complex natural product synthesis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshan Li
- Institute of Medicinal Natural Products
- School of Advanced Study
- Taizhou University
- Taizhou 318000
- P. R. China
| | - Kai Gao
- Institute of Medicinal Natural Products
- School of Advanced Study
- Taizhou University
- Taizhou 318000
- P. R. China
| | - Ming Bian
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Shanghai Institute of Technology
- Shanghai 201418
- P.R. China
| | - Hanfeng Ding
- Institute of Medicinal Natural Products
- School of Advanced Study
- Taizhou University
- Taizhou 318000
- P. R. China
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24
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Zhu Y, Colomer I, Donohoe TJ. Hypervalent iodine initiated intramolecular alkene dimerisation: a stereodivergent entry to cyclobutanes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:10316-10319. [PMID: 31402367 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc04383g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of new methods for the stereoselective synthesis of strained carbocycles is a challenging but worthwhile endeavour. Cyclobutanes, in particular, have attracted the attention of both medicinal chemists and material scientists for their unique properties. Herein, we present a new method that allows access to highly functionalized cyclobutanes with complementary all-trans and trans-cis-trans relative stereochemistry, that could not be accessed before. This approach consists of an intramolecular dimerisation of non-conjugated dienes using an oxidative single electron transfer (SET) process, and is initiated by catalytic amounts of hypervalent iodine reagents. The potential uses of these cyclobutanes is demonstrated with selective functionalization, including the formation of diols and carboxylic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
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25
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Sreenithya A, Hadad CM, Sunoj RB. Hypercoordinate iodine for catalytic asymmetric diamination of styrene: insights into the mechanism, role of solvent, and stereoinduction. Chem Sci 2019; 10:7082-7090. [PMID: 31588276 PMCID: PMC6676474 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc01513b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stereoselectivity in the asymmetric diamination of styrene catalyzed by chiral hypercoordinate iodine originates from the prochiral face recognition when the substrate binds to the catalyst.
Hypercoordinate iodine has evolved as an impressive class of catalysts for various organic transformations. Extension of this idea to asymmetric applications, such as in the asymmetric difunctionalization of styrene or its derivatives, constitutes an important reaction. In this study, the mechanism and origin of stereoinduction in styrene diamination, with a sulfonimide (HNMs2) as the diaminating agent and iodoresorcinol (((iPr)2N(CO)-CH(Me)-O)2Ar–I) based chiral hypercoordinate iodine as the catalyst, are investigated using density functional theory calculations. The energetically preferred catalytic pathway has been found to involve, among other steps, two very important mechanistic events: (a) the formation of a catalyst–substrate complex by the action of styrene on the catalyst ArI(NMs2)2, resulting in the displacement of one of the imidates (NMs2–); and (b) a rebound of the departed imidate on the iodine-bound styrene to form an iodonium ion intermediate with a N–C bond. Explicit interaction of the imidate ion with hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP), used as a solvent additive, lowers the barrier for the formation of the iodonium ion. The P helical fold of the chiral arms of the iodoresorcinol catalyst is found to offer a chiral environment for the reactants. Coordination of the iodine catalyst to the styrene double bond is found to make the benzylic carbon more electrophilic and hence makes it the preferred site for the nucleophilic addition. In the chiral environment of the catalyst, an enhanced polarization of the styrene double bond is noticed when the double bond coordinates through the si prochiral face than the re face. Nucleophilic addition on the re face of the catalyst–substrate complex is associated with a lower activation barrier leading to the experimentally observed S enantiomeric product. The stereoselective model developed in this study can be employed to related asymmetric styrene difunctionalizations using similar hypercoordinate iodine catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sreenithya
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai , Mumbai 400076 , India .
| | - Christopher M Hadad
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , 100 West 18th Avenue , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , USA
| | - Raghavan B Sunoj
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai , Mumbai 400076 , India .
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26
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Zhu Y, Colomer I, Thompson AL, Donohoe TJ. HFIP Solvent Enables Alcohols To Act as Alkylating Agents in Stereoselective Heterocyclization. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:6489-6493. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b02198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Ignacio Colomer
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Amber L. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J. Donohoe
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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27
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Shida N, Imada Y, Nagahara S, Okada Y, Chiba K. Interplay of arene radical cations with anions and fluorinated alcohols in hole catalysis. Commun Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s42004-019-0125-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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28
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Abstract
This paper describes the isolation and characterization of an aromatic radical cation generated by FeCl3. X-ray crystallographic analysis and kinetic studies reveal the mechanism of the generation of aromatic radical cation. In the solid state, a tight ion-pair of a radical cation with FeCl4- is observed. Leveraging the efficient generation of the radical cation-FeCl4- ion pair, we explore a radical cation-induced cycloaddition of trans-anethole initiated by catalytic amount of FeCl3. Both [4+2] cycloaddition and [2+2] cycloaddition with a broad substrate scope are also described. Moreover, a 100 g-scale reaction is demonstrated with the use of 1 mol % of FeCl3 as a simple and a highly active initiator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Horibe
- Graduate School of Engineering , Nagoya University , B2-3(611), Furo-cho , Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603 , Japan
| | - Shuhei Ohmura
- Graduate School of Engineering , Nagoya University , B2-3(611), Furo-cho , Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603 , Japan
| | - Kazuaki Ishihara
- Graduate School of Engineering , Nagoya University , B2-3(611), Furo-cho , Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603 , Japan
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29
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Han Y, Sun Y, Abdukader A, Liu B, Wang D. PhI-Catalyzed Intramolecular Oxidative Coupling Toward Synthesis of 2-Amino-1,3,4-Thiadizoles. Catal Letters 2018; 148:3486-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-018-2541-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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30
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Shin JH, Seong EY, Mun HJ, Jang YJ, Kang EJ. Electronically Mismatched Cycloaddition Reactions via First-Row Transition Metal, Iron(III)–Polypyridyl Complex. Org Lett 2018; 20:5872-5876. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Ha Shin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Eun Young Seong
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Hyeon Jin Mun
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Yu Jeong Jang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Eun Joo Kang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
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31
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Hu FL, Mi Y, Zhu C, Abrahams BF, Braunstein P, Lang JP. Stereoselective Solid-State Synthesis of Substituted Cyclobutanes Assisted by Pseudorotaxane-like MOFs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:12696-12701. [PMID: 30109769 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201806076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Regioselective photodimerization of trans-4-styrylpyridine (4-spy) derivatives is performed using pseudorotaxane-like Zn-based metal organic frameworks MOFs as templates. The formation of rctt-HT (head-to-tail) dimers is achieved by confining pairs of coordinated 4-spy derivative ligands within hexagonal windows and then irradiating them with UV light. It is also possible to achieve a photodimerization reaction where two different substituted 4-spy ligands are included in such a MOF material. The ether bond formation is employed to protect the sensitive -OH group of HO-spy and the methyl group of CH3 O-spy is subsequently removed after the formation of cyclobutane derivative in the CH3 O-spy-based MOF. Introducing substituents at the 2- or 3-position of the phenyl group of 4-spy does not significantly affect the rate of the dimerization process except in the case of the strongly electron-withdrawing nitro group where the rate is significantly decreased. These results are in striking contrast to the mixtures of photoproducts and low yields obtained by untemplated photodimerization in organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Long Hu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, No.199 RenAi Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, 530006, P. R. China
| | - Yan Mi
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, 530006, P. R. China
| | - Chen Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, No.199 RenAi Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | | | - Pierre Braunstein
- Institut de Chimie (UMR 7177 CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, 4, rue Blaise Pascal-CS 90032, 67081, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jian-Ping Lang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, No.199 RenAi Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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32
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Hu FL, Mi Y, Zhu C, Abrahams BF, Braunstein P, Lang JP. Stereoselective Solid-State Synthesis of Substituted Cyclobutanes Assisted by Pseudorotaxane-like MOFs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201806076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Long Hu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; No.199 RenAi Road Suzhou 215123 Jiangsu P. R. China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products; Guangxi University for Nationalities; Nanning 530006 P. R. China
| | - Yan Mi
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products; Guangxi University for Nationalities; Nanning 530006 P. R. China
| | - Chen Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; No.199 RenAi Road Suzhou 215123 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | | | - Pierre Braunstein
- Institut de Chimie (UMR 7177 CNRS); Université de Strasbourg; 4, rue Blaise Pascal-CS 90032 67081 Strasbourg France
| | - Jian-Ping Lang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; No.199 RenAi Road Suzhou 215123 Jiangsu P. R. China
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33
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Silva AR, Polo EC, Martins NC, Correia CRD. Enantioselective Oxy-Heck-Matsuda Arylations: Expeditious Synthesis of Dihydrobenzofuran Systems and Total Synthesis of the Neolignan (−)-Conocarpan. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201701278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allan R. Silva
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Ellen C. Polo
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Nelson C. Martins
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas; São Paulo Brazil
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34
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Minhas HK, Riley W, Stuart AM, Urbonaite M. Activation of the hypervalent fluoroiodane reagent by hydrogen bonding to hexafluoroisopropanol. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:7170-7173. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02236d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hexafluoroisopropan-2-ol is an excellent solvent for promoting fluorinations with the stable hypervalent fluoroiodane reagent without any transition metals or TREAT-HF activators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William Riley
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Leicester
- Leicester
- UK
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35
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Abstract
Explosive growth in the use of open shell reactivity, including neutral radicals and radical ions, in the field of synthetic organic chemistry has been observed in the past decade, particularly since the advent of ruthenium complexes in 2008. These complexes generally induce single-electron transfer (SET) processes via visible-light absorption. Additionally, recent significant advancements in organic electrochemistry involving SET processes to provide open shell reactivity offer a complementary method to traditional polarity-driven reactions described by two-electron transfer processes. In this Review, we highlight the importance of intramolecular SET processes in the field of synthetic organic chemistry, which seem to be more elusive than the intermolecular versions, since they are net redox-neutral and thus cannot simply be regarded as oxidations or reductions. Such intramolecular SET processes can rationally be understood in combination with concomitant bond formations and/or cleavages, and are regulated by a structural motif that we call a "redox tag." In order to describe modern radical-driven reactions involving SET processes, we focus on a classical formalism in which electrons are treated as particles rather than waves, which offers a practical yet powerful approach to explain and/or predict synthetic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Okada
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 2-24-16 Naka-cho , Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588 , Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Department of Applied Biological Science , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho , Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509 , Japan
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36
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37
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Fehn S, Schwarz S, Kempe R. Regioselective Heterodimerization of Styrenes with Diarylethene and Vinylnaphthalene by a Catalyst System Consisting of Simple Acid and a Ketone. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Fehn
- Inorganic Chemistry II; University of Bayreuth; Universitätsstraße 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Inorganic Chemistry II; University of Bayreuth; Universitätsstraße 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Rhett Kempe
- Inorganic Chemistry II; University of Bayreuth; Universitätsstraße 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Liu
- Key Lab of Colloid
and Interface
Science of the Education Ministry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Shandong University, Ji’Nan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Mingfu Zhang
- Key Lab of Colloid
and Interface
Science of the Education Ministry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Shandong University, Ji’Nan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- Key Lab of Colloid
and Interface
Science of the Education Ministry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Shandong University, Ji’Nan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Yifeng Wang
- Key Lab of Colloid
and Interface
Science of the Education Ministry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Shandong University, Ji’Nan 250100, P. R. China
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39
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Colomer I, Barcelos RC, Christensen KE, Donohoe TJ. Orthogonally Protected 1,2-Diols from Electron-Rich Alkenes Using Metal-Free Olefin syn-Dihydroxylation. Org Lett 2016; 18:5880-5883. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Colomer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Mansfield
Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Rosimeire Coura Barcelos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Mansfield
Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Kirsten E. Christensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Mansfield
Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Timothy J. Donohoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Mansfield
Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
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40
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Roy SR, Eijsberg H, Bruffaerts J, Marek I. Zirconocene catalyzed diastereoselective carbometalation of cyclobutenes. Chem Sci 2016; 8:334-339. [PMID: 28451177 PMCID: PMC5365058 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc02617f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We functionalize cyclobutene species into polysubstituted metalated cyclobutanes through the Dzhemilev reaction.
The regio- and diastereoselective zirconocene-catalyzed carbomagnesiation of cyclobutenes is herein reported to afford configurationally stable cyclobutylmagnesium species that could subsequently react with a large variety of electrophiles to give polysubstituted cyclobutane species as a single diastereoisomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Raha Roy
- The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry , Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry , Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Technion City , Haifa 32000 , Israel . ; ; Tel: +972-4-829-37-09
| | - Hendrik Eijsberg
- The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry , Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry , Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Technion City , Haifa 32000 , Israel . ; ; Tel: +972-4-829-37-09
| | - Jeffrey Bruffaerts
- The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry , Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry , Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Technion City , Haifa 32000 , Israel . ; ; Tel: +972-4-829-37-09
| | - Ilan Marek
- The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry , Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry , Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Technion City , Haifa 32000 , Israel . ; ; Tel: +972-4-829-37-09
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41
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Colomer I, Batchelor-McAuley C, Odell B, Donohoe TJ, Compton RG. Hydrogen Bonding to Hexafluoroisopropanol Controls the Oxidative Strength of Hypervalent Iodine Reagents. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:8855-61. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b04057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Colomer
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Batchelor-McAuley
- Department
of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Odell
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J. Donohoe
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Richard G. Compton
- Department
of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
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42
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Nielsen AJ, Jenkins HA, McNulty J. Asymmetric Organocatalytic Stepwise [2+2] Entry to Tetra-Substituted Heterodimeric and Homochiral Cyclobutanes. Chemistry 2016; 22:9111-5. [PMID: 27124364 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex J. Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical-Biology; McMaster University; 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Hilary A. Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical-Biology; McMaster University; 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - James McNulty
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical-Biology; McMaster University; 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
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