1
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Bührmann L, Albers L, Beuße M, Schmidtmann M, Müller T. Aluminagerma[5]pyramidanes-Formation and Skeletal Rearrangement. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401467. [PMID: 38470087 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The salt metathesis reaction of dipotassium germacyclopentadienediide with aluminum(III) dichlorides provides either half-sandwich alumole complexes of germanium(II) or aluminylene germole complexes. Their molecular structure and the delocalized bonding situation, revealed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, are equally described as isomeric aluminagerma[5]pyramidanes with either the germanium or the aluminum atom in the apical position of the pentagonal pyramid. The product formation and the selectivity of the reaction depends on the third substituent of the aluminum dichloride. Aryl-substituents favor the formation of alumole complexes and Cp*-substituents that of the isomeric germole complexes. With amino-substituents at the aluminum atom mixtures of both isomers are formed and the positional exchange of the two heteroatoms is shown by NMR spectroscopy. The alumole complexes of germanium(II) undergo facile reductive elimination of germanium and form the corresponding alumoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Bührmann
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D. 26129, Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany, EU
| | - Lena Albers
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D. 26129, Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany, EU
| | - Maximilian Beuße
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D. 26129, Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany, EU
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D. 26129, Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany, EU
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D. 26129, Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany, EU
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2
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Sun Q, Mück-Lichtenfeld C, Kehr G, Erker G. Molecular pyramids - from tetrahedranes to [6]pyramidanes. Nat Rev Chem 2023; 7:732-746. [PMID: 37612459 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00525-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The study of 3D architectures at a molecular scale has fascinated chemists for generations. This includes molecular pyramids with all-carbon frameworks, such as trigonal, tetragonal and pentagonal pyramidal geometries. A small number of substituted tetrahedranes and all-carbon [4]-[5]pyramidanes have been experimentally generated and studied. Although the hypothetical unsubstituted parent [3]-[6]pyramidanes have only been explored computationally, the formal replacement of carbon vertices with isolobal main group element fragments has provided a number of examples of stable hetero[m]pyramidanes, which have been isolated and amply characterized. In this Review, we highlight the synthesis and chemical properties of [3]-[6]pyramidanes and summarize the progress in the development of chemistry of pyramid-shaped molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Sun
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Gerald Kehr
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.
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3
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Golfmann M, Sindlinger CP. Assessing an Elusive 3,4‐Dimethyl‐Chloroborole. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Golfmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Georg-August Universität Göttingen Tammannstr. 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
- Present address: Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August Universität Göttingen Tammannstr. 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Christian P. Sindlinger
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1a D-52074 Aachen Germany
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4
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Sun X, Münzfeld L, Jin D, Hauser A, Roesky PW. Silole and germole complexes of lanthanum and cerium. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:7976-7979. [PMID: 35758854 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02810g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Using dianionic metallole ligands (silole or germole) and the cyclooctatetraendiide dianion, heteroleptic lanthanide multi-decker complexes have been prepared. Due to the heteroatom of the metallole ligands intermolecular bridging between the sandwich complexes takes place. Our work highlights that different combinations of the lanthanide and heterocycle lead to different intermolecular interactions including a dimeric La-silole sandwich complex, a La-germole ladder-type polymeric species and a Ce-germole coordination polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Sun
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Luca Münzfeld
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Da Jin
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Adrian Hauser
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Peter W Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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5
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Münzfeld L, Sun X, Schlittenhardt S, Schoo C, Hauser A, Gillhuber S, Weigend F, Ruben M, Roesky PW. Introduction of plumbole to f-element chemistry. Chem Sci 2022; 13:945-954. [PMID: 35211259 PMCID: PMC8790777 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03805b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we present the synthesis and characterization of heteroleptic lanthanide complexes bearing a dianionic η5-plumbole ligand in their coordination sphere. The reaction proceeds via a salt elimination reaction between the dilithioplumbole ([Li(thf)]2[1,4-bis-tert-butyl-dimethylsilyl-2,3-bis-phenyl-plumbolyl] = [Li2(thf)2(η5-LPb)]) and specifically designed [Ln(η8-COTTIPS)BH4] precursors (Ln = lanthanide, La, Ce, Sm, Er; COTTIPS = 1,4-bis-triisopropylsilyl-cyclooctatetraenyl), that are capable of stabilizing a planar plumbole moiety in the coordination sphere of different trivalent lanthanide ions. In-depth ab initio calculations show that the aromaticity of the dianionic plumbole is retained upon coordination. Electron delocalization occurs from the plumbole HOMO to an orbital of mainly d-character at the lanthanide ion. The magnetic properties of the erbium congener were investigated in detail, leading to the observation of magnetic hysteresis up to 5 K (200 Oe s-1), an unequivocal proof for single molecule magnet behavior in this system. The magnetic behavior of the erbium species can be modulated by manipulating the position of the lithium cation in the complex, which directly influences the bonding metrics in the central [(η5-LPb)Er(η8-COTTIPS)]- fragment. This allowed us to assess a fundamental magneto-structural correlation in an otherwise identical inner coordination sphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Münzfeld
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 15 D-76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Xiaofei Sun
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 15 D-76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Sören Schlittenhardt
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Christoph Schoo
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 15 D-76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Adrian Hauser
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 15 D-76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Sebastian Gillhuber
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 15 D-76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Florian Weigend
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 D-35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Mario Ruben
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Centre Européen de Science Quantique (CESQ), Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS, UMR 7006), CNRS-Université de Strasbourg 8 allée Gaspard Monge BP 70028 67083 Strasbourg Cedex France
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies (IQMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Peter W Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 15 D-76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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6
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Sarcevic J, Heitkemper T, Sindlinger CP. Borole-based half-sandwich complexes of germanium and tin. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 58:246-249. [PMID: 34878448 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06227a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and initial observations regarding the reactivity of borole-based half-sandwich complexes with apical divalent group 14 elements germanium and tin are described. The 2,5-disilylborole substitution pattern allows their access via salt metathesis of the respective borole dianions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julijan Sarcevic
- Insitut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Heitkemper
- Insitut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.,Institut für Anorganische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1a, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Christian P Sindlinger
- Insitut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.,Institut für Anorganische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1a, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
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7
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Huang Z, Zheng Y, Zhong M. Transmetalation Reactions of Aromatic Dilithionickelole: Synthesis of Heterobimetallic Complexes Featuring Metalloles as Diene Ligands. Chemistry 2021; 27:15967-15972. [PMID: 34569115 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aromatic metallole dianions are important metallaaromatic compounds because of their various reactivities and extensive synthetic applications. Herein we report the reactions of dilithionickelole with MgCl2 , EtAlCl2 , Cp*ScCl2 , Cp*LuCl2 and Pt(COD)Cl2 (COD=1,5-cyclooctadiene) affording a series of Ni/M heterobimetallic complexes of the general formula (η4 -C4 R4 M)Ni(COD), in which the metalloles act as diene ligands, as suggested by single-crystal X-ray, NMR and theoretical analyses. In these reactions, two electrons of the nickelole dianion transferred to Ni, representing different reactivity compared with main-group metallole dianions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Huang
- College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yu Zheng
- College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Mingdong Zhong
- College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
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8
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Ackermann MT, Seidl M, Wen F, Ferguson MJ, Timoshkin AY, Rivard E, Scheer M. An NHC-Stabilized H 2 GeBH 2 Precursor for the Preparation of Cationic Group 13/14/15 Hydride Chains. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103780. [PMID: 34761837 PMCID: PMC9299135 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, characterization and reactivity studies of the NHC‐stabilized complex IDipp ⋅ GeH2BH2OTf (1) (IDipp=1,3‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imidazolin‐2‐ylidene) are reported. Nucleophilic substitution of the triflate (OTf) group in 1 by phosphine or arsine donors provides access to the cationic group 13/14/15 chains [IDipp ⋅ GeH2BH2ERR1R2]+ (2 E=P; R, R1=H; R2=tBu; 3 E=P; R=H; R1, R2=Ph; 4 a E=P; R, R1, R2=Ph; 4 b E=As; R, R1, R2=Ph). These novel cationic chains were characterized by X‐ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Moreover, the formation of the parent complexes [IDipp ⋅ GeH2BH2PH3][OTf] (5) and [IDipp ⋅ GeH3][OTf] (6) were achieved by reaction of 1 with PH3. Accompanying DFT computations give insight into the stability of the formed chains with respect to their decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias T Ackermann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Seidl
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Fuwei Wen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Michael J Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Alexey Y Timoshkin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
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9
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Abstract
Structurally authenticated free B-alkyl boroles are presented and electronic implications of alkyl substitution were assessed. Deprotonation of a boron-bound exocyclic methyl group in a B-methyl borole yields the first 5-boratafulvene anion-an isomer to boratabenzene. Boratafulvene was structurally characterized and its electronic structure probed by DFT calculations. The pKa value of the exocyclic B-CH3 in a set of boroles was computationally approximated and confirmed a pronounced acidic character caused by the boron atom embedded in an anti-aromatic moiety. The non-aromatic boratafulvene reacts as a C-centered nucleophile with the mild electrophile Me3 SnCl to give a stannylmethyl borole, regenerating the anti-aromaticity. As nucleophilic synthons for boroles, boratafulvenes thus open an entirely new avenue for synthetic strategies toward this highly reactive class of heterocycles. Boratafulvene reacts as a methylene transfer reagent in a bora-Wittig-type reaction generating a borole oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Heitkemper
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstrasse 437077GöttingenGermany
| | - Leonard Naß
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstrasse 437077GöttingenGermany
| | - Christian P. Sindlinger
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstrasse 437077GöttingenGermany
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10
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Heitkemper T, Naß L, Sindlinger CP. Ein Boratafulven. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Heitkemper
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 4 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Leonard Naß
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 4 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Christian P. Sindlinger
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 4 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
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11
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Zhu D, Wang M, Guo L, Shi W, Li J, Cui C. Synthesis, Structure, and Magnetic Properties of Rare-Earth Benzoborole Complexes. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dezhao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (MOE), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lulu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (MOE), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunming Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
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12
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Ota K, Kinjo R. Heavier element-containing aromatics of [4 n+2]-electron systems. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:10594-10673. [PMID: 34369490 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01354d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
While the implication of the aromaticity concept has been dramatically expanded to date since its emergence in 1865, the classical [4n+2]/4n-electron counting protocol still plays an essential role in evaluating the aromatic nature of compounds. Over the last few decades, a variety of heavier heterocycles featuring the formal [4n+2] π-electron arrangements have been developed, which allows for assessing their aromatic nature. In this review, we present recent developments of the [4n+2]-electron systems of heavier heterocycles involving group 13-15 elements. The synthesis, spectroscopic data, structural parameters, computational data, and reactivity are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Ota
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Rei Kinjo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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13
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Sen N, Parvin N, Tothadi S, Khan S. Reactivity of (TMS)2N(η1-Cp*)Si═Si(η1-Cp*)N(TMS)2 toward the Halides of Groups 13–15. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nilanjana Sen
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune 411008, India
| | - Nasrina Parvin
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune 411008, India
| | - Srinu Tothadi
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Shabana Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune 411008, India
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14
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Borthakur R, Chandrasekhar V. Boron-heteroelement (B–E; E = Al, C, Si, Ge, N, P, As, Bi, O, S, Se, Te) multiply bonded compounds: Recent advances. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Raiser D, Schubert H, Bettinger HF, Wesemann L. Germaborenes: Borylene Transfer Agents for the Synthesis of Iminoboranes. Chemistry 2021; 27:1981-1983. [PMID: 33073886 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Halide and phenyl substituted germaborenes were shown to react with azides at room temperature and transfer a borylene moiety to give iminoboranes. This iminoborane synthesis based on a borylene transfer route was investigated computationally in the case of the phenyl substituted germaborene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Raiser
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hartmut Schubert
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Holger F Bettinger
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lars Wesemann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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16
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Heitkemper T, Sarcevic J, Sindlinger CP. A Neutral Silicon(II) Half-Sandwich Compound. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:21304-21309. [PMID: 33315393 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Metathesis reaction of a dilithio borole dianion, a cyclic π-ligand isoelectronic to ubiquitous cyclopentadienyls, with two equivalents of "silicocenium" cation [Cp*Si]+ as a source of low-valent Si(II), cleanly gives a borole half-sandwich π-complex of Si(II) and silicocene. The resulting half-sandwich complex is a neutral isoelectronic analogue to the iconic silicocenium cation and features the rare structural motif of an apical silicon(II) atom with an energetically high lying lone pair of electrons that is shown to be accessible for coordination chemistry toward tungsten carbonyl. Protonation at the Si(II) atom with [H(OEt2)2][Al{OC(CF3)3}4] induces formal oxidation, and the compound rearranges to incorporate the Si atom into the carbocyclic base to give an unprecedented cationic 5-sila-6-borabicyclo[2.1.1]hex-2-ene. This rearrangement is accompanied by drastic changes in the 11B and 29Si NMR chemical shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Heitkemper
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Julijan Sarcevic
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian P Sindlinger
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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17
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Agarwal A, Bose SK. Bonding Relationship between Silicon and Germanium with Group 13 and Heavier Elements of Groups 14-16. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:3784-3806. [PMID: 33006219 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202001043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The topic of heavier main group compounds possessing multiple bonds is the subject of momentous interest in modern organometallic chemistry. Importantly, there is an excitement involving the discovery of unprecedented compounds with unique bonding modes. The research in this area is still expanding, particularly the reactivity aspects of these compounds. This article aims to describe the overall developments reported on the stable derivatives of silicon and germanium involved in multiple bond formation with other group 13, and heavier groups 14, 15, and 16 elements. The synthetic strategies, structural features, and their reactivity towards different nucleophiles, unsaturated organic substrates, and in small molecule activation are discussed. Further, their physical and chemical properties are described based on their spectroscopic and theoretical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Agarwal
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences (CNMS), JAIN (Deemed-to-be University) Jain Global Campus, Bangalore, 562112, India
| | - Shubhankar Kumar Bose
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences (CNMS), JAIN (Deemed-to-be University) Jain Global Campus, Bangalore, 562112, India
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18
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Tian M, Zhang J, Yang H, Cui C. Isolation of a 1-Magnesium-2,3-disilacyclopropene and a Related Bis(disilenide). J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:4131-4135. [PMID: 32066239 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the first synthesis of a 1-magnesium-2,3-disilacyclopropene and a related bis(disilenide). Reduction of (boryl)tribromosilane (1, boryl = (HCArN)2B, Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3) with magnesium in THF afforded boryl-substituted magnesium complex [(boryl)Si]2Mg(THF)3 (2) in good yield, whereas reduction of (boryl)trichlorosilane (3) with KC8 in THF led to the isolation of bridged alkoxy alkyl bis(disilenide) (THF)K(boryl)Si═Si(boryl)O(CH2)4(boryl)Si═Si(boryl)K(THF) (4) via ring opening of a THF molecule. X-ray diffraction analysis of 2 confirmed the presence of the novel Si2Mg three-membered ring as well as the Si═Si double bond, which existed in a noticeably twisted B-Si-Si-B array. Complex 2 also represents the first reported example of a stable disilyne dianion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunming Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
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19
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Dong Z, Albers L, Müller T. Trialkylsilyl-Substituted Silole and Germole Dianions as Precursors for Unusual Silicon and Germanium Compounds. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:532-543. [PMID: 32031772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Group 14 element heteroles are the heavier analogues of cyclopentadienes in which a heavier group 14 element atom replaces the sp3 carbon atom. In particular siloles and, to a somewhat smaller degree, germoles attracted considerable attention since the early 1990s due to their favorable photophysical properties which allowed the construction of OLEDs using group 14 element heteroles as emissive or electron-transport layers. Anions and in particular dianions derived from group 14 element heteroles have been of substantial interest due to the possible occurrence of Hückel aromaticity involving the heavier main group atom. Aromaticity is not the only notable electronic feature of silole and germole dianions; the spatial and energetic alignment of their frontier orbitals is equally remarkable. With a high lying lone pair at the heteroatom, which is orthogonal to a delocalized π-system, their frontier orbital sequence closely resembles that of N-heterocyclic carbene analogues. Despite these intriguing parallels between carbene analogues and silole and germole dianions, disappointingly little is known about their reactivity. The installation of trialkylsilyl substituents in the 2,5-positions of the heterocyclopentadiene ring as in K2[I] has a remarkable effect on the stability of silole and germole dianions and allows us to study their reactivity and to evaluate their synthetic potential in detail. Simple double salt metathesis reactions with different dihalides provided heterofulvenes. These were detected either as intermediates or, in the case of carbon dihalides, isolated in the form of their ylidic isomers II. In other cases, the heterofulvenes were the starting point for complex reaction sequences leading to novel binuclear complexes of titanium and zirconium III or for simple isomerization reactions that lead to bicyclohexene-type tetrylenes (BCH-tetrylenes) IV, a novel class of heavier carbenes. These bicyclic carbene analogues are significantly stabilized by homoconjugation between the electron deficient tetrel atom and the remote C═C double bond. Compound IV with E'R2═SiR2 and E = Si is a valence isomer of disilabenzene and is a stable derivative of the global minimum of the Si2C4H6 potential energy surface. With group 13 dihalides, as for example with boron dichlorides, topological closely related compounds V were isolated. These Ge(II) complexes of borole dianions are isolobal to half-sandwich complexes of main group elements such as aluminum(I) cyclopentadienide or can be viewed as nido-type clusters. These analogies already open a broad field for future investigations of their reactivity. Trialkylsilyl-substituted heterole dianions I provide a facile synthetic approach to several novel intriguing compound classes with the tetrel element in unusual coordination states. The reactivity and the synthetic potential of these new compounds is however widely unexplored and calls for future systematic studies. Gratifyingly, the periodic table of the elements stills holds a lot of potential for future research on the reactivity of silole and germole dianions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowen Dong
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany, European Union
| | - Lena Albers
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany, European Union
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany, European Union
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20
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Abstract
Boragermene 3 featuring a double bond between the Ge and dicoordinate B atoms has been synthesized for the first time by reacting the cyclic (alkyl)(boryl)germylene-PMe3 adduct 1 with Cl2 BN(SiMe3 )2 followed by reductive dehalogenation with KC8 . Addition of a Lewis base (Me NHC) to 3 leads to the formation of the corresponding adduct 4, which shows double bond character between the Ge and tricoordinate B atoms. Compound 3 undergoes hydrogenation with H2 concomitant with a complete scission of the Ge=B bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Rao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Rei Kinjo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
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21
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Albers L, Tholen P, Schmidtmann M, Müller T. A germaaluminocene. Chem Sci 2020; 11:2982-2986. [PMID: 34122799 PMCID: PMC8157613 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00401d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The reactions of dipotassium germacyclopentadienediide with two Group 13 dichlorides, Cp*BCl2 and Cp*AlCl2, yield two structurally different products. In the case of boron a borole complex of germanium(ii) is obtained. The aluminium halide gives an unprecedented neutral germaaluminocene. Both compounds were fully characterised by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy supported by DFT computations. The molecular structure of the germaaluminocene was determined by XRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Albers
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg Carl von Ossietzky-Straße 9-11 D-26129 Oldenburg Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Patrik Tholen
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg Carl von Ossietzky-Straße 9-11 D-26129 Oldenburg Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg Carl von Ossietzky-Straße 9-11 D-26129 Oldenburg Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg Carl von Ossietzky-Straße 9-11 D-26129 Oldenburg Federal Republic of Germany
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Rao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Nanyang Link 21 Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Rei Kinjo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Nanyang Link 21 Singapore 637371 Singapore
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23
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Heitkemper T, Naß L, Sindlinger CP. 2,5-Bis-trimethylsilyl substituted boroles. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:2706-2714. [PMID: 32049092 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt00393j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript includes a comprehensive study of the synthesis and spectroscopic features of 2,5-disilyl boroles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonard Naß
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- 37077 Göttingen
- Germany
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24
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Urrego‐Riveros S, Ramirez y Medina I, Duvinage D, Lork E, Sönnichsen FD, Staubitz A. Negishi's Reagent Versus Rosenthal's Reagent in the Formation of Zirconacyclopentadienes. Chemistry 2019; 25:13318-13328. [PMID: 31347203 PMCID: PMC6851999 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Zirconacyclopentadienes are versatile precursors for a large number of heteroles, which are accessible by Zr-element exchange reactions. The vast majority of reports describe their preparation by the use of Negishi's reagent, which is a species that is formed in situ. The zirconacyclopentadiene is then formed by the addition of one equivalent of a diyne or two equivalents of a monoyne moiety to this Negishi species. Another route involves Rosenthal's reagent (Cp2 Zr(py)Me3 SiC≡CSiMe3 ), which then reacts with a diyne or monoyne moiety. In this work, the efficiency of both routes was compared in terms of reaction time, stability of the product in the reaction mixture, and yield. The synthetic implications of using both routes are evaluated. Novel zirconacyclopentadienes were synthesized, characterized directly from the reaction mixture, and crystal structures could be obtained in most cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Urrego‐Riveros
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry/MAPEX Center for, Materials and ProcessesUniversity of BremenLeobener Str. 7/ Bibliothekstr. 128359BremenGermany
| | - Isabel‐Maria Ramirez y Medina
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry/MAPEX Center for, Materials and ProcessesUniversity of BremenLeobener Str. 7/ Bibliothekstr. 128359BremenGermany
| | - Daniel Duvinage
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography/, MAPEX Center for Materials and ProcessesUniversity of BremenLeobener Str. 7/Bibliothekstr. 128359BremenGermany
| | - Enno Lork
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography/, MAPEX Center for Materials and ProcessesUniversity of BremenLeobener Str. 7/Bibliothekstr. 128359BremenGermany
| | - Frank D. Sönnichsen
- Otto-Diels-Institute for Organic ChemistryUniversity of KielOtto-Hahn-Platz 424098KielGermany
| | - Anne Staubitz
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry/MAPEX Center for, Materials and ProcessesUniversity of BremenLeobener Str. 7/ Bibliothekstr. 128359BremenGermany
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25
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Sindlinger CP, Ruth PN. A Neutral "Aluminocene" Sandwich Complex: η 1 - versus η 5 -Coordination Modes of a Pentaarylborole with ECp* (E=Al, Ga; Cp*=C 5 Me 5 ). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:15051-15056. [PMID: 31390132 PMCID: PMC6856865 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201907749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The pentaaryl borole (Ph*C)4 BXylF [Ph*=3,5-tBu2 (C6 H3 ); XylF =3,5-(CF3 )2 (C6 H3 )] reacts with low-valent Group 13 precursors AlCp* and GaCp* by two divergent routes. In the case of [AlCp*]4 , the borole reacts as an oxidising agent and accepts two electrons. Structural, spectroscopic, and computational analysis of the resulting unprecedented neutral η5 -Cp*,η5 -[(Ph*C)4 BXylF ] complex of AlIII revealed a strong, ionic bonding interaction. The formation of the heteroleptic borole-cyclopentadienyl "aluminocene" leads to significant changes in the 13 C NMR chemical shifts within the borole unit. In the case of the less-reductive GaCp*, borole (Ph*C)4 BXylF reacts as a Lewis acid to form a dynamic adduct with a dative 2-center-2-electron Ga-B bond. The Lewis adduct was also studied structurally, spectroscopically, and computationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian P Sindlinger
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Paul Niklas Ruth
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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26
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Sindlinger CP, Ruth PN. Ein neutraler “Aluminocen”‐Sandwich‐Komplex: η
1
‐ vs. η
5
‐Koordination eines Pentaarylborols mit ECp* (E=Al, Ga; Cp*=C
5
Me
5
). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201907749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian P. Sindlinger
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstr. 4 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Paul Niklas Ruth
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstr. 4 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
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27
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Viability of half sandwich complexes of borole with group 14 (II) ions: Structure, stability and reactivity. Polyhedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2019.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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28
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Heitkemper T, Sindlinger CP. Electronic Push-Pull Modulation by Peripheral Substituents in Pentaaryl Boroles. Chemistry 2019; 25:6628-6637. [PMID: 30861220 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Establishing access to a bulky tetraaryl dilithiobutadiene (Ph*C)4 Li2 (Ph*=3,5-tBu2 (C6 H3 )) allowed for the synthesis of five-membered heterocycles with incorporated main-group elements. Along with an amino borole, a set of substituted pentaaryl boroles (Ph*C)4 BAr has been synthesized. The examination of their absorption spectra and computational studies by means of DFT granted insight into the influence of peripheral substituents on the electronic features of the parent pentaphenyl borole (PhC)4 BPh. Introduction of the more electron-rich Ph* residue at the carbon atoms increases the HOMO energy, redshifting the visible π/π*-absorption bands compared with the parent pentaphenyl borole. The influence on the frontier orbitals of three different boron-bound aryls with electronically modulating substituents in the remote 3,5-positions Ar=3,5-R2 -C6 H3 (R=Me, H, CF3 ) was studied. The substituents were found to increase (+I effect, Me) or decrease (-I effect, CF3 ) the LUMO energy, thus directly affecting the visible absorption spectra. This represents the first study on HOMO-LUMO-gap adjustments by a combined push-pull approach of a substituted pentaphenylborole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Heitkemper
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian P Sindlinger
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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29
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Keck C, Maichle-Mössmer C, Bettinger HF. Photo electron transfer induced desilylation of N,N-bis(trimethylsilyl)aminodibenzoborole to aminodibenzoborole. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:7470-7473. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc03415c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photoinduced desilylation proceeds by single electron transfer and yields the first example of an unsubstituted aminoborole derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Keck
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Tübingen
- 72076 Tübingen
- Germany
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