1
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Mackenzie EM, Sanabria B, Tchack M, Khan S, Rao B. Investigating the diagnostic accuracy of GPT-4's novel image analytics feature in dermatology. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2024. [PMID: 38595324 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.20006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- E M Mackenzie
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - B Sanabria
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Center for Dermatology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Somerset, New Jersey, USA
| | - M Tchack
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - S Khan
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Center for Dermatology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Somerset, New Jersey, USA
| | - B Rao
- Center for Dermatology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Somerset, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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2
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Fan J, Yue L, Liu C, Rao B, Zhou G, Li A, Su B. Isolation of Fluorescent 2π-Aromatic 1,3-Disiladiboretenes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:39-44. [PMID: 38117532 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we reported the isolation of 2π-aromatic disiladiboretenes (L2Si2B2Ph2) [L = ArC(NtBu)2, Ar = Ph (1), Mes (2)], which have been synthesized from the straightforward reduction of silylene-borane adducts (LSiX → BX2Ph) [X = Cl, Br] with potassium graphite (KC8). X-ray diffraction analysis of 1 and 2 revealed that the Si2B2 units are completely planar, and DFT calculations suggested delocalization of 2π-electrons over the Si2B2 rings. Moreover, their photophysical properties and reactivity toward sulfur were also investigated in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Fan
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Ling Yue
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Ce Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Bin Rao
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Guijiang Zhou
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Anyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Bochao Su
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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3
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Feng Z, Wang L, Mohammed SNBS, Rao B, Kinjo R. Reactivity of Cyclic (Alkyl)(amino)germylene towards Copper(I) and Gold(I) Complexes. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202300634. [PMID: 37641951 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The reactions of cyclic (alkyl)(amino)germylenes (CAAGe) with copper(I) and gold(I) complexes were investigated. CAAGe (1) reacts with CuBr(SMe2 ) leading to a tetrameric germylene complex [CAAGeCuBr]4 (2), whereas CAAGe (3) undergoes Au-Cl bond insertion with LAuCl (L=phosphine or N-heterocyclic carbene) to afford germanium gold(I) complexes (5 and 6). Chlorine abstraction of 6 gives the cationic germylene gold(I) complex 7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongtao Feng
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Liliang Wang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | | | - Bin Rao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Rei Kinjo
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
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Wang Y, Shen S, He C, Zhou Y, Zhang K, Rao B, Han T, Su Y, Duan XH, Liu L. Cu(ii)-mediated direct intramolecular cyclopropanation of distal olefinic acetate: access to cyclopropane-fused γ-lactones. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6663-6668. [PMID: 37350833 PMCID: PMC10284120 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01752d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclopropane-fused ring scaffolds represent one of the most appealing structural motifs in organic chemistry due to their wide presence in bioactive molecules and versatility in organic synthesis. These skeletons are typically prepared from olefinic diazo compounds via transition-metal catalysed intramolecular carbenoid insertion, which suffers from prefunctionalization of starting materials and limited substrate scope. Herein, we disclose a practical copper-mediated direct intramolecular cyclopropanation of distal olefinic acetate to synthesize cyclopropane-fused γ-lactones and lactams. This cascade reaction is postulated to proceed through a hydrogen atom transfer event induced radical cyclization and copper-mediated cyclopropanation sequence. The protocol features high atom- and step-economy, excellent diastereoselectivity, broad tolerance of functional groups, and operational simplicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Wang
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Shenyu Shen
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Chonglong He
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Youkang Zhou
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Keyuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Bin Rao
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Tian Han
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Yaqiong Su
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Xin-Hua Duan
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Le Liu
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
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5
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Li Z, Wang J, Liu X, Gao P, Li G, He G, Rao B. Air-stable Organoradical Boron Reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202302835. [PMID: 37042428 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202302835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Both organic radicals and organoboron reagents have been broadly investigated, but the combination of them via direct C-H borylation as organic radical building blocks has never been achieved. Herein, a series of organoradical boron reagents, such as TTM-Bpin and TTM-BOH, were synthesized through the key step of C-H borylation of substrate TTM-H ((2,6-dichlorophenyl) bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)methyl) radical for the first time. They are air stable enough to be stored in the solid state for several months under dark conditions, and fully investigated through single crystal analysis, EPR and DFT calculations. Furthermore, they can smoothly work in the standard Suzuki-Miyaura coupling (SMC) reaction with retention of the carbon radical center. Meanwhile, these radical species bearing different boron units display fluorescent character and are potentially applied for the collective synthesis of luminescent organic radicals, as well as other functionalized open-shell materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenghui Li
- Xi'an Jiaotong University, School of Chemistry, CHINA
| | - Jing Wang
- Xi'an Jiaotong University, School of Chemistry, CHINA
| | - Xiaoyang Liu
- Xi'an Jiaotong University, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, CHINA
| | - Pin Gao
- Xi'an Jiaotong University, School of Chemistry, CHINA
| | - Guoping Li
- Xi'an Jiaotong University, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, CHINA
| | - Gang He
- Xi'an Jiaotong University, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, CHINA
| | - Bin Rao
- Xi'an Jiaotong University, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, CHINA
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Ma W, Zhang S, Xu L, Zhang B, Li G, Rao B, Zhang M, He G. Pyrene-tethered bismoviologens for visible light-induced C(sp3)–P and C(sp2)–P bonds formation. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.107958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Zhang R, Li LS, Rao B, Rong H, Sun MY, Yao J, Chen R, Zhou Q, Mennerick S, Raman B, Wang LV. Multiscale photoacoustic tomography of neural activities with GCaMP calcium indicators. J Biomed Opt 2022; 27:JBO-220087GR. [PMID: 36088528 PMCID: PMC9463545 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.27.9.096004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Optical imaging of responses in fluorescently labeled neurons has progressed significantly in recent years. However, there is still a need to monitor neural activities at divergent spatial scales and at depths beyond the optical diffusion limit. AIM To meet these needs, we aim to develop multiscale photoacoustic tomography (PAT) to image neural activities across spatial scales with a genetically encoded calcium indicator GCaMP. APPROACH First, using photoacoustic microscopy, we show that depth-resolved GCaMP signals can be monitored in vivo from a fly brain in response to odor stimulation without depth scanning and even with the cuticle intact. In vivo monitoring of GCaMP signals was also demonstrated in mouse brains. Next, using photoacoustic computed tomography, we imaged neural responses of a mouse brain slice at depths beyond the optical diffusion limit. RESULTS We provide the first unambiguous demonstration that multiscale PAT can be used to record neural activities in transgenic flies and mice with select neurons expressing GCaMP. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the combination of multiscale PAT and fluorescent neural activity indicators provides a methodology for imaging targeted neurons at various scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiying Zhang
- Washington University in Saint Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Lei S. Li
- California Institute of Technology, Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, Pasadena, California, United States
| | - Bin Rao
- Washington University in Saint Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Haoyang Rong
- Washington University in Saint Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Min-Yu Sun
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Junjie Yao
- Washington University in Saint Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Ruimin Chen
- University of Southern California, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Qifa Zhou
- University of Southern California, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Steven Mennerick
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Baranidharan Raman
- Washington University in Saint Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- California Institute of Technology, Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, Pasadena, California, United States
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8
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Razi S, Oh K, Ouellette S, Rao B. LB921 Role of VivaScope ® 2500 in skin pathology: Advantages, limitations, and future prospects. J Invest Dermatol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.05.939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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9
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Razi S, Ouellette S, Rao B. LB951 Assessing penetration, delivery, and mode of action of dissolving microneedle patches for reducing under-eye wrinkles using reflectance confocal microscopy. J Invest Dermatol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.05.970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Yang Y, Zhao S, Sun G, Chen F, Zhang T, Song J, Yang W, Wang L, Zhan N, Yang X, Zhu X, Rao B, Yin Z, Zhou J, Yan H, Huang Y, Ye J, Huang H, Cheng C, Zhu S, Guo J, Xu X, Chen X. Genomic architecture of fetal central nervous system anomalies using whole-genome sequencing. NPJ Genom Med 2022; 7:31. [PMID: 35562572 PMCID: PMC9106651 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-022-00301-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural anomalies of the central nervous system (CNS) are one of the most common fetal anomalies found during prenatal imaging. However, the genomic architecture of prenatal imaging phenotypes has not yet been systematically studied in a large cohort. Patients diagnosed with fetal CNS anomalies were identified from medical records and images. Fetal samples were subjected to low-pass and deep whole-genome sequencing (WGS) for aneuploid, copy number variation (CNV), single-nucleotide variant (SNV, including insertions/deletions (indels)), and small CNV identification. The clinical significance of variants was interpreted based on a candidate gene list constructed from ultrasound phenotypes. In total, 162 fetuses with 11 common CNS anomalies were enrolled in this study. Primary diagnosis was achieved in 62 cases, with an overall diagnostic rate of 38.3%. Causative variants included 18 aneuploids, 17 CNVs, three small CNVs, and 24 SNVs. Among the 24 SNVs, 15 were novel mutations not reported previously. Furthermore, 29 key genes of diagnostic variants and critical genes of pathogenic CNVs were identified, including five recurrent genes: i.e., TUBA1A, KAT6B, CC2D2A, PDHA1, and NF1. Diagnostic variants were present in 34 (70.8%) out of 48 fetuses with both CNS and non-CNS malformations, and in 28 (24.6%) out of 114 fetuses with CNS anomalies only. Hypoplasia of the cerebellum (including the cerebellar vermis) and holoprosencephaly had the highest primary diagnosis yields (>70%), while only four (11.8%) out of 34 neural tube defects achieved genetic diagnosis. Compared with the control group, rare singleton loss-of-function variants (SLoFVs) were significantly accumulated in the patient cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Sheng Zhao
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Guoqiang Sun
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Fang Chen
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | | | - Jieping Song
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Wenzhong Yang
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Lin Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | | | - Xiaohong Yang
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Xia Zhu
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Bin Rao
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | | | - Jing Zhou
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | | | | | - Jingyu Ye
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Chen Cheng
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Shida Zhu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Jian Guo
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China.
| | - Xun Xu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China.
| | - Xinlin Chen
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Hubei, 430070, China.
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Li G, Zhou K, Sun Q, Ma W, Liu X, Zhang X, Zhang L, Rao B, He YL, He G. Bacteria-Triggered Solar Hydrogen Production via Platinum(II)-Tethered Chalcogenoviologens. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202115298. [PMID: 34982500 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202115298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Multifunctional solar energy conversion offers a feasible strategy to solve energy, environmental and water crises. Herein, a series of platinum(II)-tethered chalcogenoviologens (PtL+ -EV2+ , E=S, Se, Te) is reported, which integrate the functions of photosensitizer, electron mediator and catalyst. PtL+ -EV2+ (particularly for PtL+ -SeV2+ )-based one-component solar H2 production could be triggered not only by EDTA, but also by facultative anaerobic and aerobic bacteria relying on a simplified mechanism, along with efficient antibacterial activities. In addition, by using real pool water, PtL+ -SeV2+ achieved multiple functions, including H2 production, antibacterial action and acid removal, which supplied a new strategy to solve various problems in real life via a single system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoping Li
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Power Engineering, China.,Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China
| | - Kun Zhou
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China
| | - Wenqiang Ma
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China
| | - Xuri Zhang
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, China
| | - Bin Rao
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China
| | - Ya-Ling He
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Power Engineering, China
| | - Gang He
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Power Engineering, China.,Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China
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He B, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Li G, Zhang B, Ma W, Rao B, Song R, Zhang L, Zhang Y, He G. ortho-Terphenylene Viologens with Through-Space Conjugation for Enhanced Photocatalytic Oxidative Coupling and Hydrogen Evolution. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:4422-4430. [PMID: 35143191 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel ortho-terphenylene viologen derivatives (o-TPV2+) with through-space conjugation (TSC) via the combination of ortho-terphenylene skeletons with viologen structure is reported. Their optoelectronic properties can be adjusted by N-arylation or N-alkylation reactions. Compared with other viologen derivatives, o-TPV2+ not only exhibits strong photoluminescence but also retards the charge recombination process and stabilizes the diradical state without forming a quinoid structure due to the special TSC effect. Based on their special redox characteristics, o-TPV2+ was applied to the photocatalytic oxidative coupling of benzylamine with 96% yield. In addition, pTA-o-TPV2+ (tethered with p-toluic acid)-modified g-C3N4 was used for visible-light-driven hydrogen production for the first time, exceeding 15 times the rate over unmodified g-C3N4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben He
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Sikun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710054, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710054, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoping Li
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710054, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingjie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710054, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqiang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710054, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Rao
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruitong Song
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710054, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710126, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang He
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710049, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710054, People's Republic of China
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Tabrez Z, Keshavamurthy K, Pathak P, Rao B, Harinatha H, Krishnappa K, Neelagar N, Subudhi S. Supine vs. prone percutaneous nephrolithotomy - a randomised comparative study. Eur Urol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s0302-2838(22)01089-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Yang X, Zhang B, Gao Y, Liu C, Li G, Rao B, Chu D, Yan N, Zhang M, He G. Efficient Photoinduced Electron Transfer from Pyrene-o-Carborane Heterojunction to Selenoviologen for Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution and Reduction of Alkynes. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2101652. [PMID: 34957686 PMCID: PMC8844576 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A series of pyrene or pyrene-o-carborane-appendant selenoviologens (Py-SeV2+ , Py-Cb-SeV2+ ) for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and reduction of alkynes is reported. The efficient photoinduced electron transfer (PET) from electron-rich pyrene-o-carborane heterojunction (Py-Cb) with intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) characteristic to electron-deficient selenoviologen (SeV2+ ) (kET = 1.2 × 1010 s-1 ) endows the accelerating the generation of selenoviologen radical cation (SeV+• ) compared with Py-SeV2+ and other derivatives. The electrochromic/electrofluorochromic devices' (ECD and EFCD) measurements and supramolecular assembly/disassembly processes of SeV2+ and cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]) results show that the PET process can be finely tuned by electrochemical and host-guest chemistry methods. By combination with Pt-NPs catalyst, the Py-Cb-SeV2+ -based system shows high-efficiency visible-light-driven HER and highly selective phenylacetylene reduction due to the efficient PET process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Thermo‐Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of EducationSchool of Energy and Power EngineeringFrontier Institute of Science and TechnologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi710054P. R. China
| | - Bingjie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Thermo‐Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of EducationSchool of Energy and Power EngineeringFrontier Institute of Science and TechnologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi710054P. R. China
| | - Yujing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Thermo‐Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of EducationSchool of Energy and Power EngineeringFrontier Institute of Science and TechnologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi710054P. R. China
| | - Chenjing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Thermo‐Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of EducationSchool of Energy and Power EngineeringFrontier Institute of Science and TechnologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi710054P. R. China
| | - Guoping Li
- Key Laboratory of Thermo‐Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of EducationSchool of Energy and Power EngineeringFrontier Institute of Science and TechnologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi710054P. R. China
| | - Bin Rao
- Key Laboratory of Thermo‐Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of EducationSchool of Energy and Power EngineeringFrontier Institute of Science and TechnologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi710054P. R. China
| | - Dake Chu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi710054P. R. China
| | - Ni Yan
- School of Materials Science & EngineeringEngineering Research Center of Transportation MaterialsMinistry of EducationChang'an UniversityXi'anShaanxi710054P. R. China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi710054P. R. China
| | - Gang He
- Key Laboratory of Thermo‐Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of EducationSchool of Energy and Power EngineeringFrontier Institute of Science and TechnologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi710054P. R. China
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15
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Li G, Zhou K, Sun Q, Ma W, Liu X, Zhang X, Zhang L, Rao B, He Y, He G. Bacteria‐Triggered Solar Hydrogen Production via Platinum(II)‐Tethered Chalcogenoviologens. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202115298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoping Li
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education School of Energy and Power Engineering China
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi Province 710054 China
| | - Kun Zhou
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi Province 710054 China
| | - Qi Sun
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi Province 710054 China
| | - Wenqiang Ma
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi Province 710054 China
| | - Xu Liu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi Province 710054 China
| | - Xuri Zhang
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi Province 710054 China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Xidian University China
| | - Bin Rao
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi Province 710054 China
| | - Ya‐Ling He
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education School of Energy and Power Engineering China
| | - Gang He
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education School of Energy and Power Engineering China
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi Province 710054 China
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16
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Wang J, Li Z, You G, Xu L, Gao P, Rao B. Regioselective transformation of 3-phosphoryl benzyne intermediates to diverse phosphorus-substituted arenes. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj03638j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pre-functionalized benzyne precursors 5, 6 and 10 bearing a phosphoryl group were efficiently synthesized via a phospho-Fries rearrangement reaction on gram scales, and directly proceed various transformations to poly-substituted organophosphorus arenes in high regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- School of Chemistry, Xi’an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Zenghui Li
- School of Chemistry, Xi’an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Gaoqiang You
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Liang Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Pin Gao
- School of Chemistry, Xi’an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Bin Rao
- School of Chemistry, Xi’an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P. R. China
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17
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18
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Ma W, Xu L, Zhang S, Li G, Ma T, Rao B, Zhang M, He G. Phosphorescent Bismoviologens for Electrophosphorochromism and Visible Light-Induced Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:1590-1597. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Ma
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710054, P. R. China
| | - Letian Xu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710054, P. R. China
| | - Sikun Zhang
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710054, P. R. China
| | - Guoping Li
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710054, P. R. China
| | - Tianyu Ma
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, P. R. China
| | - Bin Rao
- School of Chemistry, Xi’an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, P. R. China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, P. R. China
| | - Gang He
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710054, P. R. China
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19
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Guo W, Zhang F, Yang S, Rao B, Wang Y, Li X, Li S. Erratum to: TWO COORDINATION POLYMERS CONTAINING 4,4′-DI(1H-BENZO[D]IMIDAZOL-1-YL)BIPHENYL LIGAND: CRYSTAL STRUCTURES AND ANTICANCER ACTIVITY ON HUMAN MULTIPLE MYELOMA CELLS. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476621010200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Zhou K, Qiu X, Xu L, Li G, Rao B, Guo B, Pei D, Li A, He G. Poly(selenoviologen)-Assembled Upconversion Nanoparticles for Low-Power Single-NIR Light-Triggered Synergistic Photodynamic and Photothermal Antibacterial Therapy. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:26432-26443. [PMID: 32429664 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c04506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of a highly effective photosensitizer (PS) that can be activated with a low-power single light is a pressing issue. Herein, we report a PS for synergistic photodynamic and photothermal therapy constructed through self-assembly of poly(selenoviologen) on the surface of core-shell NaYF4:Yb/Tm@NaYF4 upconversion nanoparticles. The hybrid UCNPs/PSeV PS showed strong ROS generation ability and high photothermal conversion efficiency (∼52.5%) under the mildest reported-to-date irradiation conditions (λ = 980 nm, 150 mW/cm2, 4 min), leading to a high efficiency in killing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) both in vitro and in vivo. Remarkably, after intravenous injection, the reported PS accumulated preferentially in deep MRSA-infected tissues and achieved an excellent therapeutic index. This PS design realizes a low-power single-NIR light-triggered synergistic phototherapy and provides a simple and versatile strategy to develop safe clinically translatable agents for efficient treatment of deep tissue bacterial inflammations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhou
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710054, China
| | - Xinyu Qiu
- Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi province 710032, China
| | - Letian Xu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710054, China
| | - Guoping Li
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710054, China
| | - Bin Rao
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710054, China
| | - Baolin Guo
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710054, China
| | - Dandan Pei
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi province 710049, China
| | - Ang Li
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi province 710049, China
| | - Gang He
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710054, China
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi province 710049, China
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21
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Guo W, Zhang F, Yang S, Rao B, Wang Y, Li X, Li S. Two Coordination Polymers Containing 4,4′-Di(1H-Benzo[D]Imidazol-1-yl)Biphenyl Ligand: Crystal Structures and Anticancer Activity on Human Multiple Myeloma Cells. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476620050145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Abstract
Boragermene 3 featuring a double bond between the Ge and dicoordinate B atoms has been synthesized for the first time by reacting the cyclic (alkyl)(boryl)germylene-PMe3 adduct 1 with Cl2 BN(SiMe3 )2 followed by reductive dehalogenation with KC8 . Addition of a Lewis base (Me NHC) to 3 leads to the formation of the corresponding adduct 4, which shows double bond character between the Ge and tricoordinate B atoms. Compound 3 undergoes hydrogenation with H2 concomitant with a complete scission of the Ge=B bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Rao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Rei Kinjo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Rao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Nanyang Link 21 Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Rei Kinjo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Nanyang Link 21 Singapore 637371 Singapore
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24
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Rao B, Kinjo R. A Cyclic (Alkyl)(boryl)germylene Derived from a Cyclic (Alkyl)(amino)germylene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:18150-18153. [PMID: 31596041 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A cyclic (alkyl)(amino)germylene undergoes a ring expansion reaction with dibromomesitylborane (MesBBr2 ) to afford a six-membered dibromogermane derivative. In the presence of Lewis bases (PMe3 or Me NHC), reduction of the latter with two equivalents of potassium graphite (KC8 ) gives rise to cyclic (alkyl)(boryl)germylene-Lewis base adducts. Upon heating, the germylene-PMe3 adduct reacts with H2 to yield a germane, probably via a base-free germylene featuring a small HOMO-LUMO gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Rao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Rei Kinjo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
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25
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Zeng Y, Nandy S, Rao B, Li S, Hagemann AR, Kuroki LK, McCourt C, Mutch DG, Powell MA, Hagemann IS, Zhu Q. Histogram analysis of en face scattering coefficient map predicts malignancy in human ovarian tissue. J Biophotonics 2019; 12:e201900115. [PMID: 31304678 PMCID: PMC7982142 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201900115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a heterogeneous disease at the molecular and histologic level. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is able to map ovarian tissue optical properties and heterogeneity, which has been proposed as a feature to aid in diagnosis of ovarian cancer. In this manuscript, depth-resolved en face scattering maps of malignant ovaries, benign ovaries, and benign fallopian tubes obtained from 20 patients are provided to visualize the heterogeneity of ovarian tissues. Six features are extracted from histograms of scattering maps. All features are able to statistically distinguish benign from malignant ovaries. Two prediction models were constructed based on these features: a logistic regression model (LR) and a support vector machine (SVM). The optimal set of features is mean scattering coefficient and scattering map entropy. The LR achieved a sensitivity and specificity of 97.0% and 97.8%, and SVM demonstrated a sensitivity and specificity of 99.6% and 96.4%. Our initial results demonstrate the feasibility of using OCT as an "optical biopsy tool" for detecting the microscopic scattering changes associated with neoplasia in human ovarian tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Zeng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Sreyankar Nandy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Bin Rao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Shuying Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Andrea R. Hagemann
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Lindsay K. Kuroki
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Carolyn McCourt
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - David G. Mutch
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Matthew A. Powell
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Ian S. Hagemann
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Quing Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Correspondence Dr. Quing Zhu, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110.
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Rao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University Nanyang Link 21 Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Rei Kinjo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University Nanyang Link 21 Singapore 637371 Singapore
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27
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Rao B, Leng X, Zeng Y, Lin Y, Chen R, Zhou Q, Hagemann AR, Kuroki LM, McCourt CK, Mutch DG, Powell MA, Hagemann IS, Zhu Q. Optical Resolution Photoacoustic Microscopy of Ovary and Fallopian Tube. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14306. [PMID: 31586106 PMCID: PMC6778126 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50743-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death among gynecological cancers, but is poorly amenable to preoperative diagnosis. In this study, we investigate the feasibility of "optical biopsy," using high-optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) to quantify the microvasculature of ovarian and fallopian tube tissue. The technique is demonstrated using excised human ovary and fallopian tube specimens imaged immediately after surgery. Quantitative parameters are derived using Amira software. The parameters include three-dimensional vascular segment count, total volume and length, which are associated with tumor angiogenesis. Qualitative results of OR-PAM demonstrate that malignant ovarian tissue has larger and more tortuous blood vessels as well as smaller vessels of different sizes, while benign and normal ovarian tissue has smaller vessels of uniform size. Quantitative analysis shows that malignant ovaries have greater tumor vessel volume, length and number of segments, as compared with benign and normal ovaries. The vascular pattern of benign fallopian tube is different than that of benign ovarian tissue. Our initial results demonstrate the potential of OR-PAM as an imaging tool for fast assessment of ovarian tissue and fallopian tube and could avoid unnecessary surgery if the risk of the examined ovary is extremely low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Rao
- Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St Louis, MO, 63130, USA
- Applied Bioptics LLC, St Louis, MO, 63146, USA
| | - Xiandong Leng
- Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Yifeng Zeng
- Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Yixiao Lin
- Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Ruimin Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Qifa Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Andrea R Hagemann
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Lindsay M Kuroki
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Carolyn K McCourt
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - David G Mutch
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Matthew A Powell
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Ian S Hagemann
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Quing Zhu
- Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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29
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Zeng Y, Rao B, Chapman WC, Nandy S, Rais R, González I, Chatterjee D, Mutch M, Zhu Q. The Angular Spectrum of the Scattering Coefficient Map Reveals Subsurface Colorectal Cancer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2998. [PMID: 30816153 PMCID: PMC6395629 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39146-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer diagnosis currently relies on histological detection of endoluminal neoplasia in biopsy specimens. However, clinical visual endoscopy provides no quantitative subsurface cancer information. In this ex vivo study of nine fresh human colon specimens, we report the first use of quantified subsurface scattering coefficient maps acquired by swept-source optical coherence tomography to reveal subsurface abnormities. We generate subsurface scattering coefficient maps with a novel wavelet-based-curve-fitting method that provides significantly improved accuracy. The angular spectra of scattering coefficient maps of normal tissues exhibit a spatial feature distinct from those of abnormal tissues. An angular spectrum index to quantify the differences between the normal and abnormal tissues is derived, and its strength in revealing subsurface cancer in ex vivo samples is statistically analyzed. The study demonstrates that the angular spectrum of the scattering coefficient map can effectively reveal subsurface colorectal cancer and potentially provide a fast and more accurate diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Zeng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bin Rao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - William C Chapman
- Department of Surgery, Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sreyankar Nandy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rehan Rais
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Iván González
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Deyali Chatterjee
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Matthew Mutch
- Department of Surgery, Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Quing Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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30
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Rao B, Wang L, Kinjo R. Borane-Catalyzed Cross-Metathesis Strategy for Facile Transformation of Cyclic (Alkyl)(Amino)Germylenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:231-235. [PMID: 30447043 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201811574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A borane B(C6 F5 )3 -catalyzed metathesis reaction between the Si-C bond in the cyclic (alkyl)(amino)germylene (CAAGe) 1 and the Si-H bond in a silane (R3 SiH; 2) is reported. Mechanistic studies propose that the initial step of the reaction involves Si-H bond activation to furnish an ionic species [1-SiR3 ]+ [HB(C6 F5 )3 ]- , from which [Me3 Si]+ [HB(C6 F5 )3 ]- and an azagermole intermediate are generated. The former yields Me3 SiH concomitant with the regeneration of B(C6 F5 )3 whereas the latter undergoes isomerization to afford CAAGes bearing various silyl groups on the carbon atom next to the germylene center. This strategy allows the straightforward synthesis of eight new CAAGes starting from 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Rao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Liliang Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Rei Kinjo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Rao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Nanyang Link 21 Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Liliang Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Nanyang Link 21 Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Rei Kinjo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Nanyang Link 21 Singapore 637371 Singapore
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32
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Leng X, Chapman W, Rao B, Nandy S, Chen R, Rais R, Gonzalez I, Zhou Q, Chatterjee D, Mutch M, Zhu Q. Feasibility of co-registered ultrasound and acoustic-resolution photoacoustic imaging of human colorectal cancer. Biomed Opt Express 2018; 9:5159-5172. [PMID: 30460120 PMCID: PMC6238928 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.005159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Significant limitations in screening and surveillance modalities continue to hamper early detection of primary cancers or recurrences after therapy. In this study, we describe a new registered ultrasound (US) and acoustic-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (AR-PAM) system and report its initial testing in ex vivo human colorectal tissue. A total of 8 colorectal specimens were imaged, which included 2 polyps, 4 malignant colon cancers, and 2 treated colorectal cancers. In each specimen, normal tissue was also imaged for internal control. Initial data have demonstrated the feasibility of identifying colorectal cancer imaging features and the invasion depth using co-registered US and an AR-PAM system. In normal tissue, we found that our system consistently demonstrates the multi-layer structure of normal colonic tissue while differentiating layers with elevated vascularity; these findings highly correlated with histologic findings of each specimen. For malignant colorectal samples, the tissue structure is highly disorganized as seen in US, and photoacoustic imaging revealed distorted vascular distribution inside the tumor. Notably, AR-PAM of tumor beds after complete tumor destruction by radiation and chemotherapy yielded a pattern identical to benign tissue. Quantitative analysis of photoacoustic spectral slope has demonstrated more high-frequency components in malignant tissue as compared to the normal colon tissue, which may be caused by significantly increased microvessel networks. In summary, we demonstrate the successful differentiation of benign and malignant colorectal tissue with our co-registered ultrasound and photoacoustic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiandong Leng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - William Chapman
- Division of Surgery, Banes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Bin Rao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Applied Bioptics LLC, St. Louis, 63146, MO, USA
| | - Sreyankar Nandy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Ruimin Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA
| | - Rehan Rais
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ivan Gonzalez
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Qifa Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, US
| | - Deyali Chatterjee
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Matthew Mutch
- Division of Surgery, Banes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Quing Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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33
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Li N, Yu P, Rao B, Deng Y, Guo Y, Huang Y, Ding L, Zhu J, Yang H, Wang J, Guo J, Chen F, Liu Z. Molecular genetics of tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency in Chinese patients. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2018; 31:911-916. [PMID: 30001213 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2018-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background The overall incidence of hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA) in China is 1:11,763, with tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) deficiency accounting for 8.55% of patients with HPA in the mainland. Much progress has been made in the diagnosis and treatment of BH4 deficiency with the introduction of neonatal screening in China. However, the screening rate is still low and screening is not universally available. Methods A total of 44 BH4-deficient patients were enrolled in this study, of which 39 were diagnosed with BH4 deficiency, while the remaining five showed typical characteristics of BH4 deficiency at a later period. The entire coding regions and adjacent intronic regions of GCH1, PTS, PCBD1 and QDPR genes were analyzed using target sequencing. Results Nineteen (n=19) different mutations in the PTS gene including four novel mutations and one mutation in QDPR were identified. p.P87S, p.D96N, IVS1-291A>G, p.N52S, p.K91R, p.V56M, p.T106M and p.F40GfsX53 in PTS were the prevalent mutations with ≥3% relative frequency. The mutation p.R221X in the QDPR gene was found with relatively lower frequencies (2.27%). The remaining 12 mutations in PTS were found at relative frequencies of 1.14%. Conclusions The results could be of value for genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis in the patients' families and for the molecular diagnosis of BH4 deficiencies. Furthermore, four novel mutations expand and improve the PTS mutation database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Li
- National Center for Birth Defects Monitoring, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Ping Yu
- National Center for Birth Defects Monitoring, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Bin Rao
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, P.R. China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Ying Deng
- National Center for Birth Defects Monitoring, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Yixiong Guo
- National Center for Birth Defects Monitoring, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Yushan Huang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, P.R. China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Lijie Ding
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, P.R. China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Jun Zhu
- National Center for Birth Defects Monitoring, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Huanming Yang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, P.R. China.,James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, P.R. China.,James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jian Guo
- BGI-Shenzhen, Building 11, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China, Phone: 86-15914038192.,BGI-Shenzhen, Building 11, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China, Phone: 86-13428735579.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Fang Chen
- BGI-Shenzhen, Building 11, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China, Phone: 86-15914038192.,BGI-Shenzhen, Building 11, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China, Phone: 86-13428735579.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Liu
- National Center for Birth Defects Monitoring, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, 20, Section 3, Ren Min South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China, Phone: 86-028-85502490, Fax: 86-028-85501386.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, P.R. China
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Rao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Rei Kinjo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Singapore
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35
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Li SJ, Yu SS, Luo HY, Li X, Rao B, Wang Y, Li ZZ, Liu G, Zou LP, Zhang JS, Feng C, Liu J, Liu JW, Hu N, Chen XQ, Yu SY, Li K, He MW, Yu XG, Wang J, Guo SL, Chen ZY, Zhang L, Ma L. Two de novo variations identified by massively parallel sequencing in 13 Chinese families with children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 479:144-147. [PMID: 29366832 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a genetically heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairments in social interaction and communication, and by restricted and repetitive behaviors. The genetic architecture of ASD has been elucidated, including chromosomal rearrangements, de novo or inherited rare variants, and copy number variants. However, the genetic mechanism of Chinese families with ASD children is explored rarely. To identify genetic pathogenesis, we performed massively parallel sequencing on 13 Chinese ASD trio families, and found two de novo variations. The novel de novo splice alteration c.664 + 2T > G in the DEAF1 gene and the novel de novo missense mutation c.95 C > T in the AADAT gene associated with ASD may be important clues for exploring the etiology of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Jun Li
- Department of Medical Instruments, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
| | | | | | - Xin Li
- BGI-shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Bin Rao
- BGI-shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Li
- Department of Medical Instruments, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Radiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Li-Ping Zou
- Department of Pediatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Ji-Shui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Children's Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Chen Feng
- Department of Pediatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jian-Wei Liu
- Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Nan Hu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xiao-Qiao Chen
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Children's Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Sheng-Yuan Yu
- Department of Neurology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Neurology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Mian-Wang He
- Department of Neurology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xin-Guang Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Sheng-Li Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Zhi-Ye Chen
- Department of Radiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Medical Information, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Radiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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36
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Rao B, Chong CC, Kinjo R. Metal-Free Regio- and Chemoselective Hydroboration of Pyridines Catalyzed by 1,3,2-Diazaphosphenium Triflate. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:652-656. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Rao
- Division of Chemistry and
Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore
| | - Che Chang Chong
- Division of Chemistry and
Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore
| | - Rei Kinjo
- Division of Chemistry and
Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore
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37
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Chong CC, Rao B, Kinjo R. Metal-Free Catalytic Reduction of α,β-Unsaturated Esters by 1,3,2-Diazaphospholene and Subsequent C–C Coupling with Nitriles. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b01338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Che Chang Chong
- Division of Chemistry and
Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Bin Rao
- Division of Chemistry and
Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Rei Kinjo
- Division of Chemistry and
Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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38
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Rao B, Zhang R, Li L, Shao JY, Wang LV. Photoacoustic imaging of voltage responses beyond the optical diffusion limit. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2560. [PMID: 28566693 PMCID: PMC5451395 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02458-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive optical imaging of neuronal voltage response signals in live brains is constrained in depth by the optical diffusion limit, which is due primarily to optical scattering by brain tissues. Although photoacoustic tomography breaks this limit by exciting the targets with diffused photons and detecting the resulting acoustic responses, it has not been demonstrated as a modality for imaging voltage responses. In this communication, we report the first demonstration of photoacoustic voltage response imaging in both in vitro HEK-293 cell cultures and in vivo mouse brain surfaces. Using spectroscopic photoacoustic tomography at isosbestic wavelengths, we can separate voltage response signals and hemodynamic signals on live brain surfaces. By imaging HEK-293 cell clusters through 4.5 mm thick ex vivo rat brain tissue, we demonstrate photoacoustic tomography of cell membrane voltage responses beyond the optical diffusion limit. Although the current voltage dye does not immediately allow in vivo deep brain voltage response imaging, we believe our method opens up a feasible technical path for deep brain studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Rao
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Washington University of Saint Louis MO, Saint Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Ruiying Zhang
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Washington University of Saint Louis MO, Saint Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Lei Li
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Washington University of Saint Louis MO, Saint Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Jin-Yu Shao
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Washington University of Saint Louis MO, Saint Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Lihong V Wang
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Washington University of Saint Louis MO, Saint Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
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39
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Wu X, Durand D, Rao B, Malhotra A. Regarding "MR Imaging of the Cervical Spine in Nonaccidental Trauma: A Tertiary Institution Experience". AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2017; 38:E30. [PMID: 28209585 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a5098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X Wu
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging Yale School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut
| | - D Durand
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging Yale School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut
| | - B Rao
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging Yale School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut
| | - A Malhotra
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging Yale School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut
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40
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Xie B, Xie X, Rao B, Liu S, Liu H. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Inhibitory Effects of Qingzaojiufei Decoction on Tumor Growth in Lewis Lung Carcinoma. Integr Cancer Ther 2017; 17:467-476. [PMID: 28617188 PMCID: PMC6041919 DOI: 10.1177/1534735417694953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Qingzaojiufei decoction (QD) is an empirical herbal
formula from traditional Chinese medicine that is used for the treatment of
lung-related diseases. However, the effect of QD on the growth of lung tumor
cells has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to examine the
antitumor activity of QD in Lewis lung carcinomas (LLC) in vivo and in vitro,
and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Methods: The LLC cells
were used to assess the antitumor activity of QD by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay in
vitro. In vivo, mice were randomly assigned to 5 groups (n = 10/group): the
model control (MC) group was intragastrically administered physiological saline
(0.9% NaCl) twice daily from day 2 after tumor implantation for 2 weeks. The QD
groups were intragastrically administered QD twice daily from 2 weeks before to
2 weeks after tumor implantation for 4 weeks. The mRNA levels were detected by
quantitative polymerase chain reaction, the proteins expression was determined
by immunohistochemistry or western blotting. Results: Compared with
the model group, QD showed inhibition of proliferation of LLC cells and
reductions in tumor weight and proliferating cell nuclear antigen protein
expression. Furthermore, QD up-regulated p53 mRNA expression, and downregulated
c-myc and Bcl-2 mRNA expression, while MMP-9, VEGF, and VEGFR protein expression
was suppressed. Phosphorylated ERK1/2 levels were also reduced by QD in a
dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that QD
inhibited lung tumor growth and proliferation, by activation of tumor suppressor
genes, inactivation of oncogenes, suppressing the potential for invasion and
metastasis, and attenuating angiogenesis. The ERK/VEGF/MMPs signaling pathways
may play an important role in QD-induced inhibition of malignant tumor cell
proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xie
- 1 Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiong Xie
- 1 Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Bin Rao
- 1 Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Shengzhang Liu
- 1 Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Hongning Liu
- 1 Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
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41
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Chong CC, Rao B, Ganguly R, Li Y, Kinjo R. Bis(N-heterocyclic olefin) Derivative: An Efficient Precursor for Isophosphindolylium Species. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:8608-8614. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b02991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Che Chang Chong
- Division of Chemistry and Biological
Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, and §NTU-CBC Crystallography
Facility, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Bin Rao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological
Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, and §NTU-CBC Crystallography
Facility, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Rakesh Ganguly
- Division of Chemistry and Biological
Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, and §NTU-CBC Crystallography
Facility, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Yongxin Li
- Division of Chemistry and Biological
Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, and §NTU-CBC Crystallography
Facility, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Rei Kinjo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological
Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, and §NTU-CBC Crystallography
Facility, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore 637371, Singapore
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42
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Rao B, Segovia MC, Kazimi M, Parekh R, Raoufi M, Jafri SM. Use of Everolimus After Multivisceral Transplantation: A Report of Two Cases. Transplant Proc 2017; 48:485-8. [PMID: 27109983 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2015.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of mechanistic target of rapamycin are used in solid organ transplant procedures to avoid calcineurin inhibitor complications, including nephrotoxicity and malignancy. We present 2 cases of multivisceral transplantation for neuroendocrine tumor (NET) for which everolimus was implemented for its potential to prevent NET recurrence as well as preserve renal function. The first case was complicated by NET recurrence in the liver before initiation of everolimus. After initiation of everolimus, the patient developed a ventral hernia and elevated aminotransferase levels with nonspecific biopsy findings. The second case was complicated by cytomegalovirus infection with elevated everolimus trough levels as well as acute cellular rejection. Everolimus was reinitiated in both cases in addition to decreasing the dosage of tacrolimus, and there were no further complications. Everolimus was beneficial in stabilizing renal function in both patients and has the theoretical potential to prevent recurrence of NET.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - M C Segovia
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan.
| | - M Kazimi
- Division of Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - R Parekh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - M Raoufi
- Department of Pathology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - S-M Jafri
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
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43
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Rao B, Jafri SM, Kazimi M, Mullins K, Raoufi M, Segovia MC. A Case Report of Acute Cellular Rejection Following Intestinal Transplantation Managed With Adalimumab. Transplant Proc 2016; 48:536-8. [PMID: 27109995 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2015.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There is a higher incidence of acute cellular rejection (ACR) in small bowel transplantation (SBT) compared with transplantation of other solid organs. Although there are reports on the use of infliximab to successfully treat ACR refractory to other treatments, there are no reports, to our knowledge, regarding the use of adalimumab. We present a case of a female patient with a history of Crohn's disease who underwent an isolated SBT and developed an episode of severe ACR. She was initially treated with methylprednisolone, thymoglobulin, basiliximab, and a dosage adjustment of tacrolimus. Results of repeat endoscopies and biopsies revealed no significant improvement. The patient initiated treatment with adalimumab every 2 weeks for a total of 6 months, in addition to maintenance treatment with prednisone and tacrolimus. Subsequent evaluations showed gradual improvement to normal mucosa and villi without ulceration. A regimen that incorporates adalimumab can thus be used to treat ACR after intestinal transplantation. Larger multicenter studies are needed to show the full efficacy of this therapeutic regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - S-M Jafri
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - M Kazimi
- Division of Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - K Mullins
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - M Raoufi
- Department of Pathology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - M C Segovia
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan.
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Shao J, Rao B, Zhang M, Ma S, Liang X, Yu K, Pan Y. Study on paralleled inverters with current-sharing coupled inductors on J-TEXT Tokamak. Fusion Engineering and Design 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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45
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Rao B, Li D, Hu FR, Ding YH, Hu QM, Jin H. Fast island phase identification for tearing mode feedback control on J-TEXT tokamak. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:11D425. [PMID: 27910629 DOI: 10.1063/1.4960166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A new method to control the tearing mode (TM) in tokamaks has been proposed [Q. Hu and Q. Yu, Nucl. Fusion 56, 034001 (5pp.) (2016)], according to which, the external resonant magnetic perturbation needs to be applied in certain magnetic island phase regions. Therefore, it is very important to identify the helical phase of magnetic islands in real time. The TM in tokamak plasmas is normally rotating and carries magnetic oscillations, which are known as Mirnov oscillations and can be detected by Mirnov probes. When the O-point or X-point of the magnetic island passes through the probe, the signal will experience a zero-crossing. A poloidal Mirnov probe array and a corresponding island phase identification method are presented. A field-programmable gate array is used to provide the magnetic island helical phase in real time by using multichannel zero crossing detection. This system has been developed on the J-TEXT tokamak and works well. This paper introduces the establishment of the fast magnetic island phase identifying system.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - D Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - F R Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Y H Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Q M Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - H Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Rao
- Center for Organic Chemistry,
Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710054, P. R. China
| | - Jinghua Tang
- Center for Organic Chemistry,
Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710054, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoming Zeng
- Center for Organic Chemistry,
Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710054, P. R. China
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47
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Rao B, Tang J, Wei Y, Zeng X. Ring Expansion via Cleavage of Benzylic C−C Bonds Enabling Direct Synthesis of Medium Ring-Fused Benzocarbocycles. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:991-5. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201600065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Rao
- Center for Organic Chemistry; Frontier Institute of Science and Technology; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710054 P. R. China
| | - Jinghua Tang
- Center for Organic Chemistry; Frontier Institute of Science and Technology; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710054 P. R. China
| | - Yu Wei
- Center for Organic Chemistry; Frontier Institute of Science and Technology; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710054 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoming Zeng
- Center for Organic Chemistry; Frontier Institute of Science and Technology; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710054 P. R. China
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48
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Rao B, Fathima S, Viswanath V, Prakash K, Padmini D, Reddy P. Novel Citric Acid Dendritic Hydrogels for the Delivery of Econazole Nitrate and its Antifungal Activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.7324/japs.2016.601213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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49
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Kumar A, Kumarchandra R, Rai R, Rao B. Radiomodulatory Role of Psidium guajava Leaf Extracts against X-ray Induced Genotoxicity, Oxidative stress and Apoptosis in albino Wistar Rat Model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.7324/japs.2016.60310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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50
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Liu LJ, Yu KX, Zhang M, Zhuang G, Li X, Yuan T, Rao B, Zhao Q. Measurement of toroidal vessel eddy current during plasma disruption on J-TEXT. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:013501. [PMID: 26827315 DOI: 10.1063/1.4939035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we have employed a thin, printed circuit board eddy current array in order to determine the radial distribution of the azimuthal component of the eddy current density at the surface of a steel plate. The eddy current in the steel plate can be calculated by analytical methods under the simplifying assumptions that the steel plate is infinitely large and the exciting current is of uniform distribution. The measurement on the steel plate shows that this method has high spatial resolution. Then, we extended this methodology to a toroidal geometry with the objective of determining the poloidal distribution of the toroidal component of the eddy current density associated with plasma disruption in a fusion reactor called J-TEXT. The preliminary measured result is consistent with the analysis and calculation results on the J-TEXT vacuum vessel.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - K X Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - M Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - G Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - X Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - T Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - B Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Q Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
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