1
|
Liu N, Morimoto H, Wu F, Lv X, Xiao B, Kuzuhara D, Pan J, Qiu F, Aratani N, Shen Z, Yamada H, Xue S. Synthesis of Planar meso-Aryl Rosarins: A Reversible Antiaromatic/Aromatic Interconversion. Org Lett 2022; 24:3609-3613. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ningchao Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Hirofumi Morimoto
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Fan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaojuan Lv
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Bentian Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Daiki Kuzuhara
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, 4-3-5 Ueda, Morioka 020-8551, Japan
| | - Jianming Pan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Fengxian Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Naoki Aratani
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Zhen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hiroko Yamada
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Songlin Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu N, Osterloh WR, Huang H, Tang X, Mei P, Kuzuhara D, Fang Y, Pan J, Yamada H, Qiu F, Kadish KM, Xue S. Synthesis, Characterization, and Electrochemistry of Copper Dibenzoporphyrin(2.1.2.1) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:3563-3572. [PMID: 35167271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Three copper dibenzoporphyrin(2.1.2.1) complexes having two dipyrromethene units connected through o-phenylen bridges and 4-MePh, Ph, or F5Ph substituents at the meso positions of the dipyrrins were synthesized and characterized according to their spectral, electrochemical, and structural properties. As indicated by the single-crystal X-ray structures, all three derivatives have highly bent molecular structures, with angles between each planar dipyrrin unit ranging from 89° to 85°, indicative of a nonaromatic molecule. The insertion of copper(II) into dibenzoporphyrins(2.1.2.1) induced a change in the macrocyclic cavity shape from rectangular in the case of the free-base precursors to approximately square for the metalated copper derivatives. Solution electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra at 100 K showed hyperfine coupling of the Cu(II) central metal ion and the N nucleus in the highly bent molecular structures. Electrochemical measurements in CH2Cl2 or N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) containing 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (TBAP) were consistent with ring-centered electron transfers and, in the case of reduction, were assigned to electron additions involving two equivalent π centers on the bent nonaromatic molecule. The potential separation between the two reversible one-electron reductions ranged from 230 to 400 mV in DMF, indicating a moderate-to-strong interaction between the equivalent redox-active dipyrrin units of the dibenzoporphyrins(2.1.2.1). The experimentally measured highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) gaps ranged from 2.14 to 2.04 eV and were smaller than those seen for the planar copper tetraarylporphyrins(1.1.1.1), (Ar)4PCu.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ningchao Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - W Ryan Osterloh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Hongliang Huang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Xinyue Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Peifeng Mei
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Daiki Kuzuhara
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, 4-3-5 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8551, Japan
| | - Yuanyuan Fang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Jianming Pan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Hiroko Yamada
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Fengxian Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Karl M Kadish
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Songlin Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhou W, Sarma T, Su Y, Lei C, Sessler JL. Kinetic trapping of a cobalt(ii) metallocage using a carbazole-containing expanded carbaporphyrinoid ligand. Chem Sci 2022; 13:692-697. [PMID: 35173933 PMCID: PMC8768885 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06514a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The meso-unsubstituted expanded porphyrinoid 3, incorporating two carbazole moieties, acts as an effective ligand for Co(ii) and permits the isolation and X-ray diffraction-based characterization of a 6 : 3 metal-to-ligand metallocage complex that converts spontaneously to the constituent 2 : 1 metal-to-ligand metalloring species in chloroform solution. The discrete metalloring is formed directly when the Co(ii) complex is crystallized from supersaturated solutions, whereas crystallization from more dilute solutions favors the metallocage. Studies with two other test cations, Pd(ii) and Zn(ii), revealed exclusive formation of the monomeric metalloring complexes with no evidence of higher order species being formed. Structural, electrochemical and UV-vis-NIR absorption spectral studies provide support for the conclusion that the Pd(ii) complex is less distorted and more effectively conjugated than its Co(ii) and Zn(ii) congeners, an inference further supported by TD-DFT calculations. The findings reported here underscore how expanded porphyrins can support coordination modes, including bimetallic complexes and self-assembled cage structures, that are not necessarily easy to access using more traditional ligand systems. Carbazole containing expanded carbaporphyrinoid ligand supports the formation of 2 : 1 metal-to-ligand complexes with Pd, Co, and Zn. Solid-state studies also revealed formation of a 6 : 3 metal-to-ligand metallocage in the case of Co complexation.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weinan Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Tridib Sarma
- Department of Chemistry, Cotton University, Guwahati 781001, Assam, India
| | - Yonghuan Su
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Chuanhu Lei
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jonathan L. Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xue S, Liu N, Mei P, Kuzuhara D, Aratani N, Qiu F, Yamada H. Binuclear Rhodium(I) Complex of a Dimethylvinylene-Bridged Distorted Hexaphyrin(2.1.2.1.2.1). Inorg Chem 2021; 60:16070-16073. [PMID: 34672545 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A highly distorted binuclear rhodium(I) complex, 2Rh, was successfully synthesized from hexaphyrin(2.1.2.1.2.1) containing dimethylvinylene-bridges between dipyrrin units. IR spectroscopy, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography revealed that the complex 2Rh consists of two rhodium(I) ions coordinated to two dipyrrin units. Rh complexation induced a transformation from a trans-/cis-/trans- to trans-/cis-/cis-conformation on the dimethylvinylene-bridges. This is the first example of rhodium(I)-ion-induced cis-/trans-isomerization in the porphyrin derivatives. Theoretical calculations of 2Rh predicted the presence of intramolecular charge-transfer absorption due to the distorted molecular structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Songlin Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Ningchao Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Peifeng Mei
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Daiki Kuzuhara
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, 4-3-5 Ueda, Morioka 020-8551, Japan
| | - Naoki Aratani
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Fengxian Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Hiroko Yamada
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen QC, Fridman N, Tumanskii B, Gross Z. A chromophore-supported structural and functional model of dinuclear copper enzymes, for facilitating mechanism of action studies. Chem Sci 2021; 12:12445-12450. [PMID: 34603675 PMCID: PMC8480325 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02593g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Type III dicopper centres are the heart of the reactive sites of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of catechols. Numerous synthetic model complexes have been prepared to uncover the fundamental chemistry involved in these processes, but progress is still lagging much behind that for heme enzymes. One reason is that the latter gain very much from the informative spectroscopic features of their porphyrin-based metal-chelating ligand. We now introduce sapphyrin-chelated dicopper complexes and show that they may be isolated in different oxidation states and coordination geometries, with distinctive colors and electronic spectra due to the heme-like ligands. The dicopper(i) complex 1-Cu2 was characterized by 1H and 19F NMR spectroscopy of the metal-chelating sapphyrin, the oxygenated dicopper(ii) complex 1-Cu2O2 by EPR, and crystallographic data was obtained for the tetracopper(ii)-bis-sapphyrin complex [1-Cu2O2]2. This uncovered a non-heme [Cu4(OH)4]4− cluster, held together with the aid of two sapphyrin ligands, with structural features reminiscent of those of catechol oxidase. Biomimetic activity was demonstrated by the 1-Cu2O2 catalyzed aerobic oxidation of catechol to quinone; the sapphyrin ligand aided very much in gaining information about reactive intermediates and the rate-limiting step of the reaction. Di-copper chelation by sapphyrin facilitates reaction mechanism investigations and characterization of reactive intermediates regarding biomimetic catechol oxidation.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Cheng Chen
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Natalia Fridman
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Boris Tumanskii
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Zeev Gross
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 Israel
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
AbstractPorphyrinoids containing vinylene bridges, such as triphyrin(2.1.1), porphycene, porphyrin(2.1.2.1), and hexaphyrin(2.1.2.1.2.1), are a relatively new family of porphyrinoids. Vinylene bridges give porphyrinoids a lower symmetry and a flexibility of the framework and they permit cis/trans-isomerization reactions; these factors confer unique properties to these substances, such as coordination to metal ions and aromaticity switching. In this account, the synthesis, crystal structures, and properties of new porphyrinoids containing vinylene bridges are summarized.1 Introduction2 Triphyrin(2.1.1)3 Porphycene4 Porphyrin(2.1.2.1)5 Hexaphyrin(2.1.2.1.2.1)6 Conclusion
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroko Yamada
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Vinylene-Bridged Cyclic Dipyrrin and BODIPY Trimers. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218041. [PMID: 33126711 PMCID: PMC7662884 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vinylene-bridged cyclic boron–difluoride complex of dipyrrin (BODIPY) trimers were successfully prepared from expanded dimethyl-vinylene bridged hexaphyrin(2.1.2.1.2.1) Me-Hex that has the structure of alternate dipyrrins and vinylene bridges. The hexaphyrin(2.1.2.1.2.1) Me-Hex can coordinate with boron ions to afford five kinds of cyclic BODIPYs given by step-by-step boron complexations. Crystal structures of all cyclic BODIPYs except for 3BF2-Me-Hex(b) formed non-planar structures. The theoretical calculation predicted that mono-/bis-boron cyclic BODIPYs show the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) characteristics, whereas tri-boron cyclic BODIPYs have no ICT characteristics. Reflecting these electronic properties, tri-boron cyclic BODIPYs exhibit weak fluorescence in the red region, but mono-/bis-boron cyclic BODIPYs exhibit no emission. Vinylene bridged cyclic dipyrrin trimer Me-Hex is the novel porphyrinoid ligand allowed to control the boron coordination under different reaction conditions to form various boron complexes.
Collapse
|
8
|
Lopes SMM, Pineiro M, Pinho e Melo TMVD. Corroles and Hexaphyrins: Synthesis and Application in Cancer Photodynamic Therapy. Molecules 2020; 25:E3450. [PMID: 32751215 PMCID: PMC7435872 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Corroles and hexaphyrins are porphyrinoids with great potential for diverse applications. Like porphyrins, many of their applications are based on their unique capability to interact with light, i.e., based on their photophysical properties. Corroles have intense absorptions in the low-energy region of the uv-vis, while hexaphyrins have the capability to absorb light in the near-infrared (NIR) region, presenting photophysical features which are complementary to those of porphyrins. Despite the increasing interest in corroles and hexaphyrins in recent years, the full potential of both classes of compounds, regarding biological applications, has been hampered by their challenging synthesis. Herein, recent developments in the synthesis of corroles and hexaphyrins are reviewed, highlighting their potential application in photodynamic therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Teresa M. V. D. Pinho e Melo
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; (S.M.M.L.); (M.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Panda KN, Thorat KG, Ravikanth M. Core-Modified Pentaphyrins(2.1.1.1.1) and Bis(difluoroborane) Complex: Synthesis, Structure, and Spectral and Redox Properties. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:3585-3595. [PMID: 32090544 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A series of hetero analogues of pentaphyrins(2.1.1.1.1) such as oxapentaphyrins(2.1.1.1.1) and thiapentaphyrins(2.1.1.1.1) were synthesized by 3 + 2 condensation of dipyrroethenedicarbinol with 16-oxatripyrrane/16-thiatripyrrane under mild acid-catalyzed reaction conditions. The stable macrocycles are freely soluble in organic solvents, and their identities were confirmed by a corresponding molecular-ion peak in high-resolution mass spectrometry, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray structure obtained for one of the oxapentaphyrin(2.1.1.1.1) macrocycles. The crystal structure and NMR studies indicated that the heterocyclic ring, such as furan in oxapentaphyrins(2.1.1.1.1) and thiophene in thiapentaphyrins(2.1.1.1.1), was inverted. In absorption spectra, the macrocycles showed one sharp band at ∼516 nm and one broad band at ∼744 nm. The spectral and X-ray studies supported the nonaromatic nature of these macrocycles. This is in contrast to the recently reported aza analogue of pentaphyrins(2.1.1.1.1), which showed antiaromatic behavior. Upon protonation, the core-modified pentaphyrins(2.1.1.1.1) macrocycles exhibited bathochromically shifted absorption bands with a distinct change in the color of the solution. The 1H NMR, nucleus-independent chemical shift, and anisotropy-induced current density studies indicated the presence of Mobius aromaticity in the protonated macrocycles. The core-modified pentaphyrins(2.1.1.1.1) can act as good coordinating ligands, as shown here by synthesizing a bis(difluoroborane) complex of one of the thiapentaphyrins(2.1.1.1.1).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamakshya Nath Panda
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, Mumbai 400 076, India
| | - Kishor G Thorat
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, Mumbai 400 076, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gu F, Ding B, Ma X, Tian H. Tunable Fluorescence and Room-Temperature Phosphorescence from Multiresponsive Pure Organic Copolymers. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b06314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Gu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Bingbing Ding
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiang Ma
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - He Tian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dash S, Ghosh A, Srinivasan A, Suresh CH, Chandrashekar TK. Protonation-Triggered Hückel and Möbius Aromatic Transformations in Nonaromatic Core-Modified [30]Hexaphyrin(2.1.1.2.1.1) and Annulated [28]Hexaphyrin(2.1.1.0.1.1). Org Lett 2019; 21:9637-9641. [PMID: 31763854 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two 1,2-diphenyl-1,2-dithienylethene-embedded hexaphyrins 6 and 8 containing 30π and 28π electrons, respectively, in conjugation exhibit nonaromatic characteristics. Compound 6 shows an unusual bond length equalization in its electronic structure. However, on protonation, 6 exhibits Hückel aromatic characteristics while 8 shows Möbius aromatic characteristics. The changes in aromaticity are accompanied by change in conformation from a figure-eight/twisted structure to an open extended structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syamasrit Dash
- School of Chemical Sciences , National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar 752050 , Odisha, HBNI , India
| | - Arindam Ghosh
- School of Chemical Sciences , National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar 752050 , Odisha, HBNI , India
| | - A Srinivasan
- School of Chemical Sciences , National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar 752050 , Odisha, HBNI , India
| | - Cherumuttathu H Suresh
- Inorganic and theoretical chemistry section, Chemical Science and Technology Division , CSIR-National Institute of Interdisciplinary Science and Technology , Trivandrum 695019 , Kerala , India
| | - Tavarekere K Chandrashekar
- School of Chemical Sciences , National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar 752050 , Odisha, HBNI , India
| |
Collapse
|