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Luo P, Huang JH, Lv JM, Wang GQ, Hu D, Gao H. Biosynthesis of fungal terpenoids. Nat Prod Rep 2024; 41:748-783. [PMID: 38265076 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00052d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Covering: up to August 2023Terpenoids, which are widely distributed in animals, plants, and microorganisms, are a large group of natural products with diverse structures and various biological activities. They have made great contributions to human health as therapeutic agents, such as the anti-cancer drug paclitaxel and anti-malarial agent artemisinin. Accordingly, the biosynthesis of this important class of natural products has been extensively studied, which generally involves two major steps: hydrocarbon skeleton construction by terpenoid cyclases and skeleton modification by tailoring enzymes. Additionally, fungi (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota) serve as an important source for the discovery of terpenoids. With the rapid development of sequencing technology and bioinformatics approaches, genome mining has emerged as one of the most effective strategies to discover novel terpenoids from fungi. To date, numerous terpenoid cyclases, including typical class I and class II terpenoid cyclases as well as emerging UbiA-type terpenoid cyclases, have been identified, together with a variety of tailoring enzymes, including cytochrome P450 enzymes, flavin-dependent monooxygenases, and acyltransferases. In this review, our aim is to comprehensively present all fungal terpenoid cyclases identified up to August 2023, with a focus on newly discovered terpenoid cyclases, especially the emerging UbiA-type terpenoid cyclases, and their related tailoring enzymes from 2015 to August 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Luo
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Jia-Hua Huang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Jian-Ming Lv
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Gao-Qian Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Dan Hu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Hao Gao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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2
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Cong Z, Yin Q, Tian K, Mukoma NJ, Ouyang L, Hsiang T, Zhang L, Jiang L, Liu X. Genome Mining of Fungal Unique Trichodiene Synthase-like Sesquiterpene Synthases. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:350. [PMID: 38786705 PMCID: PMC11122449 DOI: 10.3390/jof10050350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Sesquiterpenoids served as an important source for natural product drug discovery. Although genome mining approaches have revealed numerous novel sesquiterpenoids and biosynthetic enzymes, the comprehensive landscape of fungal sesquiterpene synthases (STSs) remains elusive. In this study, 123 previously reported fungal STSs were subjected to phylogenetic analysis, resulting in the identification of a fungi-specific STS family known as trichodiene synthase-like sesquiterpene synthases (TDTSs). Subsequently, the application of hidden Markov models allowed the discovery of 517 TDTSs from our in-house fungi genome library of over 400 sequenced genomes, and these TDTSs were defined into 79 families based on a sequence similarity network. Based on the novelty of protein sequences and the completeness of their biosynthetic gene clusters, 23 TDTS genes were selected for heterologous expression in Aspergillus oryzae. In total, 10 TDTSs were active and collectively produced 12 mono- and sesquiterpenes, resulting in the identification of the first chamipinene synthase, as well as the first fungi-derived cedrene, sabinene, and camphene synthases. Additionally, with the guidance of functionally characterized TDTSs, we found that TDTSs in Family 1 could produce bridged-cyclic sesquiterpenes, while those in Family 2 could synthesize spiro- and bridged-cyclic sesquiterpenes. Our research presents a new avenue for the genome mining of fungal sesquiterpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanren Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science of Technology, Shanghai 200237, China (N.J.M.)
| | - Qiang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science of Technology, Shanghai 200237, China (N.J.M.)
| | - Kunhong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science of Technology, Shanghai 200237, China (N.J.M.)
| | - Njeru Joe Mukoma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science of Technology, Shanghai 200237, China (N.J.M.)
| | - Liming Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science of Technology, Shanghai 200237, China (N.J.M.)
| | - Tom Hsiang
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Lixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science of Technology, Shanghai 200237, China (N.J.M.)
| | - Lan Jiang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xueting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science of Technology, Shanghai 200237, China (N.J.M.)
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3
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Sato H. Theoretical Study of Natural Product Biosynthesis Using Computational Chemistry. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2024; 72:524-528. [PMID: 38825452 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c24-00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
The biosynthetic pathways of natural products are complicated, and it is difficult to fully elucidate their details using experimental chemistry alone. In recent years, efforts have been made to elucidate the biosynthetic reaction mechanisms by combining computational and experimental methods. In this review, we will discuss the biosynthetic studies using computational chemistry for various terpene compounds such as cyclooctatin, sesterfisherol, quiannulatene, trichobrasilenol, asperterpenol, preasperterpenoid, spiroviolene, and mangicol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Sato
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency
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4
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Li CP, Shi ZZ, Fang ST, Song YP, Ji NY. Lipids and Terpenoids from the Deep-Sea Fungus Trichoderma lixii R22 and Their Antagonism against Two Wheat Pathogens. Molecules 2023; 28:6220. [PMID: 37687050 PMCID: PMC10488430 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Five new lipids, tricholixins A-E (1-5), and two known terpenoids, brasilane A (6) and harzianone A (7), were discovered from a deep-sea strain (R22) of the fungus Trichoderma lixii isolated from the cold seep sediments of the South China Sea. Their structures and relative configurations were identified by meticulous analysis of MS and IR as well as NMR data. The absolute configuration of 5 was ascertained by dimolybdenum-induced ECD data in particular. Compounds 1 and 2 represent the only two new butenolides from marine-derived Trichoderma, and they further add to the structural diversity of these molecules. Although 6 has been reported from a basidiomycete previously, it is the first brasilane aminoglycoside of Trichoderma origin. During the assay against wheat-pathogenic fungi, both 1 and 2 inhibited Fusarium graminearum with an MIC value of 25.0 μg/mL, and 6 suppressed Gaeumannomyces graminis with an MIC value of 12.5 μg/mL. Moreover, the three isolates also showed low toxicity to the brine shrimp Artemia salina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Peng Li
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; (C.-P.L.); (Z.-Z.S.); (S.-T.F.); (Y.-P.S.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Shi
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; (C.-P.L.); (Z.-Z.S.); (S.-T.F.); (Y.-P.S.)
| | - Sheng-Tao Fang
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; (C.-P.L.); (Z.-Z.S.); (S.-T.F.); (Y.-P.S.)
| | - Yin-Ping Song
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; (C.-P.L.); (Z.-Z.S.); (S.-T.F.); (Y.-P.S.)
| | - Nai-Yun Ji
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; (C.-P.L.); (Z.-Z.S.); (S.-T.F.); (Y.-P.S.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Shandong Saline-Alkaline Land Modern Agriculture Company, Dongying 257345, China
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5
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Han W, Wu Z, Zhong Z, Williams J, Jacobsen SE, Sun Z, Tang Y. Assessing the Biosynthetic Inventory of the Biocontrol Fungus Trichoderma afroharzianum T22. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37471583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Natural products biosynthesized from biocontrol fungi in the rhizosphere can have both beneficial and deleterious effects on plants. Herein, we performed a comprehensive analysis of natural product biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) from the widely used biocontrol fungus Trichoderma afroharzianum T22 (ThT22). This fungus encodes at least 64 BGCs, yet only seven compounds and four BGCs were previously characterized or mined. We correlated 21 BGCs of ThT22 with known primary and secondary metabolites through homologous BGC comparison and characterized one unknown BGC involved in the biosynthesis of eujavanicol A using heterologous expression. In addition, we performed untargeted transcriptomics and metabolic analysis to demonstrate the activation of silent ThT22 BGCs via the "one strain many compound" (OSMAC) approach. Collectively, our analysis showcases the biosynthetic capacity of ThT22 and paves the way for fully exploring the roles of natural products of ThT22.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Han
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Zhongshou Wu
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Zhenhui Zhong
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jason Williams
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Steven E Jacobsen
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine & Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Zuodong Sun
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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6
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Xu H, Goldfuss B, Dickschat JS. Biosynthesis of the Sesquiterpene Kitaviridene through Skeletal Rearrangement with Formation of a Methyl Group Equivalent. Org Lett 2023; 25:3330-3334. [PMID: 37122105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A sesquiterpene synthase from Kitasatospora viridis was discovered and shown to produce kitaviridene, a sesquiterpene hydrocarbon with an additional methyl group equivalent in comparison to a regular sesquiterpene. Isotopic labeling experiments together with DFT calculations gave detailed insights into the cyclization cascade toward kitaviridene and explained the formation of the additional methyl group equivalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houchao Xu
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernd Goldfuss
- Department for Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstraße 4, 50939 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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7
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Masunaga N, Kitaoka T, Ichinose H. Biocatalyst collection and heterologous expression of sesquiterpene synthases from basidiomycetous fungi: Discovery of a novel sesquiterpene hydrocarbon. Microb Biotechnol 2023; 16:632-644. [PMID: 36576879 PMCID: PMC9948225 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Basidiomycetes produce a wide variety of sesquiterpenoids, which attract significant interest in pharmaceutical and industrial applications. Structural diversification of sesquiterpenoids is performed by sesquiterpene synthases (STSs), which produce a wide array of backbone structures; therefore, functional characterization and increased biocatalyst collection of STSs are important for expanding scientific knowledge and meeting the needs of advanced biotechnology. Gene identification and functional annotation of STSs from the basidiomycetous fungi Agaricus bisporus, Auriscalpium vulgare, Lepista nuda, Pleurotus ostreatus and Trametes versicolor were conducted. Through these investigations, the catalytic functions of 30 STSs were revealed using recombinant enzymes heterologously expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Furthermore, the unique function of an STS from P. ostreatus, PoSTS-06, was revealed to be the production of a novel sesquiterpene hydrocarbon that we named pleostene. The absolute structure of pleostene was determined by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography using the crystalline sponge method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takuya Kitaoka
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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8
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Abstract
Covering: 2015 to 2022Fungal terpenoids are of large structural diversity and often exhibit interesting biological activities. Recent work has focused on two main aspects: (1) the discovery and understanding of unknown biosynthetic genes and pathways, and (2) the usage of already known biosynthetic genes in the construction of high yielding production strains. Both aspects will be covered in this review article that aims to summarise the most important work of the past few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Yin
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
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9
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Chen R, Feng T, Li M, Zhang X, He J, Hu B, Deng Z, Liu T, Liu JK, Wang X, Bian G. Characterization of Tremulane Sesquiterpene Synthase from the Basidiomycete Irpex lacteus. Org Lett 2022; 24:5669-5673. [PMID: 35904977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tremulane sesquiterpenoids are key secondary metabolites of the basidiomycete Irpex lacteus, which displays structural diversity and various bioactivities. However, tremulane sesquiterpene synthases have not been reported to date. The tremulane sesquiterpene synthase of I. lacteus was characterized by genome mining, heterologous expression, an in vitro assay, and substrate feeding. Moreover, the structures of the corresponding products were elucidated by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Chen
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China.,Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Tao Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P. R. China
| | - Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Juan He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P. R. China
| | - Ben Hu
- Tumor Precision Diagnosis and Treatment Technology and Translational Medicine, Hubei Engineering Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Tiangang Liu
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Kai Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P. R. China
| | - Xinghuan Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China.,Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China.,Wuhan Research Center for Infectious Diseases and Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Guangkai Bian
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China.,Wuhan Research Center for Infectious Diseases and Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
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10
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Wang T, Yang Y, He M, Liu M, Huang JW, Min J, Chen CC, Liu Y, Zhang L, Guo RT. Structural insights into the cyclization of unusual brasilane-type sesquiterpenes. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:1784-1791. [PMID: 35504416 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of brasilane-type sesquiterpenoids (BTSs) attracts much attention owing to their unique skeleton of 5/6 bicyclic structure that contains five Me groups. Here, the crystal structures of a BTS cyclase TaTC6 from Trichoderma atroviride FKI-3849 and its complexes with farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) and analogue were reported. These structural information reveal that TaTC6 exploits a hydrophobic pocket to constrain the hydrocarbon region of FPP in a "U-shape" to facilitate the initial C1-C11 bond formation after pyrophosphate ionization. Following, four carbocations of reaction intermediates were molecularly docked into the hydrophobic pocket to reveal critical residues involved in the cyclization cascade. Finally, an S239-stabilized water molecule that is 3.9 Å away from the C8 of the last allyl cation may conduct hydration to quench the reaction cascade. Mutating S239 to alanine led to ca. 40% reduction in activity compared with the wild-type enzyme. The conservation of the residues that constitute the hydrophobic pocket is also discussed. Overall, this study will give an insight into the mechanism of how the active site of STCs constrain the conformation of the flexible FPP and series allylic carbocations for the complicated-ring formation and unusual carbon rearrangement in the biosynthesis of BTSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Min He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Jian-Wen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Jian Min
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Chun-Chi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Yingle Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
| | - Lilan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China..
| | - Rey-Ting Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China..
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11
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Quan Z, Hou A, Goldfuss B, Dickschat JS. Mechanism of the Bifunctional Multiple Product Sesterterpene Synthase AcAS from Aspergillus calidoustus. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117273. [PMID: 35072966 PMCID: PMC9303889 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The multiproduct chimeric sesterterpene synthase AcAS from Aspergillus calidoustus yielded spirocyclic calidoustene, which exhibits a novel skeleton, besides five known sesterterpenes. The complex cyclisation mechanism to all six compounds was investigated by isotopic labelling experiments in combination with DFT calculations. Chemically synthesised 8-hydroxyfarnesyl diphosphate was converted with isopentenyl diphosphate and AcAS into four oxygenated sesterterpenoids that structurally resemble cytochrome P450 oxidation products of the sesterterpene hydrocarbons. Protein engineering of AcAS broadened the substrate scope and gave significantly improved enzyme yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyang Quan
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of BonnGerhard-Domagk-Straße 153121BonnGermany
| | - Anwei Hou
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of BonnGerhard-Domagk-Straße 153121BonnGermany
| | - Bernd Goldfuss
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CologneGreinstraße 450939CologneGermany
| | - Jeroen S. Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of BonnGerhard-Domagk-Straße 153121BonnGermany
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12
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Quan Z, Hou A, Goldfuss B, Dickschat JS. Mechanism of the Bifunctional Multiple Product Sesterterpene Synthase AcldAS from Aspergillus calidoustus. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyang Quan
- University of Bonn: Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn Organic Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Anwei Hou
- University of Bonn: Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn Organic Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Bernd Goldfuss
- University of Cologne: Universitat zu Koln Organic Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Jeroen S. Dickschat
- University of Bonn: Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn Kekulé Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1 53121 Bonn GERMANY
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13
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A benzaldehyde derivative obtained from Hypoxylon truncatum NBRC 32353 treated with hygromycin B. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2022; 75:1-8. [PMID: 34819605 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-021-00483-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The ribosome-targeted antifungal agent hygromycin B (HygB) alters the secondary metabolite profiles of fungi. Hypoxylon truncatum NBRC 32353 fermented in the presence of hygromycin B in barley medium activated secondary metabolite synthesis. A new benzaldehyde derivative truncaaldehyde (1) was obtained, along with thirteen known compounds (2-14). The structures of the new compounds were revealed using NMR and single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The total synthesis of (±)-1 was achieved using a four-step sequence, and chiral separation was accomplished. The isolated compounds were tested for their monoamine oxidase (MAO) -A and -B inhibitory activities, with six compounds ((±)-1, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 10) showing inhibitory activity.
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14
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Lyu HN, Zhang J, Zhou S, Liu HW, Zhuang WY, Li SM, Yin WB. Heterologous expression of a single fungal HR-PKS leads to the formation of diverse 2-alkenyl-tetrahydropyrans in model fungi. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:8377-8383. [PMID: 34528986 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01501j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
2-Alkenyl-tetrahydropyrans belong to a rare class of natural products that exhibit broad antifungal activities. Their structural instability and rareness in nature have restrained their discovery and drug development. In this study, the heterologous expression of a single highly reducing polyketide synthase (HR-PKS, App1) from Trichoderma applanatum in Aspergillus nidulans leads to the formation of seven 2-alkenyl-tetrahydropyran derivatives including one known compound virensol C (1) and six new compounds (2-7). However, introducing App1 into Saccharomyces cerevisiae resulted in the identification of additional two 2-alkenyl-tetrahydropyrans lacking the hydroxyl or methoxyl group at the C-2 position (8 and 9). The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis using NMR and HR-ESI-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ning Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China. .,Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China. .,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong-Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wen-Ying Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shu-Ming Li
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg 35037, Germany
| | - Wen-Bing Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China. .,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, People's Republic of China
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15
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Kuhnert E, Navarro-Muñoz J, Becker K, Stadler M, Collemare J, Cox R. Secondary metabolite biosynthetic diversity in the fungal family Hypoxylaceae and Xylaria hypoxylon. Stud Mycol 2021; 99:100118. [PMID: 34527085 PMCID: PMC8403587 DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2021.100118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To date little is known about the genetic background that drives the production and diversification of secondary metabolites in the Hypoxylaceae. With the recent availability of high-quality genome sequences for 13 representative species and one relative (Xylaria hypoxylon) we attempted to survey the diversity of biosynthetic pathways in these organisms to investigate their true potential as secondary metabolite producers. Manual search strategies based on the accumulated knowledge on biosynthesis in fungi enabled us to identify 783 biosynthetic pathways across 14 studied species, the majority of which were arranged in biosynthetic gene clusters (BGC). The similarity of BGCs was analysed with the BiG-SCAPE engine which organised the BGCs into 375 gene cluster families (GCF). Only ten GCFs were conserved across all of these fungi indicating that speciation is accompanied by changes in secondary metabolism. From the known compounds produced by the family members some can be directly correlated with identified BGCs which is highlighted herein by the azaphilone, dihydroxynaphthalene, tropolone, cytochalasan, terrequinone, terphenyl and brasilane pathways giving insights into the evolution and diversification of those compound classes. Vice versa, products of various BGCs can be predicted through homology analysis with known pathways from other fungi as shown for the identified ergot alkaloid, trigazaphilone, curvupallide, viridicatumtoxin and swainsonine BGCs. However, the majority of BGCs had no obvious links to known products from the Hypoxylaceae or other well-studied biosynthetic pathways from fungi. These findings highlight that the number of known compounds strongly underrepresents the biosynthetic potential in these fungi and that a tremendous number of unidentified secondary metabolites is still hidden. Moreover, with increasing numbers of genomes for further Hypoxylaceae species becoming available, the likelihood of revealing new biosynthetic pathways that encode new, potentially useful compounds will significantly improve. Reaching a better understanding of the biology of these producers, and further development of genetic methods for their manipulation, will be crucial to access their treasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Kuhnert
- Centre of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Institute for Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 38, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - J.C. Navarro-Muñoz
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - K. Becker
- Centre of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Institute for Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 38, 30167, Hannover, Germany
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - M. Stadler
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - J. Collemare
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R.J. Cox
- Centre of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Institute for Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 38, 30167, Hannover, Germany
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16
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Scesa PD, West LM, Roche SP. Role of Macrocyclic Conformational Steering in a Kinetic Route toward Bielschowskysin. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:7566-7577. [PMID: 33945689 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Macrocyclic furanobutenolide-derived cembranoids (FBCs) are the biosynthetic precursors to a wide variety of highly congested and oxygenated polycyclic (nor)diterpenes (e.g. plumarellide, verrillin, and bielschowskysin). These architecturally complex metabolites are thought to originate from site-selective oxidation of the macrocycle backbone and a series of intricate transannular reactions. Yet the development of a common biomimetic route has been hampered by a lack of synthetic methods for the pivotal furan dearomatization in a regio- and stereoselective manner. To address these shortcomings, a concise strategy of epoxidation followed by a kinetically controlled furan dearomatization is reported. The surprising switch of facial α:β-discrimination observed in the epoxidation of the most strained E-acerosolide versus E-deoxypukalide and E-bipinnatin J derived macrocycles has been rationalized by the variation of the 3D conformational landscape between macrocyclic scaffolds. A careful conformational analysis of these macrocycles by VT-NMR and NOESY experiments at low temperature was supported by DFT calculations to characterize these equilibrating macrocyclic conformers. The shift in conformational topology associated with a swing of the butenolide ring in E-deoxypukalide is in general agreement with the reversal of β-selectivity observed in the epoxidation. We also describe the downstream functionalization of FBC-macrocycles and how the C-7 epoxide configuration is retentively translated to the C-3 stereogenicity in dearomatized products under kinetic control to secure the requisite 3S,7S,8S configurations for the bielschowskysin synthesis. Unlike previously speculated, our results suggest that the most strained FBC-macrocycles bearing a E-(Δ7,8)-alkene moiety may stand as the true biosynthetic precursors to bielschowskysin and several other polycyclic natural products of this class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Scesa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida 33431, United States
| | - Lyndon M West
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida 33431, United States
| | - Stéphane P Roche
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida 33431, United States
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17
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Shenouda ML, Cox RJ. Molecular methods unravel the biosynthetic potential of Trichoderma species. RSC Adv 2021; 11:3622-3635. [PMID: 35424278 PMCID: PMC8694227 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09627j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the genus Trichoderma are a well-established and studied group of fungi, mainly due to their efficient protein production capabilities and their biocontrol activities. Despite the immense interest in the use of different members of this species as biopesticides and biofertilizers, the study of their active metabolites and their biosynthetic gene clusters has not gained significant attention until recently. Here we review the challenges and opportunities in exploiting the full potential of Trichoderma spp. for the production of natural products and new metabolic engineering strategies used to overcome some of these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary L Shenouda
- OCI, BMWZ, Leibniz University of Hannover Schneiderberg 38 30167 Hannover Germany
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University 21521 Egypt
| | - Russell J Cox
- OCI, BMWZ, Leibniz University of Hannover Schneiderberg 38 30167 Hannover Germany
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18
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Sato H, Hashishin T, Kanazawa J, Miyamoto K, Uchiyama M. DFT Study of a Missing Piece in Brasilane-Type Structure Biosynthesis: An Unusual Skeletal Rearrangement. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:19830-19834. [PMID: 33124823 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Brasilane-type sesquiterpenes have been known for a long time, but their biosynthetic pathways and mechanisms remain elusive. Recently, two groups independently characterized a Trichoderma terpene cyclase that produces trichobrasilenol, a brasilane-type sesquiterpene, and a plausible biosynthetic pathway was proposed based on isotopic labeling experiments. In the proposed mechanism, the characteristic brasilane-type 5/6 bicyclic skeleton is synthesized from a 5/7/3 tricyclic intermediate via a complicated concerted reaction, including six chemical events of C-C σ bond metathesis and rearrangements, ring-contraction, π bond formation, and regioselective hydroxylation. However, our density functional theory (DFT) calculations do not support this mechanism. On the basis of DFT calculations, we propose a new pathway for trichobrasilenol biosynthesis, involving a multistep carbocation cascade in which cyclopropylcarbinyl cations in equilibrium with homoallyl cations play a pivotal role. This pathway and mechanism is in good agreement with previous biosynthetic studies on brasilane-type compounds and related terpenoids, including isotope-labeling experiments and byproducts analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Sato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Clustering of Pioneering Research (CPR), RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hashishin
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Junichiro Kanazawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kazunori Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Clustering of Pioneering Research (CPR), RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Research Initiative for Supra-Materials (RISM), Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
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19
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Feng J, Surup F, Hauser M, Miller A, Wennrich JP, Stadler M, Cox RJ, Kuhnert E. Biosynthesis of oxygenated brasilane terpene glycosides involves a promiscuous N-acetylglucosamine transferase. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:12419-12422. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03950k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of brasilane glycosides in the fungus Annulohypoxylon truncatum was investigated resulting in the characterisation of a rare type of fungal N-acetylglucosamine transferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Feng
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Centre for Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ)
- Leibniz University Hannover
- Hannover 30167
- Germany
| | - Frank Surup
- Department Microbial Drugs
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI)
- 38124 Braunschweig
- Germany
| | - Maurice Hauser
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Centre for Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ)
- Leibniz University Hannover
- Hannover 30167
- Germany
| | - Anna Miller
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Centre for Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ)
- Leibniz University Hannover
- Hannover 30167
- Germany
| | - Jan-Peer Wennrich
- Department Microbial Drugs
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI)
- 38124 Braunschweig
- Germany
| | - Marc Stadler
- Department Microbial Drugs
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI)
- 38124 Braunschweig
- Germany
| | - Russell J. Cox
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Centre for Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ)
- Leibniz University Hannover
- Hannover 30167
- Germany
| | - Eric Kuhnert
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Centre for Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ)
- Leibniz University Hannover
- Hannover 30167
- Germany
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20
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Murai K, Lauterbach L, Teramoto K, Quan Z, Barra L, Yamamoto T, Nonaka K, Shiomi K, Nishiyama M, Kuzuyama T, Dickschat JS. An Unusual Skeletal Rearrangement in the Biosynthesis of the Sesquiterpene Trichobrasilenol from Trichoderma. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:15046-15050. [PMID: 31418991 PMCID: PMC7687074 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201907964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The skeletons of some classes of terpenoids are unusual in that they contain a larger number of Me groups (or their biosynthetic equivalents such as olefinic methylene groups, hydroxymethyl groups, aldehydes, or carboxylic acids and their derivatives) than provided by their oligoprenyl diphosphate precursor. This is sometimes the result of an oxidative ring-opening reaction at a terpene-cyclase-derived molecule containing the regular number of Me group equivalents, as observed for picrotoxan sesquiterpenes. In this study a sesquiterpene cyclase from Trichoderma spp. is described that can convert farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) directly via a remarkable skeletal rearrangement into trichobrasilenol, a new brasilane sesquiterpene with one additional Me group equivalent compared to FPP. A mechanistic hypothesis for the formation of the brasilane skeleton is supported by extensive isotopic labelling studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Murai
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of Tokyo1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyu-kuTokyo113-8657Japan
| | - Lukas Lauterbach
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of BonnGerhard-Domagk-Straße 153121BonnGermany
| | - Kazuya Teramoto
- Biotechnology Research CenterThe University of Tokyo1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyu-kuTokyo113-8657Japan
| | - Zhiyang Quan
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of BonnGerhard-Domagk-Straße 153121BonnGermany
| | - Lena Barra
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of BonnGerhard-Domagk-Straße 153121BonnGermany
| | - Tsuyoshi Yamamoto
- Kitasato Institute for Life SciencesKitasato University5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-kuTokyo108-8641Japan
| | - Kenichi Nonaka
- Kitasato Institute for Life SciencesKitasato University5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-kuTokyo108-8641Japan
| | - Kazuro Shiomi
- Kitasato Institute for Life SciencesKitasato University5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-kuTokyo108-8641Japan
| | - Makoto Nishiyama
- Biotechnology Research CenterThe University of Tokyo1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyu-kuTokyo113-8657Japan
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative MicrobiologyThe University of Tokyo1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyu-kuTokyo113-8657Japan
| | - Tomohisa Kuzuyama
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of Tokyo1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyu-kuTokyo113-8657Japan
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative MicrobiologyThe University of Tokyo1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyu-kuTokyo113-8657Japan
| | - Jeroen S. Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of BonnGerhard-Domagk-Straße 153121BonnGermany
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