1
|
Wang H, Guan J, Gao J, Zhang J, Xu Q, Xu G, Jiang L, Xing L, Truhlar DG, Wang Z. Direct Observation of Covalently Bound Clusters in Resonantly Stabilized Radical Reactions and Implications for Carbonaceous Particle Growth. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:13571-13579. [PMID: 38710105 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Based on quantum mechanically guided experiments that observed elusive intermediates in the domain of inception that lies between large molecules and soot particles, we provide a new mechanism for the formation of carbonaceous particles from gas-phase molecular precursors. We investigated the clustering behavior of resonantly stabilized radicals (RSRs) and their interactions with unsaturated hydrocarbons through a combination of gas-phase reaction experiments and theoretical calculations. Our research directly observed a sequence of covalently bound clusters (CBCs) as key intermediates in the evolution from small RSRs, such as benzyl (C7H7), indenyl (C9H7), 1-methylnaphthyl (1-C11H9), and 2-methylnaphthyl (2-C11H9), to large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) consisting of 28 to 55 carbons. We found that hydrogen abstraction and RSR addition drive the formation and growth of CBCs, leading to progressive H-losses, the generation of large PAHs and PAH radicals, and the formation of white smoke (incipient carbonaceous particles). This mechanism of progressive H-losses from CBCs (PHLCBC) elucidates the crucial relationship among RSRs, CBCs, and PAHs, and this study provides an unprecedentedly seamless path of observed assembly from small RSRs to large nanoparticles. Understanding the PHLCBC mechanism over a wide temperature range may enhance the accuracy of multiscale models of soot formation, guide the synthesis of carbonaceous nanomaterials, and deepen our understanding of the origin and evolution of carbon within our galaxy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Jiwen Guan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Jiao Gao
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Jinyang Zhang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Xu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Guangxian Xu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Ling Jiang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Lili Xing
- Energy and Power Engineering Institute, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Donald G Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Zhandong Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, Anhui, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li W, Yang J, Zhao L, Couch D, Marchi MS, Hansen N, Morozov AN, Mebel AM, Kaiser RI. Gas-phase preparation of azulene (C 10H 8) and naphthalene (C 10H 8) via the reaction of the resonantly stabilized fulvenallenyl and propargyl radicals. Chem Sci 2023; 14:9795-9805. [PMID: 37736626 PMCID: PMC10510771 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03231k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic routes to the 10π Hückel aromatic azulene (C10H8) molecule, the simplest polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon carrying an adjacent five- and seven-membered ring, have been of fundamental importance due to the role of azulene - a structural isomer of naphthalene - as an essential molecular building block of saddle-shaped carbonaceous nanostructures such as curved nanographenes and nanoribbons. Here, we report on the very first gas phase preparation of azulene by probing the gas-phase reaction between two resonantly stabilized radicals, fulvenallenyl and propargyl , in a molecular beam through isomer-resolved vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometry. Augmented by electronic structure calculations, the novel Fulvenallenyl Addition Cyclization Aromatization (FACA) reaction mechanism affords a versatile concept for introducing the azulene moiety into polycyclic aromatic systems thus facilitating an understanding of barrierless molecular mass growth processes of saddle-shaped aromatics and eventually carbonaceous nanoparticles (soot, interstellar grains) in our universe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wang Li
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230029 China
| | - Jiuzhong Yang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230029 China
| | - Long Zhao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230029 China
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230027 China
| | - David Couch
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories Livermore CA 94551 USA
| | - Myrsini San Marchi
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories Livermore CA 94551 USA
| | - Nils Hansen
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories Livermore CA 94551 USA
| | - Alexander N Morozov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University Miami FL 33199 USA
| | - Alexander M Mebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University Miami FL 33199 USA
| | - Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu HI 96822 USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xu X, Liu X, Zhang J, Liang L, Wen C, Li Y, Shen M, Wu Y, He X, Liu G, Xu X. Formation, migration, derivation, and generation mechanism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during frying. Food Chem 2023; 425:136485. [PMID: 37276667 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are carcinogenic and lipophilic, which can be found in frying system. This review summarized the formation, migration and derivation for PAHs, hypothesized the possible mechanism for PAHs generation during frying and presented the research prospects. Some factors like high oil consumption, high temperature, long time and oil rich in unsaturated fatty acids promoted the formation of PAHs and the presence of antioxidants inhibited the PAHs formation. The effect of proteins and carbohydrates in foods on the formation of PAHs is inconclusive. The formed PAHs were migrated into food and air. Moreover, some PAHs transformed into more toxic PAHs-derivatives during frying. The generation of PAHs may be related to low-barrier free radical-mediated reaction and the unsaturated hydrocarbons may be precursors of PAHs during frying. In future, the isotope tracer technology and on-line detection may be applied to discover intermediates and provide clues for studying PAHs generation mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxin Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- School of Tourism and Cuisine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Jixian Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Li Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Chaoting Wen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Youdong Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Mengyu Shen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Yinyin Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Xudong He
- Yangzhou Center for Food and Drug Control, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Guoyan Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China.
| | - Xin Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li W, Zhao L, Kaiser RI. A unified reaction network on the formation of five-membered ringed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their role in ring expansion processes through radical-radical reactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:4141-4150. [PMID: 36655590 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05305e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Exploiting a chemical microreactor in combination with an isomer-selective product identification through fragment-free photoionization utilizing tunable vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light in tandem with the detection of the ionized molecules by a high resolution reflection time-of-flight mass spectrometer (Re-TOF-MS), the present investigation reveals molecular mass growth processes to four distinct polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons carrying two six- and one five-membered ring (C13H10): 3H-cyclopenta[a]naphthalene, 1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalene, 1H-cyclopenta[a]naphthalene, and fluorene in the gas phase. Temperatures of 973 and 1023 K simulating conditions in combustion settings along with circumstellar envelopes of carbon-rich stars and planetary nebulae. These reactions highlight the importance of methyl-substituted aromatic reactants (biphenyl, naphthalene) which can be converted to the methylene (-CH2˙) motive by hydrogen abstraction or photolysis. Upon reaction with acetylene, methylene-substituted aromatics carrying a hydrogen atom at the ortho position of the ring can be then converted to cyclopentadiene-annulated aromatics thus providing a versatile pathway to five-membered ring aromatics at elevated temperatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wang Li
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, China.
| | - Long Zhao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, China. .,School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kaiser RI, Zhao L, Lu W, Ahmed M, Evseev MM, Azyazov VN, Mebel AM, Mohamed RK, Fischer FR, Li X. Gas-phase synthesis of racemic helicenes and their potential role in the enantiomeric enrichment of sugars and amino acids in meteorites. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:25077-25087. [PMID: 36056687 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03084e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The molecular origins of homochirality on Earth is not understood well, particularly how enantiomerically enriched molecules of astrobiological significance like sugars and amino acids might have been synthesized on icy grains in space preceding their delivery to Earth. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) identified in carbonaceous chondrites could have been processed in molecular clouds by circularly polarized light prior to the depletion of enantiomerically enriched helicenes onto carbonaceous grains resulting in chiral islands. However, the fundamental low temperature reaction mechanisms leading to racemic helicenes are still unknown. Here, by exploiting synchrotron based molecular beam photoionization mass spectrometry combined with electronic structure calculations, we provide compelling testimony on barrierless, low temperature pathways leading to racemates of [5] and [6]helicene. Astrochemical modeling advocates that gas-phase reactions in molecular clouds lead to racemates of helicenes suggesting a pathway for future astronomical observation and providing a fundamental understanding for the origin of homochirality on early Earth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96822, USA.
| | - Long Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96822, USA.
| | - Wenchao Lu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
| | - Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
| | | | | | - Alexander M Mebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA.
| | - Rana K Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Kavli Energy Nano Sciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Felix R Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Kavli Energy Nano Sciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Xiaohu Li
- Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lepeshkin SV, Baturin VS, Naumova AS, Oganov AR. "Magic" Molecules and a New Look at Chemical Diversity of Hydrocarbons. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:7600-7606. [PMID: 35950980 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We address the question why among the multitude of imaginable CnHm compositions some are easily synthesizable and abundant in nature, while others are not. To shed light on this problem we borrow approaches from nanocluster study, where stability with respect to neighboring compositions is used as a criterion of "magic" (particularly stable) clusters. By merging this criterion with predictions of lowest-energy structures of all CnHm molecules in a wide range of compositions (n ≤ 20, m ≤ 42) we provide guidelines for predicting the presence or absence of certain hydrocarbon molecules in various environments, their relative abundance and reactivity/inertness. The resulting maps of stability show the increased stability of C2nH2 compounds, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and diamondoids, which is supported by experimental studies of the interstellar medium, flames, and petroleum fractions. This approach can be applied to any other molecular system, rationalizing the diversity of known compounds and predicting new potentially synthesizable molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V Lepeshkin
- Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina, 19, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo Innovation Center, Moscow 121205, Russia
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Leninskii prosp. 53, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir S Baturin
- Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina, 19, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo Innovation Center, Moscow 121205, Russia
| | - Anastasia S Naumova
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo Innovation Center, Moscow 121205, Russia
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Leninskii prosp. 53, Moscow, Russia
| | - Artem R Oganov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo Innovation Center, Moscow 121205, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Roithová J, Bakker JM. Ion spectroscopy in methane activation. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:513-528. [PMID: 34008884 PMCID: PMC9292810 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This review is devoted to ion spectroscopy studies of complexes relevant for the understanding of methane activation with metal ions and clusters. Methane activation starts with the formation of a complex with a metal ion. The degree of the interaction between an intact methane molecule and the ion can be monitored by the perturbations of C-H stretch vibrations in the methane molecule. Binding mediated by the electrostatic interaction results in a η3 type coordination of methane. In contrast, binding governed by orbital interactions results in a η2 type coordination of methane. We further review the spectroscopic characterization of activation products of metal-methane reactions, such as the metal-carbene and carbyne products resulting from the interaction of selected 5d metals with methane. The focus of recent research in the field has shifted towards the investigation of interactions between methane and metal clusters. We show examples highlighting that metal clusters can be more reactive in methane activation reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Roithová
- Department of Spectroscopy and CatalysisRadboud University NijmegenNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Joost M. Bakker
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and MaterialsFELIX LaboratoryNijmegenThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lemmens AK, Rap DB, Brünken S, Buma WJ, Rijs AM. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon growth in a benzene discharge explored by IR-UV action spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:14816-14824. [PMID: 35695165 PMCID: PMC9215700 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01631a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Infrared signatures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are detected towards many phases of stellar evolution. PAHs are major players in the carbon chemistry of the interstellar medium, forming the connection between small hydrocarbons and large fullerenes. However, as details on the formation of PAHs in these environments are still unclear, modeling their abundance and chemistry has remained far from trivial. By combining molecular beam mass-selective IR spectroscopy and calculated IR spectra, we analyze the discharge of benzene and identify resulting products including larger PAHs, radicals and intermediates that serve as promising candidates for radio astronomical searches. The identification of various reaction products indicates that different gas-phase reaction mechanisms leading to PAH growth must occur under the same conditions to account for all observed PAH-related species, thereby revealing the complex and interconnected network of PAH formation pathways. The results of this study highlight key (exothermic) reactions that need to be included in astrochemical models describing the carbon chemistry in our universe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K. Lemmens
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud UniversityToernooiveld 76525 EDNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Daniël B. Rap
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud UniversityToernooiveld 76525 EDNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Sandra Brünken
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud UniversityToernooiveld 76525 EDNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Wybren Jan Buma
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud UniversityToernooiveld 76525 EDNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Anouk M. Rijs
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, AIMMS Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 11081081 HV AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kaiser RI, Zhao L, Lu W, Ahmed M, Krasnoukhov VS, Azyazov VN, Mebel AM. Unconventional excited-state dynamics in the concerted benzyl (C 7H 7) radical self-reaction to anthracene (C 14H 10). Nat Commun 2022; 13:786. [PMID: 35145103 PMCID: PMC8831467 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28466-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are prevalent in deep space and on Earth as products in combustion processes bearing direct relevance to energy efficiency and environmental remediation. Reactions between hydrocarbon radicals in particular have been invoked as critical molecular mass growth processes toward cyclization leading to these PAHs. However, the mechanism of the formation of PAHs through radical – radical reactions are largely elusive. Here, we report on a combined computational and experimental study of the benzyl (C7H7) radical self-reaction to phenanthrene and anthracene (C14H10) through unconventional, isomer-selective excited state dynamics. Whereas phenanthrene formation is initiated via a barrierless recombination of two benzyl radicals on the singlet ground state surface, formation of anthracene commences through an exotic transition state on the excited state triplet surface through cycloaddition. Our findings challenge conventional wisdom that PAH formation via radical-radical reactions solely operates on electronic ground state surfaces and open up a previously overlooked avenue for a more “rapid” synthesis of aromatic, multi-ringed structures via excited state dynamics in the gas phase. The reaction of benzyl radical self-reaction to anthracene opens-up a previously overlooked avenue for a more efficient synthesis of aromatic, multi-ringed structures via excited state dynamics in the gas phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.
| | - Long Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Wenchao Lu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Vladislav S Krasnoukhov
- Samara National Research University, Samara 443086 and Lebedev Physical Institute, 443011, Samara, Russian Federation
| | - Valeriy N Azyazov
- Samara National Research University, Samara 443086 and Lebedev Physical Institute, 443011, Samara, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander M Mebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Couch DE, Zhang AJ, Taatjes CA, Hansen N. Experimental Observation of Hydrocarbon Growth by Resonance‐Stabilized Radical–Radical Chain Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David E. Couch
- Gas Phase Chemical Physics Department Combustion Research Facility Sandia National Laboratories Livermore CA 94550 USA
| | - Angie J. Zhang
- Gas Phase Chemical Physics Department Combustion Research Facility Sandia National Laboratories Livermore CA 94550 USA
| | - Craig A. Taatjes
- Gas Phase Chemical Physics Department Combustion Research Facility Sandia National Laboratories Livermore CA 94550 USA
| | - Nils Hansen
- Gas Phase Chemical Physics Department Combustion Research Facility Sandia National Laboratories Livermore CA 94550 USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liang Y, Li J, Xue Y, Tan T, Jiang Z, He Y, Shangguan W, Yang J, Pan Y. Benzene decomposition by non-thermal plasma: A detailed mechanism study by synchrotron radiation photoionization mass spectrometry and theoretical calculations. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 420:126584. [PMID: 34273887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Non-thermal Plasma (NTP) catalysis is considered as one of the most promising technologies to address a wide range of environmental needs, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and NOx removal. To meet the updated environmental emission standard, the NTP catalysis reaction system needs to be better understood and further optimized. In this work, the degradation process of benzene in NTP, which is still regarded as a "black box" process, was explored by synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometry (SVUV-PIMS). For the first time, we observed over 20 representative species by PIMS and identified their structures accurately by photoionization efficiency (PIE) spectra. Phenol, acetylene and acrolein were recognized as the three main products. More intriguingly, concentration profiles demonstrated that a large amount of acrolein and also several higher-order products, which were usually neglected in previous research, were produced during the NTP destruction process. The details of the benzene degradation reaction mechanism, were finally established by the combination of SVUV-PIMS results, thermochemistry and theoretical calculations. This work helps to complete the mechanistic picture of plasma chemistry, which may be helpful on raveling the more complicated NTP catalysis mechanism in the future therefore contributing to design of improved NTP system for environmental applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Liang
- Research Center for Combustion and Environmental Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jiayi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yingying Xue
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ting Tan
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhi Jiang
- Research Center for Combustion and Environmental Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yaoyu He
- Research Center for Combustion and Environmental Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wenfeng Shangguan
- Research Center for Combustion and Environmental Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jiuzhong Yang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, China
| | - Yang Pan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Couch DE, Zhang AJ, Taatjes CA, Hansen N. Experimental Observation of Hydrocarbon Growth by Resonance-Stabilized Radical-Radical Chain Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:27230-27235. [PMID: 34605134 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Rapid molecular-weight growth of hydrocarbons occurs in flames, in industrial synthesis, and potentially in cold astrochemical environments. A variety of high- and low-temperature chemical mechanisms have been proposed and confirmed, but more facile pathways may be needed to explain observations. We provide laboratory confirmation in a controlled pyrolysis environment of a recently proposed mechanism, radical-radical chain reactions of resonance-stabilized species. The recombination reaction of phenyl (c-C6 H5 ) and benzyl (c-C6 H5 CH2 ) radicals produces both diphenylmethane and diphenylmethyl radicals, the concentration of the latter increasing with rising temperature. A second phenyl addition to the product radical forms both triphenylmethane and triphenylmethyl radicals, confirming the propagation of radical-radical chain reactions under the experimental conditions of high temperature (1100-1600 K) and low pressure (ca. 3 kPa). Similar chain reactions may contribute to particle growth in flames, the interstellar medium, and industrial reactors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David E Couch
- Gas Phase Chemical Physics Department, Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Angie J Zhang
- Gas Phase Chemical Physics Department, Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Craig A Taatjes
- Gas Phase Chemical Physics Department, Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Nils Hansen
- Gas Phase Chemical Physics Department, Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
This Perspective presents recent advances in our knowledge of the fundamental elementary mechanisms involved in the low- and high-temperature molecular mass growth processes to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in combustion systems and in extraterrestrial environments (hydrocarbon-rich atmospheres of planets and their moons, cold molecular clouds, circumstellar envelopes). Molecular beam studies combined with electronic structure calculations extracted five key elementary mechanisms: Hydrogen Abstraction-Acetylene Addition, Hydrogen Abstraction-Vinylacetylene Addition, Phenyl Addition-DehydroCyclization, Radical-Radical Reactions, and Methylidyne Addition-Cyclization-Aromatization. These studies, summarized here, provide compelling evidence that key classes of aromatic molecules can be synthesized in extreme environments covering low temperatures in molecular clouds (10 K) and hydrocarbon-rich atmospheres of planets and their moons (35-150 K) to high-temperature environments like circumstellar envelopes of carbon-rich Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars stars and combustion systems at temperatures above 1400 K thus shedding light on the aromatic universe we live in.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Nils Hansen
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
A vacuum ultraviolet photoionization study on the isomerization, decomposition, and molecular mass growth processes in solid nitromethane (CH3NO2). Chem Phys Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.138343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
15
|
Krasnoukhov VS, Zagidullin MV, Zavershinskiy IP, Mebel AM. Formation of Phenanthrene via Recombination of Indenyl and Cyclopentadienyl Radicals: A Theoretical Study. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:9933-9941. [PMID: 33205982 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c09091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This work presents quantum chemical G3(MP2,CC)//B2PLYPD3/6-311G(d,p) calculations of the potential energy surface for the indenyl (C9H7) + cyclopentadienyl (C5H5) reaction followed by unimolecular decomposition of the C14H11 radicals formed as the primary products, as well as the Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus master equation (RRKM-ME) calculations to predict temperature- and pressure-dependent reaction rate constants and product branching ratios. The reaction begins with the barrierless recombination of indenyl and cyclopentadienyl forming a C14H12 molecule with a new C-C bond connecting two five-membered rings, which subsequently dissociates to C14H11 radicals by H losses. The primary products of the C9H7 + C5H5 → C14H11 + H reaction can directly decompose by another H loss to benzofulvalene, and this pathway is most favorable in terms of the entropy factor and hence is preferable at higher temperatures. Otherwise, the initial C14H11 isomers can undergo significant structural rearrangements before eliminating an H atom and producing phenanthrene, anthracene, or benzoazulenes, among which the formation of phenanthrene via the "spiran" pathway is clearly preferred. The calculated barriers along the computed favorable dissociation pathways are relatively low, in the ∼30-40 kcal/mol range, making the C14H11 radicals unstable at temperatures above 1000-1250 K at 1 atm. The results of RRKM-ME calculations show that, under typical combustion conditions, the decomposition of the C14H11 radicals predominantly leads to benzofulvalene. However, the latter can be rapidly converted to phenanthrene via H-assisted isomerization with the rate constant for the benzofulvalene + H → phenanthrene + H reaction being close to 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 at 1000-1500 K and 1 atm. The results provide further support for the hypothesis that recombination of two π radicals containing five-membered rings can lead to a growth of PAH with the formation of two fused six-membered rings, but the reaction mechanism may not be direct and is likely to involve two consecutive H atom losses leading to a fulvalene-like product, with subsequent H-assisted isomerization of the latter to a benzenoid PAH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alexander M Mebel
- Samara National Research University, Samara 443086, Russian Federation.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tuli LB, Mebel AM. Formation of phenanthrene via H‐assisted isomerization of 2‐ethynylbiphenyl produced in the reaction of phenyl with phenylacetylene. INT J CHEM KINET 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.21406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lotefa Binta Tuli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida International University Miami FL 33199 USA
| | - Alexander M. Mebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida International University Miami FL 33199 USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhao L, Kaiser RI, Lu W, Ahmed M, Evseev MM, Bashkirov EK, Azyazov VN, Tönshoff C, Reicherter F, Bettinger HF, Mebel AM. A Free-Radical Prompted Barrierless Gas-Phase Synthesis of Pentacene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:11334-11338. [PMID: 32266773 PMCID: PMC7383502 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A representative, low-temperature gas-phase reaction mechanism synthesizing polyacenes via ring annulation exemplified by the formation of pentacene (C22 H14 ) along with its benzo[a]tetracene isomer (C22 H14 ) is unraveled by probing the elementary reaction of the 2-tetracenyl radical (C18 H11 . ) with vinylacetylene (C4 H4 ). The pathway to pentacene-a prototype polyacene and a fundamental molecular building block in graphenes, fullerenes, and carbon nanotubes-is facilitated by a barrierless, vinylacetylene mediated gas-phase process thus disputing conventional hypotheses that synthesis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) solely proceeds at elevated temperatures. This low-temperature pathway can launch isomer-selective routes to aromatic structures through submerged reaction barriers, resonantly stabilized free-radical intermediates, and methodical ring annulation in deep space eventually changing our perception about the chemistry of carbon in our universe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhao
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Hawaii at ManoaHonoluluHI96822USA
| | - Ralf I. Kaiser
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Hawaii at ManoaHonoluluHI96822USA
| | - Wenchao Lu
- Chemical Sciences DivisionLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCA94720USA
| | - Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences DivisionLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCA94720USA
| | | | | | - Valeriy N. Azyazov
- Lebedev Physical InstituteSamara443011Russian Federation
- Samara National Research UniversitySamara443086Russian Federation
| | - Christina Tönshoff
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
| | - Florian Reicherter
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
| | - Holger F. Bettinger
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
| | - Alexander M. Mebel
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryFlorida International UniversityMiamiFL33199USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
An Experimental and Theoretical Investigation into the Formation of Ketene (H2CCO) and Ethynol (HCCOH) in Interstellar Analog Ices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab8dbc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
19
|
|