1
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Hussein AA, Ariffin A. Remote Steric and Electronic Effects of N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands on Alkene Reactivity and Regioselectivity toward Hydrocupration Reactions: The Role of Expanded-Ring N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. J Org Chem 2023; 88:13009-13021. [PMID: 37649423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The remote groups in N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands have a significant influence on metal-catalyzed reactions. We examine how remote bulkiness, electronic groups, and expanded-ring NHCs (ER-NHCs) influence alkene reactivity and regioselectivity toward hydrocupration using density functional theory calculations. The impact of remote steric bulkiness on the Cu-H insertion rate is analyzed, revealing a strong correlation between the steric substituent constant and rate ratio, where a bulky group increases the rate due to reduced steric effects in the transition state (TS). The steric properties of the examined catalysts (with a remote group R2 = CPh3, CHPh2, CH2Ph, CH3, and H) and their corresponding TSs are found to be modulated greatly by the remote steric substitution group and the ring size of the NHC ligand. Enhanced bulkiness enhances the nucleophilic Cu-H moiety. The remote electronic groups have a smaller impact on insertion barrier compared to that of steric hindrance. Furthermore, ER-NHC exploration indicates that NHCs with over five-membered rings have a significantly negative influence on the reaction rate. Finally, with a highly bulky group (R2 = CPh3), anti-Markovnikov insertion preference is attributed to high interaction energy and improved steric properties. Overall, our findings here provide valuable insights for the development of a more effective catalyst in metal-catalyzed reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqeel A Hussein
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Science, Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region 46001, Iraq
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Al-Qasim Green University, Al-Qassim, Babylon 51013, Iraq
| | - Azhar Ariffin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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2
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Tran BL, Erickson JD, Speelman AL, Bullock RM. Mechanistic Studies of Carbonyl Allylation Mediated by (NHC)CuH: Isoprene Insertion, Allylation, and β-Hydride Elimination. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:342-352. [PMID: 36525336 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The ability of Cu-H complexes to undergo selective insertion of unsaturated hydrocarbons under mild conditions has rendered them valuable, versatile catalysts. The direct formation of Cu allyl intermediates from unfunctionalized 1,3-dienes and transient Cu hydrides is an appealing strategy for upgrading conjugated diene feedstocks. However, empirical mechanistic studies of the underlying elementary steps and characterization of key intermediates in Cu-H catalysis are sparse. Using [(NHC)CuH]2 (NHC = N-heterocyclic carbene), we examined the steric effects of NHC ligands on two key elementary steps of CuH-catalyzed carbonyl allylation: the insertion of a diene into the Cu-H bond to produce a Cu-allyl complex, and the formation of C-C bonds from stoichiometric allylations of ketones and aldehydes. The resulting allyl and homoallylic alkoxide complexes have been characterized by NMR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Employing isolable (NHC)Cu-allyl complexes, we further evaluated the roles of the ligand size, electronic properties of carbonyl substrates, coordinating groups within the substrate, and solvent on the regioselectivity, diastereoselectivity, and relative rate of the C-C bond formation step. In contrast to the clean allylation of ketones, allylation of aldehydes provided a rare example of a formal β-hydride elimination reaction from a secondary homoallylic alkoxide species. Mechanistic studies of key elementary steps provide insights for a range of catalytic reactions of dienes mediated by hydride complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ba L Tran
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Jeremy D Erickson
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Amy L Speelman
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - R Morris Bullock
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
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3
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Norwine EE, Kiernicki JJ, Zeller M, Szymczak NK. Distinct Reactivity Modes of a Copper Hydride Enabled by an Intramolecular Lewis Acid. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15038-15046. [PMID: 35960993 PMCID: PMC10291504 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We disclose a 1,4,7-triazacyclononane (TACN) ligand featuring an appended boron Lewis acid. Metalation with Cu(I) affords a series of tetrahedral complexes including a boron-capped cuprous hydride. We demonstrate distinct reactivity modes as a function of chemical oxidation: hydride transfer to CO2 in the copper(I) state and oxidant-induced H2 evolution as well as alkyne reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E. Norwine
- University of Michigan, 930 N. University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 (USA)
| | - John J. Kiernicki
- University of Michigan, 930 N. University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 (USA)
| | - Matthias Zeller
- H. C. Brown Laboratory, Purdue University, 560 Oval Dr., West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA)
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4
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Carroll TG, Ryan DE, Erickson JD, Bullock RM, Tran BL. Isolation of a Cu–H Monomer Enabled by Remote Steric Substitution of a N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligand: Stoichiometric Insertion and Catalytic Hydroboration of Internal Alkenes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:13865-13873. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy G. Carroll
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - David E. Ryan
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Jeremy D. Erickson
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - R. Morris Bullock
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Ba L. Tran
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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5
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Bienenmann RLM, Schanz AJ, Ooms PL, Lutz M, Broere DLJ. A Well‐Defined Anionic Dicopper(I) Monohydride Complex that Reacts like a Cluster**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202318. [PMID: 35412679 PMCID: PMC9400846 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Low‐nuclearity copper hydrides are rare and few well‐defined dicopper hydrides have been reported. Herein, we describe the first example of a structurally characterized anionic dicopper hydride complex. This complex does not display typical reactivity associated with low‐nuclearity copper hydrides, such as alcoholysis or insertion reactions. Instead, its stoichiometric and catalytic reactivity is akin to that of copper hydride clusters. The distinct reactivity is ascribed to the robust dinuclear core that is bound tightly within the dinucleating ligand scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel L. M. Bienenmann
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Faculty of Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Alexandra J. Schanz
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Faculty of Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Pascale L. Ooms
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Faculty of Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Martin Lutz
- Structural Biochemistry Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research Faculty of Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Daniël L. J. Broere
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Faculty of Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
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6
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Bienenmann RLM, Schanz AJ, Ooms PL, Lutz M, Broere DLJ. A Well‐Defined Anionic Dicopper(I) Monohydride Complex that Reacts like a Cluster**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roel L. M. Bienenmann
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Faculty of Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Alexandra J. Schanz
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Faculty of Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Pascale L. Ooms
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Faculty of Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Martin Lutz
- Structural Biochemistry Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research Faculty of Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Daniël L. J. Broere
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Faculty of Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
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7
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Correia Bicho BA, Guthardt R, Bruhn C, Großhennig D, Orth T, Pfeiffer F, Siemeling U. N
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tert
‐Alkyl‐Substituted N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes with a 1,1’‐Ferrocenediyl Backbone. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202101014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno A. Correia Bicho
- Institute of Chemistry University of Kassel Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40 34132 Kassel Germany
| | - Robin Guthardt
- Institute of Chemistry University of Kassel Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40 34132 Kassel Germany
| | - Clemens Bruhn
- Institute of Chemistry University of Kassel Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40 34132 Kassel Germany
| | - David Großhennig
- Institute of Chemistry University of Kassel Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40 34132 Kassel Germany
| | - Till Orth
- Institute of Chemistry University of Kassel Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40 34132 Kassel Germany
| | - Florian Pfeiffer
- Institute of Chemistry University of Kassel Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40 34132 Kassel Germany
| | - Ulrich Siemeling
- Institute of Chemistry University of Kassel Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40 34132 Kassel Germany
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8
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Takebayashi S, Fayzullin RR. [Co(NHC)(CO) 3]: Isolation and Reactivity Study of a Model 17-Electron Species in the Oxo Process. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Takebayashi
- Science and Technology Group, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Robert R. Fayzullin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Arbuzov Street, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
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9
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Ekanayake DA, Chakraborty A, Krause JA, Guan H. Hydrogenation reactions catalyzed by HN(CH2CH2PR2)2-ligated copper complexes. Inorg Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qi00776a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogenation of aldehydes and ketones can be catalyzed by a PNP-ligated copper hydride that is accessible from the copper borohydride or bromide complex or the copper hydride cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewmi A. Ekanayake
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, USA
| | - Arundhoti Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, USA
| | - Jeanette A. Krause
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, USA
| | - Hairong Guan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, USA
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10
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Ekanayake DA, Chakraborty A, Krause JA, Guan H. Steric Effects of HN(CH2CH2PR2)2 on the Nuclearity of Copper Hydrides. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:12817-12828. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dewmi A. Ekanayake
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Arundhoti Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Jeanette A. Krause
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Hairong Guan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
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